Many geologic processes occur in association with hydrothermal fluids and some of these fluids are eventually trapped as fluid inclusions in minerals formed during the process. Fluid inclusions provide valuable information on the pressure, temperature and fluid composition (PTX) of the environment of formation, hence understanding PTX properties of the fluid inclusions is required. The most important step of a fluid inclusion study is the identification of Fluid Inclusion Assemblages (FIA) that represent the finest (shortest time duration) geologic event that can be constrained using fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperature data obtained from fluid inclusions is often used to reconstruct temperature history of a geologic event. The precision with which fluid inclusions constrain the temperatures of geologic events depends on the precision with which the temperature of a fluid inclusion assemblage can be determined. Synthetic fluid inclusions trapped in the one-fluid-phase field are formed at a known and relatively constant temperature. However, microthermometry of synthetic fluid inclusions often reveals Th variations of about ± 1- 4 degrees Centigrade, or one order of magnitude larger than the precision of the measurement for an individual inclusion. The same range in Th was observed in well-constrained natural FIAs where the inclusions are assumed to have been trapped at the same time. The observed small variations are the result of the effect of the fluid inclusion size on the bubble collapsing temperature. As inclusions are heated the vapor bubble is getting smaller until the pressure difference between the pressure of the vapor and the confining pressure reaches a critical value and the bubble collapses. It was observed that smaller inclusions reach critical bubble radius and critical pressure differences at lower temperatures than larger inclusions within the same FIA. Homogenization temperature (Th) variations depend on many factors that vary within different geological environments. In order to determine minimum and acceptable Th ranges fro FIAs formed in different environments we investigated several geologic environments including sedimentary, metamorphic, and magmatic hydrothermal environments. The observed minimum Th ranges range from 1-4 degrees Centigrade and acceptable Th range from 5-25 degrees Centigrade. The variations are mostly caused by the fluid inclusion size, natural temperature and pressure fluctuations during the formation of an FIA and reequilibration after trapping. Fluid inclusions containing H₂O-CO₂-NaCl are common in many geologic environments and knowing the salinity of these inclusions is important to interpret PVTX properties of the fluids. A technique that combines Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry of individual inclusions was developed to determine the salinity of these inclusions. In order to determine the salinity, the pressure and temperature within the inclusion must be known. The pressure within the inclusions is determined using the splitting in the Fermi diad of the Raman spectra of the CO₂ at the clathrate melting temperature. Applying the technique with to synthetic fluid inclusions with known salinity suggests that the technique is valid and useable to determine salinity of H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluid inclusions with unknown salinity. / Ph. D.

Oriented needle-shaped or rod-shaped quartz precipitates occur in clinopyroxenes have been commonly observed in eclogites or garnet peridotites from the high pressure or ultra-high pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphic belts, and their occurrence has been used as an indicator of UHP metamorphism. However, the origin of those quartz precipitates and their crystallographic orientation relationships with clinopyroxene hosts are still not clear. In order to understand the formation mechanisms and environments of the quartz precipitates, the present study has used electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, petrographic and scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis to study textural features, mineral assemblages, mineral compositions, and crystallographic orientation relationships of mineral precipitates in the omphacite from Xitieshan, North Qaidam UHP metamorphic belt. The results show that the oriented rod-like precipitates in the omphacite hosts are mainly composed of quartz + edenite, and the rods are 5~20

Opening-mode fracture shapes are typically the result of brittle deformation and proportional growth in fracture height, length, and width. Based on the typical fracture shape, it is assumed that fracture tips are free to propagate in all directions. Some natural rock fractures have been shown to form as a result of slow non-elastic deformation processes. Such fractures may propagate to a finite length or height and accommodate further growth by aperture widening only. To determine the growth conditions of a fracture in the Triassic-Jurassic La Boca Formation of northeastern Mexico and to test fracture growth models, I combined fluid inclusion microthermometry and SEM-based cathodoluminescence cement texture analysis to determine the relative timing of fracture cement precipitation and related fracture opening for five samples collected along its trace. Fracture growth initiated at a minimum age of 70 Ma as two separate fractures with branching fracture tips that coalesced to a single continuous fracture under prograde burial conditions at a minimum age of 54 Ma. At this stage, fracture growth was accommodated by both propagation (i.e. increase in trace length) and by an increase in aperture during maximum burial and early exhumation. Samples collected at the fracture tips recorded temperatures reflecting fracture opening starting with maximum burial at a minimum age of 48 Ma at one tip and of 38 Ma at the other tip. Synkinematic fluid inclusions in crack-seal cement track continued fracture opening close to the fracture tips without a concurrent increase in trace length after 38 Ma until about 21 Ma. I attribute the observed change in fracture growth mechanism to a change in material response. The stage in aperture increase without propagation corresponds to an increase in elastic compliance or in non-elastic flow properties. Non-elastic flow can be attributed to solution-precipitation creep of the host rock. Dissolution of host quartz grains and subsequent quartz precipitation is consistent with the abundance of quartz fracture cement formed during exhumation. Cement textures from fractures in the La Boca Formation mimic those found in subsurface core, which allows application of the results to a variety of geologic environments. / text

Fluid inclusions of pegmatites from two localities in the Moldanubina Zone were studied in order to constrain P-T conditions of their crystallization and enstablish composition and properties of fluids associated with pegmatite formation. The first locality Skalsko (near Jílové u Prahy) is located within the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (CBPC) of Variscian age.Pegmatitic dykes represent the late stage of magmatic evolution of the CBPC. Pegmatite is hosted by biotite-granodiorite of the "Požáry" and "Sázava" types and probably belongs to the muscovite class of the pegmatites. The other locality, Dolní Bory, is located within the Bory granullite Massif ( metamorphism is dated to about 340 Ma). Following types of pegmatite occur in this district: 1. barren to less evolved pegmatites; 2. more evolved phosphate-bearing pegmatites and 3. Li-complex, the most evolved pegmatites. The studied material comes from an andalusite-diaspore nodule hosted by blocky quartz of the barren pegmatite (pegmatite dike No. 3). Fluid inclusions were studied mostly in quartz (Skalsko, Dolní Bory), andalusite and diaspore (Dolní Bory). Fluids trapped in samples from Skalsko correspond to H2O-CO2 and H2O types. The H2O-CO2 fluid had relatively low salinity (4,1-5,9 wt.% NaCleq), contained from 20 to 5 mol.% CO2 and its...

This work is focused on study of fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonate gangue of selected Ag-Pb-Zn vein type deposits of the Blanice graben. Samples from localities Ratibořské Hory, Hradové Střimelice and Zvěstov were studied. Geology and mineralogy of the localities mentioned above were described. Optic microthermometry, which allows to determine concentration of salts in enclosed solutions and to identify possible temperatures of fluid inclusion formation, was the main method used during the studies. The results of microthermometrical measurements of the samples showed, that salinity of fluid inclusions ranges from 1,4 to 11 wt. % eq. NaCl. Paragenetically first stages of mineralization formed from fluids of higher salinity (6 - 11 wt. % eq. NaCl), later stages formed from fluids of low salinity. Only aqueous fluids were detected, which can be approximated by H2O-NaCl, ±MgCl2, and ±FeCl2 systems. Temperatures of homogenization of primary inclusions range mostly from 150 to 200 řC. Actual temperatures of mineralization can be higher, but probably not more than by 50 řC.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The use of integrated approach to evaluate the quality of reservoir rocks is increasingly becoming vital in petroleum geoscience. This approach was employed to unravel the reason for the erratic reservoir quality of sandstones of the F-O gas field with the aim of predicting reservoir quality, evaluate the samples for presence, distribution and character of hydrocarbon inclusions so as to gain a better understanding of the fluid history. Information on the chemical conditions of diagenetic processes is commonly preserved in aqueous and oil fluid inclusion occurring in petroleum reservoir cements. Diagenesis plays a vital role in preserving, creating, or destroying porosity and permeability, while the awareness of the type of trap(s) prior to drilling serves as input for appropriate drilling designs. Thus an in-depth understanding of diagenetic histories and trap mechanisms of potential reservoirs are of paramount interest during exploration stage.This research work focused on the F-O tract located in the eastern part of Block 9 on the north-eastern flank of the Bredasdorp Basin, a sub-basin of Outeniqua Basin on the southern continental shelf, offshore South Africa. The Bredasdorp Basin experienced an onset of rifting during the Middle-Late Jurassic as a result of dextral trans-tensional stress produced by the breakup of Gondwanaland that occurred in the east of the Falkland Plateau and the Mozambique Ridge. This phenomenon initiated a normal faulting, north of the Agulhas-Falkland fracture zone followed by a widespread uplift of major bounding arches within the horst blocks in the region that enhanced an erosion of lower Valanginian drift to onset second order unconformity.This study considered 52 selected reservoir core samples from six wells(F-O1, F-O2, F-O3, F-O4, F-R1 and F-S1) in the F-O field of Bredasdorp Basin with attention on the Valanginian age sandstone. An integrated approach incorporating detailed core descriptions, wireline log analysis (using Interactive petrophysics), structural interpretation from 2D seismic lines (using SMT software) cutting across all the six wells, multi-mineral (thin section, SEM,XRD) analyses, geochemical (immobile fluid and XRF) and fluid inclusion(fluid inclusion petrography and bulk volatile) analyses were deployed for the execution of this study. Core description revealed six facies from the six wells grading from pure shale (Facies 1), through progressively coarsening interbedded sand-shale “heterolithic facies (Facies 2 - 4), to cross bedded and minor massive sandstone (Facies 5 - 6). Sedimentary structures and mineral patches varies from well to well with bioturbation, synaeresis crack, echinoid fragments, fossil burrow, foreset mudrapes, glauconite and siderite as the main observed features. All these indicate that the Valanginian reservoir section in the studied wells was deposited in the upper shallow marine settings. A combination of wireline logs were used to delineate the reservoir zone prior to core description. The principal reservoirs are tight, highly faulted Valanginian shallow-marine sandstones beneath the drift-onset unconformity, 1At1 and were deposited as an extensive sandstone “sheet” within a tidal setting. The top and base of the reservoir are defined by the 13At1 and 1At1 seismic events,respectively. This heterogeneous reservoir sandstones present low-fair porosity of between 2 to 18 % and a low-fair permeability value greater than 0.1 to 10 mD. The evolution of the F-O field was found to be controlled by extensional events owing to series of interpreted listric normal faults and rifting or graben generated possibly by the opening of the Atlantic. The field is on a well-defined structural high at the level of the regional drift-onset unconformity, 1At1.Multi-mineral analysis reveals the presence of quartz and kaolinite as the major porosity and permeability constraint respectively along with micaceous phases. The distribution of quartz and feldspar overgrowth and crystals vary from formation to formation and from bed to bed within the same structure. The increase in temperature that led to kaolinite formation could have triggered the low-porosity observed. Three types of kaolinite were recognized in the sandstone, (1) kaolinite growing in between expanded mica flakes; (2)vermiform kaolinite; and (3) euhedral kaolinite crystals forming matrix.Compositional study of the upper shallow marine sandstones in the Valanginian age indicates that the sandstones are geochemically classified as majorly litharenite having few F-O2 samples as subarkose with all F-O1 samples classified as sub-litharenite sandstone.Most of the studied wells are more of wet gas, characterized by strong response of C2 – C5 with F-O1 well showing more of gas condensate with oil shows (C7 – C11) based on the number of carbon atom present. In some cases,sulphur species (characterized by the presence of H2S, S2, CS2 and SO2) of probably thermal origin were identified while some log signatures revealed aromatic enriched sandstones possibly detecting nearby gas charges. The studied wells in the F-O field, based on fluid inclusion bulk volatile analysis are classified as gas discoveries except for F-O1 with gas condensate and oil shows.The integration of multi-mineral results and fluid inclusion studies show a dead oil stain with no visible liquid petroleum inclusion in the samples indicating the presence of quartz, kaolinite and stylolite as a major poro-perm constraint.

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation de la source et de la dynamique des fluides de bassin au cours de leur chargement à travers deux exemples complémentaires de demi-grabens tardi-orogéniques pétroliers : Le Bassin Permien de Lodève, aujourd'hui à l'affleurement et un bassin jurassique enfouis dans le North Viking Graben (Mer du Nord). Le cœur de la thèse concerne le Bassin de Lodève où, à partir d'une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrée, nous avons caractérisé l'architecture des minéralisations (Ba, F, Cu, Pb) piégées dans un réseau paléokarstique alimenté par les failles syn-rift, dans le substratum carbonaté à l'apex du roll-over. La source, le calendrier et les conditions de migration des fluides ont été approchés à partir de l'analyse de la micro-fabrique, la microthermométrie sur inclusions fluides, les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O, H) et de Terres Rares. Les résultats analytiques ont été enfin croisés avec un modèle thermique et structural du bassin qui conforte la séquence et la dynamique du système fluide en cours d'enfouissement. Une démarche similaire, mais plus limitée, a été conduite dans le bassin du North Viking Graben où l'accès aux marqueurs fluides est restreint aux données de sismique 3D et de carottes. Comme à Lodève, les minéralisations Ba-Pb-Zn colmatent un réservoir dans le substratum à l'apex du roll-over. Elles se présentent sous forme de ciments dans des grès ou des fractures. Cette analyse apporte des contraintes complémentaires et permet de proposer un modèle dynamique général avec des variantes en fonction de la nature des fluides et des réservoirs. On retiendra donc la séquence fluide suivante :(a) Dans le cas du bassin de Lodève sur substratum carbonaté, les chemins préférentiels de drainage se développent dans des paléocanyons N-S couplés à un réseau de fractures et d'endokarsts météoriques. Ces derniers sont élargis en début de rifting par la dissolution hypogène sulfurique produite par l'oxydation bactérienne de la pyrite des blackshales, au contact de l'aquifère oxydant du Cambien.(b) Le déséquilibre de compaction initie la migration des fluides interstitiels en surpression vers les marges avec des températures autour de 150-180°C et des salinités entre 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O) révèlent que la majorité des fluides provient de l'altération diagénétique des blackshales riches en métaux. Des interactions sont également mises en évidence avec des fluides profonds (entre 240°C et 260°C ; salinités > à 20wt%eq.NaCl), qui lessivent les granites tardi-hercyniens.(c) Pendant le syn-rift, les conditions de surpression de fluide permettent la réactivation cyclique des failles, les décollements stratigraphiques et la formation de brèches hydrauliques, favorisant la mise en connexions avec les réservoirs superficiels à l'apex du roll-over. Le modèle de Sibson ajusté aux fluides de bassins est alors le moteur de la migration verticale.(d) Les fluides thermogéniques commencent à être expulsés avec les derniers fluides de compaction au cours d'un stade plus évolué de l'enfouissement en empruntant les mêmes chemins jusqu'à l'apex du roll over. Ils sont alors partiellement freinés et déviés par les colmatages minéralisés antérieurs.(e) A Lodève, la continentalisation des minéralisations antérieures au cours de l'exhumation post-rift conduit à leur remaniement partiel au niveau de la transition sulfate-méthane induite par l'interaction entre une playa évaporitique et la dysmigration des hydrocarbures. Des barytines secondaires de basse température, déprimées en Sr sont alors précipitées de manière synsédimentaire dans des karsts météoriques du socle.Outre l'illustration d'un modèle complet (source to sink) de dynamique des fluides dans un bassin, ce travail apporte de nouvelles contraintes dans l'approche du colmatage des réservoirs à hydrocarbures sur les têtes de blocs basculés et sur la genèse des gîtes miniers de type Mississippi Valley-Type. / This work focus on the characterization of the source and dynamic of compactional fluids during sedimentary burial, through two complementary examples of late orogenic oil-field half-grabens: The exhumed Lodève Permian Basin and a deep buried Jurassic basin in the North Viking Graben (North Sea).Constituting the main part of the thesis, a multi-disciplinary approach was conducted in the Lodève Basin where Ba-F-Cu-Pb polymetalic mineralized systems are trapped into synrift faults and paleokarsts in the carbonate basement at the hinge point of the roll-over. The source, timing and P/T conditions of fluid migration were deduced from the analysis of the microfabric, the fluid inclusions microthermometry, and the isotopic (Sr, S, O, H) and Rare Earth Element (REE) signature. Results are then crossed with a structural and thermal modeling that consolidates the sequence and dynamics of fluid during burial.A similar approach was conducted in the North Viking Graben where fluid markers are restricted to 3D seismic and well core data. Comparable Ba-Pb-Zn veins are reported in basin margin, plugging one of the most important siliciclastic hydrocarbon reservoir in the substratum. This analysis provides additional constraints on basinal fluid behavior and allows us to propose a global dynamic model for various compositions of fluids and reservoirs.We conclude to a polyphase fluid sequence history including:(a) In the carbonate basement of the Lodève Basin, karstic paleocanyon incisions and associated cavities coupled to synrift fault, act as major drain for fluids. These structures are early affected by hypogen-sulfuric karstification in response to the interaction between bacterial oxidation of sulfides entrapped within Lower Permian blackshales and the basement oxidizing aquifer.(b) Disequilibrium compaction initiates overpressure-driven basinal fluid migration towards basin margins, characterized by temperatures around 150-180°C and salinities between 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Isotopic (Sr, S, O) and REE analyses reveal that Ba-M+-rich mineralizing fluids derived mainly from buried blackshales diagenesis. External Fluids coming from the lower crust are also identified that play a key role in fluorite precipitation by the leaching of late hercynian granites (mean temperature of 250°C and salinity > 20wt%eq.NaCl).(c) During the synrift period, fluid overpressure is responsible for the periodic reactivation of fault plane according to seismic-valve process, bedded-control shearing and hydraulic brecciation at the basement-seal interface. These mechanisms induce cyclic polymetallic mineralization by the mixing between in situ formation water and deep ascending basinal fluids.(d) Thermogenic fluids expulsion starts with last basinal fluids during late burial stage. Hydrocarbons thus migrate along the same regional pathways up to the rollover crest, where they are partly rerouted by the previous mineralized baffle.(e) In the Lodève basin, post-rift exhumation of the margins led to the remobilization of synrift deposits by subaerial biochemical processes at the sulfate-methane transition. The latter results from the interaction between the still active hydrocarbon dysmigration with a playa lake sulfate-rich aquifer. Secondary low-temperature barite fronts precipitate then within basement meteoric karsts.In addition to the « source to sink » model of basinal fluids, this work provides new insights on the early plugging of hydrocarbon reservoirs and for the metallogenesis of Mississippi Valley-Type deposits.

La capture et le stockage géologique du CO2 constituent une option importante de limitation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre au niveau des pôles industriels et des centrales de production d’énergie. Les gaz capturés à l’issu de ces chaînes de production ne sont pas constitués de CO2 pur mais contiennent une fraction (jusqu’à 10 %) de gaz annexes qui sont essentiellement Ar, N2, SOx et NOx. Ces gaz étant pour la plupart très réactifs il est essentiel de connaître leur impact sur les conditions physico-chimiques du réservoir géologique d’accueil, ainsi que sur l’environnement dans le cas d’une de contamination des aquifères voisins du stockage. Des expérimentations en laboratoire ont simulé le vieillissement de roches de réservoir et couverture en provenance d’un réservoir carbonaté du Bassin aquitain et d’assemblages minéralogiques synthétiques dans des conditions de séquestration géologique. Les roches associées à une saumure sont altérées au contact de divers composés gazeux à 100 bar et 150°C sur une durée d’un mois : CO2 pur, SO2, NO pur et un mélange contenant majoritairement du CO2 et des fractions de Ar, N2, SO2, O2. Chaque expérience est comparée à une expérience témoin où le composé gazeux est remplacé par de l’azote. Le CO2 ne montre qu’une réactivité limitée sur les minéraux des roches. Le NO et le SO2 montrent une réactivité intrinsèque passant par des dismutations en phase aqueuse ou vapeur induisant une forte altération de la roche par une attaque acide couplée à une oxydation poussée des minéraux constitutifs des roches. Le mélange de gaz montre de la même façon une réactivité double : le S02 s’oxyde en acide sulfurique s’attaquant aux carbonates et minéraux argileux et l’O2 oxyde tous les minéraux possédant du fer ou du soufre réduit. Les gaz annexes contrôlent donc la réactivité des roches en grande profondeur. Leur présence pourrait complètement changer le comportement des roches (porosité, rhéologique) lors du stockage. Leur implication devra être anticipée dans chaque cas concret de stockage en fonction de la composition du gaz d’injection, de la minéralogie et des propriétés pétrophysiques des roches. / Capture and geological storage of CO2 are an main option to limit GHEG emissions of industrial poles and power plants. The captured gases are not constituted by pure CO2 but contain a fraction (until 10 %) of other gases : Ar, N2, SOx and NOx. Most of these gases are highly reactive and could have a strong influence on physical and chemical conditions of the milieu and on the environmement if contamination of neighbour aquifers occurs by leakages. Several laboratory experiments investigated the reactivity of carbonated reservoir and cap rocks from the Aquitaine Basin as well as the reactivity of synthetic mineralogical blends in geologically relevant P-T conditions. The rocks, associated to brine, were altered in presence of various gaseous components at 100 bar and 150°C during one month : pure CO2, pure SO2, pure NO and a CO2 mixture containing fractions of Ar, N2, SO2 and O2. Each experiment was compared with a blank in which the initial gas was replaced with pure N2. Pure CO2 show a limited reactivity on the rocks. NO and SO2 show a intrinsic reactivity by disproportionations in aqueous or vapour phases implying a high alteration of rocks by compled acid – base and oxidation mechanisms. The gas mixture show also a double reactivity : SO2 is oxidized in sulphuric acid dissolving carbonates and clay minerals and O2 oxidizes all reduced mineralogical phases. These gases even in limited fractions control the reactivity of rocks. Their presence could change the behaviour of the rock toward gas and induce positive as well as negative transformations. Their implication must be checked for each geological storage as a function of gas composition, mineralogy and petrophysical.

This thesis study is concerned with the genetic investigation of two epithermal gold deposits (Madendag and Kartaldag) in &Ccedil / anakkale, NW Turkey. The methodology comprises field and integrated laboratory studies including mineralogic-petrographic, geochemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion analysis. Kartaldag deposit, hosted by dacite porphyry, is a typical vein deposit associated with four main alteration types: i) propylitic, ii) quartz-kaolin, iii) quartz-alunitepyrophyllite, iv) silicification, the latter being characterized by two distinct quartz generations as early (vuggy) and late (banded, colloform). Primary sulfide minerals are pyrite, covellite and sphalerite. Oxygen and sulfur isotope analyses, performed on quartz (&delta / 18O: 7.93- 8.95 &permil / ) and pyrite (&delta / 34S: -4.8 &permil / ) separates, suggest a magmatic source for the fluid. Microthermometric analysis performed on quartz yield a temperature range of 250-285 &ordm / C, and 0-1.7 wt % NaCl eqv. salinity. Madendag deposit, hosted by micaschists, is also vein type associated with two main alteration types: illite and kaolin dominated argillization and silicification, characterized by two distinct quartz phases as early and late. Oxygen isotope analyses on quartz (&delta / 18O: 9.55-18.19 &permil / ) indicate contribution from a metamorphic source. Microthermometric analysis on quartz yield a temperature range of 235-255 &ordm / C and 0.0-0.7 wt % NaCl eqv. salinity. The presence of alunite, pyrophyllite and kaolinite, vuggy quartz and covellite suggest a high-sulfidation epithermal system for Kartaldag. On the other hand, Madendag is identified as a low- sulfidation type owing to the presence of neutral pH clays and typical low temperature textures (e.g. colloform, comb, banded quartz).