Orientador: Wilson Badiali Crocomo / Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Nascimento / Banca: Julio Marcos Melges Walder / Resumo : O manejo integrado de pragas em fruticultura tem incentivado o uso do controle biológico com o intuito de reduzir a densidade das moscas-das-frutas. Para tanto, este trabalho acompanhou a dinâmica populacional das espécies de moscas-das-frutas numa área de intersecção de pomar cítrico variedade Valência com mata secundária, através do levantamento populacional antes e depois da liberação do parasitóide exótico Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). O estudo foi conduzido de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2010, procedendo-se coleta quinzenalmente de adultos de moscasdas- frutas por armadilhas McPhail a base de proteína hidrolisada de milho, na Fazenda São Gabriel, distrito Vitoriana, município de Botucatu, SP. Durante realização do experimento, o pomar recebeu tratamento fitossanitário, mas as liberações dos parasitóides foram sempre realizadas num intervalo de cinco dias após a última aplicação de defensivos agrícolas e cinco dias antes da pulverização seguinte. Os insetos capturados foram levados para o Laboratório de Entomologia (UNESP), Botucatu, SP para triagem e as moscas foram devidamente etiquetadas, com os dados da coleta, para posterior identificação. Até o mês de fevereiro de 2009 o levantamento das moscas-das-frutas foi através de 20 armadilhas, sendo dez em pomar e dez na mata do entorno. A partir de março de 2009 foram acrescentadas cinco armadilhas numa nova área de mata mantendo-se até o fim do experimento 25 armadilhas. No período de abril a outubro de 2009 foram liberados 560.000 parasitóides D. longicaudata, com quatro a oito dias de idade, na mata secundária, provenientes do Laboratório de Radioentomologia do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA - USP). Foram estabelecidos dez pontos amostrais e para cada ponto foram liberados cerca de 4.000 indivíduos. Coletou-se 13.683 tefritídeos sendo 6.967 exemplares... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The integrated pest management in fruit growing has stimulated the use of biological control in order to reduce the density of fruit flies. To do so, this work observed the population dynamics of fruit flies species in a citric orchard intersection area, Valência variety, with secondary forest, by means of population survey before and after the release of the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The study was carried out from January 2008 to January 2010, with adult collections being performed every 15 days in hydrolyzed corn protein based McPhail traps at Fazenda São Gabriel, Vitoriana district, municipality of Botucatu, SP. While performing the experiment, the orchard was given phytosanitary treatment, but parasitoids releases were always carried out five days after the last application of agricultural defensives and five days before the following pulverization. The captured insects were taken to the Entomology Laboratory (UNESP), Botucatu, SP in order to be screened and the flies were properly labeled with collection data for further identification. Up to February 2009, 20 traps were used for the fruit flies survey, ten in the orchard and ten in the surrounding forest. From March 2009 on, 5 traps were added into a new vegetation area, 25 traps being kept until the end of the experiment. From April to October 2009, 560,000 D. longicaudata parasitoids, four to eight days old, were released in the secondary forest, coming from the Radioentomology Laboratory of the Nuclear Energy Center in Agriculture (CENA - USP). Ten sample sites were set and about... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-20T17:01:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tamires Medeiros do Santos.pdf: 5083938 bytes, checksum: 468695a43a5e90373cf9817865775cc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T17:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tamires Medeiros do Santos.pdf: 5083938 bytes, checksum: 468695a43a5e90373cf9817865775cc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 / CAPES / The searching for development of sustainable agricultural systems has shown satisfactory results from economic, social and agronomic perspectives. However, it is necessary to evaluate these systems about their impacts on the environment. The knowledge of insect fauna is essential in monitoring the impacts caused by anthropic action, and the Coleoptera order, because it?s the group with biggest richness, has been the focus of many studies that evaluate environmental conditions. Given the above, the objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence of beetles captured per impact trap in the period from November 2014 to November 2015, in three environments with different ecological characteristics, and assess the influence of climatic variables in the occurrence of Scolytinae group. In order to conduct the study, the chosen experimental area is located in the Integrated Agroecological Production System (IAPS), in the municipality of Serop?dica/RJ. Were selected, inside the IAPS, three distinct environments: organic coffee production (OC), agroforestry (AFS) and organic coffee (FF). Climatic data was obtained by an automatic station, of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), located in Serop?dica, named Agricultural Ecology Station. In each environment, there were set four ethanolic semifunil model traps. The traps were kept in the field in the period from November 2014 to November 2015, and every seven days the storers containers went replaced and the attractive baits were renewed using commercial ethanol (alcohol 96 ?). The samples were forwarded to the Laboratory of Wood Deterioration and Forestry Entomology, at the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ? UFRRJ, to perform the triage. The insects were separated by trap and their respective area where they were collected, and then identified. All insects collected were quantified and only the coleoptera were identified at the level of family and subfamily. However, four groups of borers beetles (Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae and, Curculionidae: Platypodinae and Scolytinae) were evaluated separately. The highest number of insects was found in the AFS, followed by the organic coffee and the agroforestry system. Nearly 75% of the trapped borers beetles were Scolytinae. The agroforestry system was the environment with more coleoborers, due to the management carried out in the area, because there is a greater diversity of plant species, thus requiring constant maintenance. Seasonality influenced in the number of Scolytinae in the three environments. The temperature, atmospheric pressure and wind speed influenced the Scolytinae fluctuation only in the organic coffee and the agroforestry system, considering that the composition of the forest fragment provides favorable conditions for its microclimate stability. / A busca por desenvolvimento de sistemas agr?colas sustent?veis tem demonstrado resultados satisfat?rios do ponto de vista econ?mico, social e agron?mico. Entretanto ? necess?rio avaliar tais sistemas quanto aos impactos gerados ao meio ambiente. O conhecimento da entomofauna ? essencial no acompanhamento de impactos causados pela a??o antr?pica e, a Ordem Coleoptera, por ser o grupo de maior riqueza, tem sido alvo de muitos estudos para avalia??o de condi??es ambientais. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a ocorr?ncia de cole?pteros capturados por armadilha de impacto, no per?odo de novembro de 2014 a novembro de 2015, em tr?s ambientes com caracter?sticas ecol?gicas distintas e, avaliar a influ?ncia de vari?veis clim?ticas na ocorr?ncia do grupo Scolytinae. Para a realiza??o do estudo, a ?rea experimental escolhida est? localizada no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica (SIPA), no munic?pio de Serop?dica, RJ. Foram selecionados dentro do SIPA tr?s ambientes distintos: produ??o de caf? org?nico (CO), sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e fragmento florestal (FF). Os dados clim?ticos foram obtidos pela esta??o autom?tica do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) localizada em Serop?dica, esta??o Ecologia agr?cola. Em cada ambiente foram instaladas quatro armadilhas etan?licas modelo Semifunil. As armadilhas foram mantidas no campo no per?odo de novembro de 2014 a novembro de 2015 e, a cada sete dias os recipientes armazenadores foram substitu?dos e as iscas atrativas renovadas com etanol comercial (?lcool 96?). As amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laborat?rio Deteriora??o da madeira e Entomologia Florestal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ para a realiza??o da triagem. Os insetos foram separados por ?rea e armadilha, de onde foram coletados e, em seguida, identificados. Todos os insetos coletados foram quantificados e, os cole?pteros foram identificados em n?vel de Fam?lia e Subfam?lia. No entanto, quatro grupos de cole?pteros broqueadores (Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae e, Curculionidae: Platypodinae e Scolytinae) foram avaliadas separadamente. O maior n?mero de cole?pteros foi encontrado no sistema agroflorestal seguido do caf? org?nico e do fragmento florestal. Cerca de 75% dos cole?pteros broqueadores registrados foram Scolytinae. O sistema agroflorestal foi o ambiente com maior n?mero de cole?pteros broqueadores, devido ao manejo realizado na ?rea, pois ocorre maior diversidade de esp?cies vegetais, consequentemente, exigindo manuten??o constante. A sazonalidade influenciou no n?mero de Scolytinae nos tr?s ambientes. A temperatura, a press?o atmosf?rica e a velocidade do vento influenciaram na flutua??o de escolit?neos apenas no caf? org?nico e no sistema agroflorestal, considerando que a composi??o do fragmento florestal proporciona condi??es favor?veis para a estabilidade microclim?tica.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania_M_V_Prestes.pdf: 506597 bytes, checksum: 9d5adad3528afe89c92f3c3cfc7bc17a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cosmopolites Sordidus (Germar, 1824) is considered a pest of economic importance in almost all banana producer countries. Knowing the highest incidence season of the pest, and the occurrence of its natural enemies, mainly entomopathogenic fungus, associated or not to environment factors, makes the development of strategies control that cause little impact on the environment possible. With this in mind, the study of C. sodidus population dynamic in banana plant cultivation of the nanicão cultivar without the use of insecticides was carried in the city of São Miguel do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil. A biological experiment with Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, originated from the experimental area and from Brazil s Research Centers, was conducted aiming to evaluate C. sordidus pathogenicity. The insect s population fluctuation was evaluated between June 2003 to May 2004 using pseudostem traps. Pseudostem traps durability and attractiveness were observed as well as the occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungus, and the presence of predators. Obtained data was correlated to environmental factors observed during the evaluations. It was observed that C. sordidus population fluctuation was negatively influenced by rain precipitation. Adult population summit occurred in June and July 2003, period of cool temperature and low rain precipitation. C. sordidus larvae summit occurred in December when temperature (29.7ºC) and rain precipitation (308.6 mm) were the highest. Predators were identified as pertaining to following order and family correspondingly: Coleoptera (Carabidae), Dermaptera (Forficulidae), Hemiptera (Reduviidae), Hymenoptera (Ponerinae) and Aranae (Ctenidae, Clubionidae, Lycosidae) which usually feed from C. sordidus eggs and larvae. Predator population summit occurred two months following C. sordidus adult population summit. Although at low incidence, with an annual average of 0.44%, adults infected by B. bassiana were found, where the highest infection indexes occurred in September and October (1.2%). In laboratory conditions all of the B. bassiana isolates caused C. sordidus adult mortality, and there weren t significant statistical differences among them, indicating that they can be utilized for the controlling of pest / Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824) é considerado uma praga de importância econômica em quase todos os países produtores de banana. Conhecer a época da maior incidência desta praga, ocorrência de seus inimigos naturais, principalmente fungos entomopatogênicos, em associação aos fatores ambientais, possibilitam o desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle que causem menos impacto sobre o ambiente. Nesse contexto, foi realizado em São Miguel do Iguaçu, PR, o estudo da dinâmica populacional de C. sordidus, em cultivo de bananeira da cultivar nanicão, isento do uso de inseticidas. Realizou-se também, um bioensaio com isolados de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. provenientes da área experimental e de Centros de Pesquisa do Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a patogenicidade para C. sordidus. A flutuação populacional do inseto foi avaliada com utilização de iscas do tipo telha, durante um ano no período de junho de 2003 a maio de 2004. Acompanhou-se a durabilidade e atratividade das iscas, bem como a ocorrência de fungos entomopatogênicos e também a presença de predadores. Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados aos fatores ambientais observados durante o transcorrer das avaliações. Verificou-se que a flutuação da população de adultos de C. sordidus foi influenciada negativamente pela precipitação, sendo que os picos populacionais dos adultos ocorreram em junho e julho de 2003, período de temperaturas amenas e baixas precipitações. O pico das larvas de C. sordidus ocorreu em dezembro período no qual, a temperatura e as precipitações pluviométricas foram as mais elevadas (29,7ºC) e (308,6mm). Os predadores foram identificados como pertencentes às ordens e famílias, respectivas: Coleoptera (Carabidae), Dermaptera (Forficulidae), Hemiptera (Reduviidae), Hymenoptera (Ponerinae) e Aranae (Ctenidae, Clubionidae, Lycosidae). O pico da população de predadores ocorreu dois meses após o pico da população de adultos de C. sordidus. Foram verificados adultos infectados por B. bassiana, porém em baixa incidência (média anual de 0,44%), com maiores índices de infecção em setembro e outubro (1,2%). Em condições de laboratório, os isolados de B. bassiana causaram mortalidade dos adultos de C. sordidus, não havendo diferenças significativas estatisticamente entre eles (cerca de 20% de mortalidade), indicando que os mesmos podem ser utilizados para o controle da praga

Orientador: Ciro César Zanini Branco / Banca: Orlando Necchi Junior / Banca: Carla Ferragut / Resumo: A heterogeneidade do habitat vem sendo considerada a maior discriminadora da diversidade das comunidades em sistemas lóticos. Esta pode ser caracterizada por variáveis específicas tais como velocidade da correnteza, temperatura, tipo de substrato, nutriente e luz. Diversos estudos se propõem a investigar a relação entre heterogeneidade de habitat e a distribuição das comunidades algais, através de estratégias metodológicas que envolvem o uso e aplicação de critérios de amostragem a partir das comunidades algais dispostas em substratos artificiais. Levando-se em conta que muitas investigações sugerem que o tipo de substrato pode ser a principal variável influenciando a distribuição espacial e temporal das comunidades lóticas e, que raríssimos estudos são aplicados às macroalgas de ambientes lóticos e que estas, juntamente com as briófitas, são as principais responsáveis pela produção primária nestes ecossistemas, o presente estudo foi proposto com os seguintes objetivos: 1) fazer uma análise de biomassa, composição florística e riqueza macroalgal diante de diferentes texturas de substratos artificiais, bem como de padrões de heterogeneidade criados a partir de combinações de fragmentos dos substratos artificiais testados, na tentativa de se aproximar dos fenômenos ocorridos em rochas naturais; 2) avaliação da textura e heterogeneidade do substrato sob duas condições de velocidade de correnteza em um riacho artificial; e 3) avaliação da textura e heterogeneidade do substrato ao longo da escala temporal de 109 dias em riachos naturais. Os resultados mostraram que a abundância global das comunidades de macroalgas foi bastante baixa e semelhante entre os tratamentos de textura e heterogeneidade nos dois experimentos, sugerindo que os níveis de rugosidade e de complexidade do substrato não apresentaram relevante influência sobre as coberturas percentuais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The heterogeneity of habitat has been considered the most discriminating of the diversity of communities in lotic systems. This can be characterized by specific variables such as velocity, temperature, substrate type, nutrient and light. Several studies are proposed to investigate the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and distribution of algal communities through strategic methods that involve the use and application of criteria for sampling from algal communities on artificial substrates placed. Taking into account that many investigations suggest that the substrate may be the main variable influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of lotic communities and that very few studies are applied to the lotic macroalgae and that these, together with bryophytes, are mainly responsible for primary production in these ecosystems, this study was proposed with the following objectives: 1) make an analysis of biomass, floristic composition and richness on macroalgal of different types of artificial substrates as well as patterns of heterogeneity created from combinations of fragments of artificial substrates tested in an attempt to get closer to the phenomena occurring in rock natural, 2) evaluation of texture and heterogeneity of the substrate with two different water flow in an artificial stream, and 3) evaluation of texture and heterogeneity of the substrate over the fluctuation time of 109 days in natural streams. The results showed that the overall abundance of macroalgal communities was quite low and similar between the treatment of texture and variety in both experiments, suggesting that levels of roughness and complexity of the substrate showed no relevant influence on the coverage percentages of the communities investigated. The velocity, in turn, influenced both the abundance and wealth, these decreasing at higher intensity. Richness was lower, particularly at higher surface... (Complete abstract click electronic acces below) / Mestre

恆常所得假說認為消費者依終生期望所得來做消費規劃，不受短暫性所得變動而改變消費。然實際資料顯示：在景氣循環過程中，暫時性所得變動確會影響消費變動，顯示該假說實際上不成立。本文利用華人家庭動態資料庫，配合追蹤性資料的計量方法來進行檢測該假說。實證結果發現：消費行為違反恆常所得假說。接著加入景氣變換來解釋消費違反恆常所得假說導因於流動性限制。最後利用追蹤性資料的特性，從世代差異的角度看消費者違反恆常所得假說，發現不同世代受流動性限制的影響效果不同，隨著年齡增加，消費者違反恆常所得假說的情況愈弱。 / Permanent income hypothesis(PIH) states that consumers make choices regarding their longer-term income expectations. Transitory income variety could not affect consumption. However, the reality is that consumption would be affected by transitory income during economic fluctuation, and this fact violates the hypothesis. Due to this reason, this paper use Taiwanese panel data : PSFD(Panel Study of Family Dynamics) and econometric model to test the hypothesis. In the empirical results, we concluded: Taiwanese consumption violated PIH. Then generation difference was incorporated into the model to explain the degree of violation of PIH. And the result explained that the generation difference exists in the degree of PIH’s violation.

Ma thèse développe essentiellement la phénoménologie d'une forme particulière de relaxation pour le non équilibre ; d'abord dans le cas du plasma magnétisé, où il est identifié en un sens précis un point critique, autour duquel la relaxation est intermittente, puis dans un cadre plus général. Est reconsidéré la résonance entre ondes de Langmuir et particules : "l'amortissement Landau" n'est pas de nature cinétique, pour la simple raison que le champ est moyen. La preuve est apportée par le calcul des susceptibilités. Etablir cette preuve nécessite de recourir à l'hypothèse de linéarité thermodynamique, or l'instabilité est du type Rayleigh, qui développe une turbulence loin de l'équilibre. Il s'avère que dans une description de type Van der Waals, la définition de l'énergie libre est compromise par des coefficients fluctuants : des cycles s'effectuent entre les régions sur-critique et métastable. Par extrapolation de la théorie de Landau, ou avec l'argument d'une orbite de renormalisation chaotique,à cause de la présence d'un champ extérieur, intrinsèque et non nul, on détermine les exposants critiques. Ils sont notoirement différentes de ceux que livrent la théorie statique ou même la théorie dynamique critique. En particulier, z=1. Dans le régime stationnaire, l'hypothèse d'invariance d'échelle permet d'associer une généralisation de la relation de fluctuation-dissipation. Il y a l'amorce de la détermination, assez universelle, des distributions non maxwelliennes.

Demand fluctuations will bias the measurement of productivity and efficiency. This dissertation described three ways to characterize the effect of demand fluctuations. First, a two-dimensional efficiency decomposition (2DED) of profitability is proposed for manufacturing, service, or hybrid production systems to account for the demand effect. The first dimension identifies four components of efficiency: capacity design, demand generation, operations, and demand consumption, using Network Data Envelopment Analysis (Network DEA). The second dimension decomposes the efficiency measures and integrates them into a profitability efficiency framework. Thus, each component's profitability change can be analyzed based on technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change and allocative efficiency change. Second, this study proposes a proactive DEA model to account for demand fluctuations and proposes input or output adjustments to maximize effective production. Demand fluctuations lead to variations in the output levels affecting measures of technical efficiency. In the short-run, firms can adjust their variable resources to address the demand fluctuates and perform more efficiently. Proactive DEA is a short-run capacity planning method, proposed to provide decision support to a firm interested in improving the effectiveness of a production system under demand uncertainty using a stochastic programming DEA (SPDEA) approach. This method improves the decision making related to short-run capacity expansion and estimates the expected value of effectiveness given demand. In the third part of the dissertation, a Nash-Cournot equilibrium is identified for an oligopolistic market. The standard assumption in the efficiency literature that firms desire to produce on the production frontier may not hold in an oligopolistic market where the production decisions of all firms will determine the market price, i.e. an increase in a firm's output level leads to a lower market clearing price and potentially-lower profits. Models for both the production possibility set and the inverse demand function are used to identify a Nash-Cournot equilibrium and improvement targets which may not be on the strongly efficient production frontier. This behavior is referred to as rational inefficiency because the firm reduces its productivity levels in order to increase profits.

Nonequilibrium work theorems, such as the Jarzynski equality and the Crooks fluctuation theorem, allow one to use nonequilibrium measurements to determine equilibrium free energies. For example, it has been demonstrated that the Crooks fluctuation theorem can be used to determine RNA folding energies. We used single-molecule manipulation with an atomic force microscope to measure the work done on poly(dA) as it was stretched and relaxed. This single-stranded nucleic acid exhibits unique base-stacking transitions in its force-extension curve due to the strong interactions among A bases, as well as multiple pathways. Here we showed that free energy curves can be determined by using the Crooks fluctuation theorem. The nonequilibrium work theorem can be used to determine free energy curves even when there are multiple pathways.

Nonequilibrium work theorems, such as the Jarzynski equality and the Crooks fluctuation theorem, allow one to use nonequilibrium measurements to determine equilibrium free energies. For example, it has been demonstrated that the Crooks fluctuation theorem can be used to determine RNA folding energies. We used single-molecule manipulation with an atomic force microscope to measure the work done on poly(dA) as it was stretched and relaxed. This single-stranded nucleic acid exhibits unique base-stacking transitions in its force-extension curve due to the strong interactions among A bases, as well as multiple pathways. Here we showed that free energy curves can be determined by using the Crooks fluctuation theorem. The nonequilibrium work theorem can be used to determine free energy curves even when there are multiple pathways.

Nonequilibrium work theorems, such as the Jarzynski equality and the Crooks fluctuation theorem, allow one to use nonequilibrium measurements to determine equilibrium free energies. For example, it has been demonstrated that the Crooks fluctuation theorem can be used to determine RNA folding energies. We used single-molecule manipulation with an atomic force microscope to measure the work done on poly(dA) as it was stretched and relaxed. This single-stranded nucleic acid exhibits unique base-stacking transitions in its force-extension curve due to the strong interactions among A bases, as well as multiple pathways. Here we showed that free energy curves can be determined by using the Crooks fluctuation theorem. The nonequilibrium work theorem can be used to determine free energy curves even when there are multiple pathways.