The response of tropical forests to anthropogenic climate change is critically important to future global carbon budgets, yet remains highly uncertain. Here, we investigate how precipitation, temperature, solar radiation and dry-and wet-season lengths are related to annual tree growth, flower production, and fruit production in three moist tropical forest tree species using long-term datasets from tree rings and litter traps in central Panama. We also evaluated how growth, flower, and fruit production were interrelated. We found that growth was positively correlated with wet-season precipitation in all three species: Jacaranda copaia (r = 0.63), Tetragastris panamensis (r = 0.39) and Trichilia tuberculata (r = 0.39). Flowering and fruiting in Jacaranda were negatively related to current-year dry-season rainfall and positively related to prior-year dry-season rainfall. Flowering in Tetragastris was negatively related to current-year annual mean temperature while Trichilia showed no significant relationships of reproduction with climate. Growth was significantly related to reproduction only in Tetragastris, where it was positively related to previous year fruiting. Our results suggest that tree growth in moist tropical forest tree species is generally reduced by drought events such as those associated with strong El Nino events. In contrast, interannual variation in reproduction is not generally associated with growth and has distinct and species-specific climate responses, with positive effects of El Nino events in some species. Understanding these contrasting climate effects on tree growth and reproduction is critical to predicting changes in tropical forest dynamics and species composition under climate change.

Este trabalho traz como objeto o fenômeno da concentração geográfica e setorial de empresas, cuja importância na criação de vantagens competitivas para as empresas e para o desenvolvimento regional tem sido estudada e relatada na literatura. Considerando-se a importância dos agronegócios no contexto socioeconômico nacional, associado à importância crescente da floricultura neste setor e a lacuna na literatura no que concerne a esse tipo de arranjo empresarial no contexto dos agronegócios, optou-se pelo desenvolvimento deste estudo em duas localidades paulistas caracterizadas pela concentração de empresas relacionadas aos agronegócios de flores e plantas: Holambra e Mogi das Cruzes. Os principais objetivos desta tese são: elaborar uma estrutura (framework) teórico-conceitual para estudos das concentrações geográficas de empresas do agronegócio de flores e plantas ornamentais; identificar os principais fatores indutores para o estabelecimento de ações conjuntas entre os atores da cadeia e identificar os principais fatores indutores da inovação e da formação das competências coletivas locais. Dada a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, optou-se por mesclar estratégias de pesquisa de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo (survey). Os principais resultados encontrados mostram: a adequação da estrutura de análise proposta; a influencia do fator étnico nas questões relativas a cooperação para a construção das vantagens competitivas locais; que as ações cooperativas entre os atores da localidade não dependeram de uma ação coordenadora do poder público; que as concentrações geográficas estudadas criam condições para promover maior número de ações conjuntas entre os produtores rurais; que essas ações conjuntas são catalizadas pelas associações de produtores rurais e pelas cooperativas. / This thesis aims to understand the phenomenon of geographical and sectional concentration of companies (clusters), whose importance in the creation of competitive advantages and also in the regional development have been studied and reported in specialized literature. Considering the importance of agribusiness in the Brazilian social-economic context and the lack of academic studies concerning with, agribusiness clusters, the present research was performed in two localities of State of São Paulo: Holambra and Mogi das Cruzes, both characterized by the flowers and ornamental plants agribusiness concentration. The main objectives of this thesis are the following: elaborate a theoretic-conceptual structure for flowers agribusiness cluster; identify the main inductive factors inducing for the establishment joint action between the actors of the productive chain; and, verify the inductive factors in innovation and in local collective competences building. Due to the complexity of the studied phenomenon, the field research design encompasses both qualitative and quantitative (survey) approaches. The main results founded show that: the adequacy of the framework analysis proposed; the ethnic factor influences in the cooperation and local competitive advantages building related issues; the joint actions among the actors of the locality, specially agricultural producers, did not depended on the public power coordination; the studied geographical cluster allows to increase joint actions, specifically among the agricultural producers, stimulated by the agricultural producers associations and by the cooperative societies.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T16:52:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kessyana Pereira Leite.pdf: 785677 bytes, checksum: a93467a230ec2ee171dd872d43869560 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T16:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kessyana Pereira Leite.pdf: 785677 bytes, checksum: a93467a230ec2ee171dd872d43869560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Flower stem production were collected, in Germplasm Heliconia Collection of the University Federal Rural of Pernambuco (UFRPE), from December 2003 to May 2006, to estimate the genetic parameters and predicts genotypic values of Heliconia genotypes, using mixed models (REML/BLUP). The flower stem production were evaluated in: H. psittacorum L.f. x H. spathocircinata Aristeguieta ‘Golden Torch’ (GT) and ‘Golden Torch Adrian’ (GTA), Heliconia psittacorum L.f. ‘Suriname Sassy’ (SS), ‘Red Opal’ (RO), ‘Red Gold’ (RG), Heliconia x nickeriensis Maas e de Rooij (NCK), H. latispatha Bentham cv. Yellow Gyro (YG), H. rauliniana Barreiros (RB), H. rostrata Ruiz e Pavón (RRP), H. wagneriana Petersen (WP), H. bihai (L.) L. cv. Lobster Claw (LC). Statistical analysis was performed using the SELEGEN (55 model), to the genotype evaluation in completely randomize block with temporal stability and adaptability, in only one place and many harvest. In selecting genotypes for production and flower stalks per quarter, stood out GT, SS and RO genotypes. The quarters in which the genotypes were more productive were 6 (March to May 2005-18 MAP) and 9 (December to February 2006-27 MAP). Genotypes more stable were WP and WG. The genotypes better adapted were: GT, YG, GTA and SS. In a joint selection for flower stem production, stability and adaptability better performance were: GT, RO and GTA. The mean and variance components estimative, considering all genotypes in all quarters, were obtained. The variances have indicated strong influence of genotype x quarter in the phenotypic value. The ranking of genotypes was variable over the quarters due to genetic correlations considered average (43.52%). Regarding the genetic gains over general average in the combined analysis of the quarters, the genotypes GT, SS, RO and GTA were the best. Five quarters were required to evaluate the genetic potential, maintaining the heritability average of more than 70% with selective accuracy of 85%.This study identified the production of each genotype for each quarters, allowing better planning of marketing and chain supply. Furthermore, those results could guide other studies involving crosses to obtain new genotypes with superior characteristics, or even the other heliconia genotypes evaluation under different conditions, allowing the characterization of a large number of species. / Dados coletados entre dezembro de 2004 e maio de 2006 (30 meses após o plantio – MAP), na Coleção de Germoplasma de Helicônias da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (CGH/UFRPE), foram utilizados para estimar parâmetros genéticos e predizer valores genotípicos para produção de hastes florais, com auxílio do procedimento de modelos mistos (REML/BLUP). Os genótipos utilizados na análise foram: H. psittacorum L.f. x H. spathocircinata Aristeguieta cv. Golden Torch (GT) e cv. Golden Torch Adrian (GTA), Heliconia psittacorum L.f. cv. Suriname Sassy (SS), cv. Red Opal (RO) e cv. Red Gold (RG), Heliconia x nickeriensis Maas e de Rooij (NCK), H. latispatha Bentham cv. Yellow Gyro (YG), H. rauliniana Barreiros (RB), H. rostrata Ruiz e Pavón (RRP), H. wagneriana Petersen (WP), H. bihai (L.) L. cv. Lobster Claw (LC). O software SELEGEN foi utilizado para realização das análises estatísticas, aplicando-se aos dados o modelo 55, que se refere à avaliação de genótipos no delineamento em blocos completos com estabilidade e adaptabilidade temporal em um só local e em vários trimestres. Na seleção de genótipos para produção e hastes florais por trimestre, destacaram-se GT, SS e RO. Os trimestres em que os genótipos foram mais produtivos foram 6 (março a maio de 2005 – 18 MAP) e 9 (dezembro a fevereiro de 2006 – 27 MAP). Os genótipos mais estáveis foram: WP e GT. Os genótipos mais adaptados foram: GT, YG, GTA e SS. Na seleção conjunta para produção de hastes florais, estabilidade e adaptabilidade os genótipos que apresentaram melhor desempenho foram: GT, RO e GTA. Foram obtidas estimativas dos componentes de média e variância considerando-se todos os genótipos em todos os trimestres. As variâncias encontradas indicam grande influência da interação genótipos x avaliações no valor fenotípico. O ordenamento dos genótipos foi variável ao longo dos trimestres, devido à correlação genotípica considerada média (43,52%). Em relação aos ganhos genéticos superiores a média geral na análise conjunta dos trimestres, destacaram-se os genótipos GT, SS, RO e GTA. Cinco trimestres são necessários para melhor avaliação do potencial genético, mantendo-se a herdabilidade média superior a 70% com acurácia seletiva de 85%. O coeficiente de determinação foi de 79% e a eficiência da realização de cinco avaliações em comparação com a situação em que se usa apenas uma foi de 1,36. Este estudo permitiu identificar a produção de cada genótipo para cada trimestre do ano, o que possibilita melhor planejamento da comercialização e fornecimento para cadeia produtiva. Além disso, os resultados obtidos poderão orientar outros estudos, envolvendo cruzamentos para obtenção de novos genótipos com características superiores, ou até mesmo a avaliação de genótipos de helicônias em condições diferentes, permitindo a caracterização de um maior número de espécies.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19051号 / 農博第2129号 / 新制||農||1033 / 32002 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 奥本 裕, 准教授 中﨑 鉄也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Este trabalho traz como objeto o fenômeno da concentração geográfica e setorial de empresas, cuja importância na criação de vantagens competitivas para as empresas e para o desenvolvimento regional tem sido estudada e relatada na literatura. Considerando-se a importância dos agronegócios no contexto socioeconômico nacional, associado à importância crescente da floricultura neste setor e a lacuna na literatura no que concerne a esse tipo de arranjo empresarial no contexto dos agronegócios, optou-se pelo desenvolvimento deste estudo em duas localidades paulistas caracterizadas pela concentração de empresas relacionadas aos agronegócios de flores e plantas: Holambra e Mogi das Cruzes. Os principais objetivos desta tese são: elaborar uma estrutura (framework) teórico-conceitual para estudos das concentrações geográficas de empresas do agronegócio de flores e plantas ornamentais; identificar os principais fatores indutores para o estabelecimento de ações conjuntas entre os atores da cadeia e identificar os principais fatores indutores da inovação e da formação das competências coletivas locais. Dada a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, optou-se por mesclar estratégias de pesquisa de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo (survey). Os principais resultados encontrados mostram: a adequação da estrutura de análise proposta; a influencia do fator étnico nas questões relativas a cooperação para a construção das vantagens competitivas locais; que as ações cooperativas entre os atores da localidade não dependeram de uma ação coordenadora do poder público; que as concentrações geográficas estudadas criam condições para promover maior número de ações conjuntas entre os produtores rurais; que essas ações conjuntas são catalizadas pelas associações de produtores rurais e pelas cooperativas. / This thesis aims to understand the phenomenon of geographical and sectional concentration of companies (clusters), whose importance in the creation of competitive advantages and also in the regional development have been studied and reported in specialized literature. Considering the importance of agribusiness in the Brazilian social-economic context and the lack of academic studies concerning with, agribusiness clusters, the present research was performed in two localities of State of São Paulo: Holambra and Mogi das Cruzes, both characterized by the flowers and ornamental plants agribusiness concentration. The main objectives of this thesis are the following: elaborate a theoretic-conceptual structure for flowers agribusiness cluster; identify the main inductive factors inducing for the establishment joint action between the actors of the productive chain; and, verify the inductive factors in innovation and in local collective competences building. Due to the complexity of the studied phenomenon, the field research design encompasses both qualitative and quantitative (survey) approaches. The main results founded show that: the adequacy of the framework analysis proposed; the ethnic factor influences in the cooperation and local competitive advantages building related issues; the joint actions among the actors of the locality, specially agricultural producers, did not depended on the public power coordination; the studied geographical cluster allows to increase joint actions, specifically among the agricultural producers, stimulated by the agricultural producers associations and by the cooperative societies.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19051号 / 農博第2129号 / 新制||農||1033(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4933(農学部図書室) / 32002 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 奥本 裕, 准教授 中﨑 鉄也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Currently the size and frequency of wildfires are increasing at a global scale, including arid ecosystems that exhibit great sensitivity to disturbance. Fire effects on plant pollination and reproductive success in deserts are largely unknown. Plant dependence on animal pollinators for reproduction can increase the risk of reproductive failure if pollination services are hindered or lost. Species that depend on few taxonomically related pollinator species are expected to be most negatively affected by disturbances that disrupt pollination interactions. To assess fire and isolation effects on reproductive success in desert plant communities, and how wildfire influences the pollination success of generalist and specialist pollinated plants, the number of flowers, fruits, and viable seeds produced by plants surviving in burned and unburned desert landscapes were compared. Fire increased flower production for wind and generalist pollinated plants, and did not affect specialist plant flower production. Increases may be associated with positive physiological responses exhibited by plants surviving in burned areas. Fire did not affect pollination services. Wildfire effects on fruit production were neutral or positive, and overall seed:ovule ratios varied by 3% or less in burned and unburned areas for each pollination strategy. Increasing isolation within burned areas did not affect fruit production for generalist or specialist pollinated plants, suggesting that pollination services are functional across expansive burned desert landscapes. Annual reproductive output varied between years in burned and unburned areas, and shifts likely resulted from variation in annual precipitation patterns. Reductions in landscape reproductive output may be partially compensated by increased per plant fruit and seed production and maintaining pollinator services across burned landscapes, providing native shrub communities the possibility to naturally recover from fire disturbances. Habitat disturbances can influence plant interactions with herbivores, in addition to pollinators. To understand how fire and ungulate herbivory affect reproductive success of specialist pollinated desert plants, reproductive effort, floral herbivory, and pollinator visitation and success, were compared for Yucca baccata, and Yucca brevifolia in burned and unburned areas of the Mojave Desert. Fire increased Y. baccata flowering from 12% to 22% of plants in burned areas, but had no effect on the number of flowers or fruits produced per plant. Fruit set and pollinator collection failed at all sampled Y. baccata individuals, while fire and herbivory had no effect on Y. brevifolia flower, fruit, and pollinator collection. Herbivores consumed 50% and 67% of floral stalks produced by Y. baccata in unburned and burned areas. Herbivores pose a clear threat to successful sexual reproduction for Y. baccata. Removal of ungulate herbivores during important flowering periods may still result in failed fruit and seed production if local pollinator reserves have been drastically reduced or lost.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Penstemon digitalis cv Husker Red has showy flowers that have the potential to be cultivated as garden flowers as well as cut flowers. Two studies were conducted in Lincoln NE, USA. The first study was carried out to determine if treating plants of Penstemon digitalis cv. Husker Red with gibberellic acid (GA3) and vernalization (cold) periods would produce the best quality cut flowers of penstemon in the shortest possible time, in a repeatable manner. The GA3 concentrations were: 0, 100, 250 and 500 mg L-1 and the vernalization periods were 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks of cold at 5°C. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with plants of Penstemon digitalis cv. Husker Red. There were no significant interactions between GA doses and vernalization periods. The variables: number of days to buds, number of days of plants to flowering and number of days to flowering since buds decreased after GA applications, according to the GA levels and according to the vernalization periods. The variables: plant height, number of flowers per plant and time that flowers lasted on the plants were not affected by GA3 applications neither by different vernalization periods. The second study was conducted to determine if soaking seed with gibberellic acid (GA3) would increase germination of Penstemon digitalis cv. Husker Red seed. The GA3 concentrations were: 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mg L-1 (first experiment) 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 (second experiment) and 0, 500 and 1000 (third experiment). The first and second experiments were conducted in a growth chamber while the third experiment was conducted in a growth chamber and greenhouse with seeds either covered or not covered in mix. In all experiments, gibberellic acid increased the percentage and rate of seed germination. The 1000 mg L-1 GA3 was the best treatment. Germination percentage and rate were the highest for seeds grown inside of the growth chamber probably due to the consistency of temperatures and darkness. In the greenhouse, the percentage of seeds that germinated and the rate of germination were similar regardless of whether or not the seeds were covered or uncovered and whether they received either the 500 or 1000 mg L-1 GA3 treatment. / Penstemon digitalis cv Husker Red tem flores exuberantes que possuem potencial para serem cultivadas e utilizadas tanto como flores de jardim como de corte. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, sendo o primeiro com o objetivo de determinar se tratamento de plantas de Penstemon digitalis cv. Husker Red com ácido (AG3) e diferentes períodos de vernalização produziriam plantas de penstemon com alta qualidade para flor de corte no mínimo intervalo de tempo possível, e de maneira que possa ser repetida. As concentrações de AG3 foram: 0, 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1 ppm e os períodos de vernalização foram: 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 semanas de frio à 5°C. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com plantas de Penstemon digitalis cv. Husker Red. A interação entre doses de AG3 e diferentes períodos de vernalização não foi significativa. As variáveis número de dias para a emissão de botões florais, número de dias para as plantas florescerem, e número de dias para o florescimento a partir da emissão dos botões florais decresceram após a aplicação de AG3, de acordo com os níveis de AG3 e de acordo com os períodos de vernalização. As variáveis altura da planta, número de flores por planta e tempo de permanência das flores nas hastes não foram afetadas pelas aplicações de AG3 nem pelos diferentes períodos de vernalização. Os outros três experimentos foram conduzidos como o objetivo de determinar se o tratamento de sementes de com AG3 aumentaria a germinação de sementes de Penstemon digitalis cv. Husker Red. As concentrações de AG3 utilizadas foram: 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 e 500 mg L-1 (segundo experimento) 0, 500, 1000 e 1500 (terceiro experimento) e 0, 500 e 1000 (quarto experimento). O segundo e o terceiro experimento foram conduzidos em câmara de crescimento enquanto que o quarto experimento foi conduzido em câmara de crescimento e casa de vegetação com sementes cobertas e não cobertas por substrato. Em todos os experimentos, o ácido giberélico aumentou a porcentagem e a taxa de germinação das sementes, sendo a dose de 1000 ppm de AG3 o melhor tratamento. No quarto experimento, a porcentagem bem como a taxa de germinação foram mais elevadas, nas sementes que foram mantidas em câmara de crescimento, provavelmente devido a temperatura constante e a ausência de luz. Na casa de vegetação, a porcentagem de sementes que germinaram e a taxa de germinação, foram similares, não importando se as sementes foram cobertas ou não e também similares para as doses de 500 e 1000 mg L-1 de AG3.

Altitudinal gradients offer attractive opportunities for studies of population differentiation in response to environmental heterogeneity. In this thesis, I examined population differentiation along altitudinal gradients by combining common-garden experiments with field studies and experiments in alpine, subalpine and boreal populations of the perennial herb Solidago virgaurea. More specifically, I determined whether leaf physiology in terms of nitrogen concentration and resorption, flowering phenology, flower production and reproductive effort vary along altitudinal gradients. Nitrogen concentration in green leaves were higher in alpine than in subalpine and boreal populations. These differences persisted when plants were grown from seeds in a common-garden experiment at two sites, suggesting that the differences have a genetic component. There was mixed support for a trade-off between maximized carbon gain through the maintenance of high nitrogen concentration, and minimized nitrogen loss through high resorption. In their natural habitats alpine populations began flowering later than subalpine populations, but this difference was reversed when plants were grown in a common environment. This suggests that genetic differences among populations counteract environmental effects and reduce phenotypic variation in flowering time among populations. Flowering time thus shows countergradient genetic variation in S. virgaurea. In a common-garden experiment, boreal populations produced more flowers and had a higher reproductive effort than subalpine and alpine populations indicating habitat-specific genetic differences in reproductive allocation. In a field study, which included three populations, seed set was close to zero in the alpine population, intermediate in the subalpine population, and high in the boreal population. Experimental flower removal showed that seed production was associated with a considerable cost in terms of reduced flowering propensity the following year, but did not support the hypothesis that a large floral display is important for pollination success.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O uso intensivo de agrotóxicos nas lavouras desacompanhado de políticas normativas e de controle resulta numa série de impactos sobre a saúde humana e sobre o meio ambiente. As intoxicações sofridas pelos trabalhadores rurais podem estar atreladas a vários fatores como, por exemplo, a dificuldade de compreensão das informações sobre os agrotóxicos. Uma solução seria uma assistência técnica mais eficaz e dissociada das casas comerciais, fato cada vez mais presente, acarretando o aumento no consumo desses produtos. Em alguns casos, o acesso às informações fica restrito somente à leitura de bulas e rótulos dos produtos utilizados, sendo a única fonte de comunicação de riscos existente. É um dado preocupante, já que é reconhecido o baixo nível de escolaridade dos agricultores. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de comunicação de riscos relacionado aos agrotóxicos no trabalho rural do Pólo Floricultor de Nova Friburgo/ RJ, através de um estudo de recepção de informações, por parte de agricultores, referente aos rótulos e bulas dos principais agrotóxicos utilizados por eles durante o seu processo de trabalho. Através de uma abordagem qualitativa, foram aplicados questionários semi-estruturados a 29 dos 30 produtores de flores locais, avaliando o seu processo de trabalho, seus anseios e o conhecimento acerca das questões que envolvem o uso dos agrotóxicos. A análise dos dados identificou uma série de situações relacionadas com o nível de informações e a sua interpretação pelos trabalhadores; o manejo indevido atribuído ao desconhecimento dos reais riscos que estão expostos é uma delas. Os resultados encontrados criam novas expectativas para a adoção de uma política eficaz de comunicação de riscos no campo, sobre tudo com a participação ativa de políticas normativas e que garantam o entendimento das instruções por pessoas comuns, conforme previsto na Legislação. O estudo subsidia uma estratégia mundial voltada para a harmonização global de informações dos produtos químicos, tendo como foco, os agrotóxicos. Uma comunicação de riscos mais segura, eficaz e ética pode ser caminho para garantir maior segurança aos trabalhadores. / The intensive use of pesticides for crop protection results in impacts on human and environmental health status, particularly when this use is not associated with normative policies and control actions. Major rural workers poisonings can be straight associated to a number of factors, including difficulties to comprehend the available information. One of many solutions should be a more effective and independent technical assistance, dissociated with commercial interests – a serious situation usually more seen and that can be pointed as one of the main determinants of pesticides use increase in the last few years. In some cases, information access is restricted to labels reading, constituting the only information resource available for a large group of rural workers. This situation is even more serious considering these professionals’ low formal-educational background. The present study aims to analyze pesticides risk communication process in a rural, flower-producer community of Nova Friburgo municipality, Rio de Janeiro State – Brazil, through an information-reception study focusing labels reading. Through a qualitative health research approach, semi-structured questionnaires were applied to 29 of the 30 local flower producers aiming to characterize local work processes, workers beliefs and perceptions, as well as to identify their ability to correctly understand pesticides labels information (visual and written). Results showed that this information is not correctly understood by workers, leading to some unsafe work practices such as inappropriate pesticides formulation and use and several exposures situations, as well as the non-adoption of protective gear. These data point the need of a more effective risk communication policy, particularly involving the community, that be effectively representative of what the National Legislation demands (all pesticides information present in labels should be correctly understood by any people, independent of their academic background). This study can be used as a subsidy for the GHS implementation in Brazil, particularly regarding pesticides information legislation.