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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Division of multiphase flow at a horizontal bifurcation

McBride, William James January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
2

Transesterificação alcalina convencional e assistida por ultrassom de misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) e palma (Elaeis guineensis) / Conventional and ultrasonic assisted alkaline transesterification of binary mixtures of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)

Arce Saavedra, Thony 06 April 2018 (has links)
Diversas pesquisas têm demonstrado a importância dos combustíveis biorenováveis como alternativas eficientes na redução da demanda de energia fóssil, aquecimento global e seus efeitos ambientais. Os óleos de pinhão manso e de palma (dendê) com suas diferentes composições de ácidos graxos, estabilidade oxidativa e propriedades fluidodinâmicas, têm chamado a atenção no Peru e Brasil, quando o assunto é a diversificação das matérias-primas para a obtenção de um biodiesel otimizado a partir de misturas desses óleos, com desempenho melhorado e maior resistência oxidativa. Neste trabalho, biodiesel foi produzido pelos métodos de transesterificação convencional e transesterificação assistida por ultrassom. Foram estudadas cinco misturas binárias dos óleos brutos pinhão manso e palma pré-tratados (9,1; 18,2; 28,6; 37,0 e 41,7% de óleo de pinhão manso), utilizando etanol e hidróxido de sódio como catalisador. Para determinar as melhores condições de reação foi utilizado o delineamento experimental proposto pelo método de superfície de resposta tendo como variáveis independentes a relação entre as misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso e palma, a razão molar óleo:etanol e a concentração do catalisador NaOH. As melhores misturas binárias dos óleos brutos foram compostas por 37% de pinhão manso e 63% de palma (1PM1,7P) e pela mistura de 28,6% de pinhão manso e 71,4% de palma (1PM2,5P), ambas propiciando altos rendimentos de ésteres etílicos (maiores que 96,6%) por ambos os métodos, com a diferença que o sistema por ultrassom só precisou de 4 minutos. Além disso, os valores de densidade, viscosidade, ponto de fluidez, ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (1PM1,7P obtido por ultrassom) e a estabilidade oxidativa (1PM2,5P obtido por ultrassom) dos ésteres ficaram dentro da norma ANP (2014). A mistura binária dos óleos brutos de pinhão manso e palma produziram altos teores de ésteres etílicos com características fluidodinâmicas e de estabilidade oxidativa aprimoradas. / Several researches have demonstrated the importance of bio-renewable fuels as efficient alternatives in reducing the contribution of fossil energy demand, global warming and its environmental effects. Jatropha and palm and biodiesel oils that differ in their compositions of fatty acids, oxidative stability and fluid dynamics properties have caught attention in Brazil and Peru in the diversification of raw materials for production of an optimized biodiesel from mixtures of these oils, with improved performance and higher oxidative resistance. In this study, conventional and ultrasonic assisted transesterification was applied to five binary mixtures of the pretreated jatropha and palm crude oils (9.1, 18.2, 28.6, 37.0 and 41.7% of jatropha oil) using ethanol and sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. In order to determine the best reaction conditions, the experimental design proposed by the response surface method was used, having as independent variables the proportion of jatropha and palm oils in the binary mixtures, the molar oil: ethanol ratio and the NaOH catalyst concentration. The best binary oil mixtures were: 37% of jatropha and 63% of palm (1 PM1,7P) and 28.6% of jatropha and 71.4% of palm (1 PM2,5P), both providing high yields of ethyl esters (greater than 96.6%) by either systems, with the difference that the ultrasound system required only 4 minutes. In addition, density, viscosity, pour point, cold filter plug-in point for 1PM1.7P obtained by ultrasound and oxidative stability for 1PM2.5P by ultrasound of the esters were within the ANP standards (2014). The binary mixture of crude jatropha and palm oils produced high levels of ethyl esters with improved fluid dynamics and oxidative stability characteristics.
3

Transesterificação alcalina convencional e assistida por ultrassom de misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) e palma (Elaeis guineensis) / Conventional and ultrasonic assisted alkaline transesterification of binary mixtures of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)

Thony Arce Saavedra 06 April 2018 (has links)
Diversas pesquisas têm demonstrado a importância dos combustíveis biorenováveis como alternativas eficientes na redução da demanda de energia fóssil, aquecimento global e seus efeitos ambientais. Os óleos de pinhão manso e de palma (dendê) com suas diferentes composições de ácidos graxos, estabilidade oxidativa e propriedades fluidodinâmicas, têm chamado a atenção no Peru e Brasil, quando o assunto é a diversificação das matérias-primas para a obtenção de um biodiesel otimizado a partir de misturas desses óleos, com desempenho melhorado e maior resistência oxidativa. Neste trabalho, biodiesel foi produzido pelos métodos de transesterificação convencional e transesterificação assistida por ultrassom. Foram estudadas cinco misturas binárias dos óleos brutos pinhão manso e palma pré-tratados (9,1; 18,2; 28,6; 37,0 e 41,7% de óleo de pinhão manso), utilizando etanol e hidróxido de sódio como catalisador. Para determinar as melhores condições de reação foi utilizado o delineamento experimental proposto pelo método de superfície de resposta tendo como variáveis independentes a relação entre as misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso e palma, a razão molar óleo:etanol e a concentração do catalisador NaOH. As melhores misturas binárias dos óleos brutos foram compostas por 37% de pinhão manso e 63% de palma (1PM1,7P) e pela mistura de 28,6% de pinhão manso e 71,4% de palma (1PM2,5P), ambas propiciando altos rendimentos de ésteres etílicos (maiores que 96,6%) por ambos os métodos, com a diferença que o sistema por ultrassom só precisou de 4 minutos. Além disso, os valores de densidade, viscosidade, ponto de fluidez, ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (1PM1,7P obtido por ultrassom) e a estabilidade oxidativa (1PM2,5P obtido por ultrassom) dos ésteres ficaram dentro da norma ANP (2014). A mistura binária dos óleos brutos de pinhão manso e palma produziram altos teores de ésteres etílicos com características fluidodinâmicas e de estabilidade oxidativa aprimoradas. / Several researches have demonstrated the importance of bio-renewable fuels as efficient alternatives in reducing the contribution of fossil energy demand, global warming and its environmental effects. Jatropha and palm and biodiesel oils that differ in their compositions of fatty acids, oxidative stability and fluid dynamics properties have caught attention in Brazil and Peru in the diversification of raw materials for production of an optimized biodiesel from mixtures of these oils, with improved performance and higher oxidative resistance. In this study, conventional and ultrasonic assisted transesterification was applied to five binary mixtures of the pretreated jatropha and palm crude oils (9.1, 18.2, 28.6, 37.0 and 41.7% of jatropha oil) using ethanol and sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. In order to determine the best reaction conditions, the experimental design proposed by the response surface method was used, having as independent variables the proportion of jatropha and palm oils in the binary mixtures, the molar oil: ethanol ratio and the NaOH catalyst concentration. The best binary oil mixtures were: 37% of jatropha and 63% of palm (1 PM1,7P) and 28.6% of jatropha and 71.4% of palm (1 PM2,5P), both providing high yields of ethyl esters (greater than 96.6%) by either systems, with the difference that the ultrasound system required only 4 minutes. In addition, density, viscosity, pour point, cold filter plug-in point for 1PM1.7P obtained by ultrasound and oxidative stability for 1PM2.5P by ultrasound of the esters were within the ANP standards (2014). The binary mixture of crude jatropha and palm oils produced high levels of ethyl esters with improved fluid dynamics and oxidative stability characteristics.
4

Refinement and testing of CTF for annular flow regime and incorporation of fluid properties

Shahid, Usama January 2021 (has links)
The current study focuses on improving and testing the CTF thermalhydraulics computer code. CTF is a thermalhydraulic code used for subchannel analysis of nuclear power reactors developed as part of the US DOE CASL program and distributed by North Carolina State University. Subchannel analyses are used to predict the local fuel temperatures and coolant conditions inside a complex nuclear fuel assembly. Such calculations are used to improve designs of nuclear fuel, improve operating margins, or perform safety analysis. An important part of the code development process is the verification and validation for its intended use. In this work validation activities are performed using the RISO experiments are modeled in CTF for adiabatic and diabatic cases in annular flow regimes and a limited set of tests in CANDU geometries. The CTF predictions significantly overpredicted the pressure drop for cases involving annular flow conditions. Depending on the application, such overprediction can result in significant errors in the computation of fuel element dryout and other figures of merit. For example, an analysis using fixed pressure boundary conditions CTF predicts much lower subchannel flows and hence fuel element temperatures may be overestimated. On the other hand, for a scenario with mass flux and inlet pressure as boundary conditions, the impact of pressure drop discrepancies on dryout predictions may be lower. Therefore, there is a particular focus in this thesis on the two-phase pressure drop models and the RISO experiment specifically, since the RISO tests involve a range of annular flow conditions which is prototypical of many CANDU accident analysis conditions. In addition to the RISO experiments, 28-element CANDU full scale rod bundle experiments are modeled in CTF for single-phase and two-phase flow conditions. Cases are modeled for crept and uncrept conditions with different bearing pad heights i.e., 1.17 mm and 1.35mm. Pressure drop predictions are compared with the experimental results where single-phase comparisons are in good agreement while an overprediction of ~25% is observed for two-phase conditions. The effect of bearing pads on the subchannel local parameters, like mass flow rate, are also studied. Furthermore, the effect of turbulent mixing rate on subchannel enthalpy distribution in the bundle and CHF in different subchannels is also analyzed. Based on the comparison to the RISO and CANDU 28 element test databases, the overprediction of pressure drop in the annular flow regime needs improvement in the current version of CTF. This overprediction of the frictional pressure drop results from either wall drag or interfacial shear stress phenomena. In this study, it is demonstrated that the issue occurs mostly as a result of interfacial friction factor modelling this work examines several alternative approaches. The results show the Ju’s and Sun’s interfacial friction factor better predicts the results among all the other six correlations implemented in CTF. The major impediment in further testing of CTF is that it lacks the capability to simulate R-134a fluids. Given there is a large database of R-134a two-phase tests, another aspect of this thesis is to extend CTF for application and validation using refrigerants. The current CTF version only supports fluid properties for water and FLiBe salts. By adding R-134a fluid properties the testing and validation range of CTF is broadened for different experiments performed using R-134a fluids. CHF experiments are modeled in CTF and results are compared with experimental data. For local conditions correlation, 2006 water LUT are used to predict CHF and DNBR. The fluid-to-fluid scaling method is applied in CTF when using CTF with R-134a fluid properties for CHF and DNBR predictions to account for the difference in fluid properties between R-134a and the CHF look-up table. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / COBRA-TF (CTF) is a thermalhydraulic code, based on the historical code COBRA-TF, used for subchannel analysis of nuclear power reactors. Subchannel analysis can be used to predict the local fuel temperatures and coolant conditions inside a complex nuclear fuel assembly. CTF is a transient code that simultaneously solves conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for the three coolant phases present, i.e. vapor, continuous liquid, and entrained liquid droplet phases. The scope of the current study includes 1) testing the code for conditions relevant to CANDU accident analysis, 2) refinement of the models that are used in two-phase interfacial friction calculations, and 3) inclusion of alternate fluid properties. The testing of CTF is performed with different experimental databases covering CANDU thermalhydraulic conditions. The refinement is done by improving the pressure drop prediction in the annular flow regime by using different interfacial friction factor correlations from earlier studies in the literature. The current CTF version includes water and liquid salt properties (FLiBe) for coolant fluids. Freon (R-134a) fluid properties have been added in CTF in order to broaden the testing range of CTF for different experimental database using R-134a as working fluid.
5

A Study of Power Cycles Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as the Working Fluid

Schroder, Andrew U. 03 June 2016 (has links)
No description available.
6

Modelling and analytical studies of magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Klyukin, Yury Igorevich 08 December 2017 (has links)
Hydrothermal processes play a major role in transporting mass and energy in Earth’s crust. These processes rely on hydrothermal fluid, which is dissolving, transporting and precipitating minerals and distribute heat. The composition of the hydrothermal fluid is specific for various geological settings, but in most cases it can be approximated by H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ fluid composition. The flow of hydrothermal fluid is controlled by differences in temperature, pressure and/or density of the fluid and hydraulic conductivity of the rock. In my work, I was focused on modeling of the hydrothermal fluid properties and experimental characterization of fluid that formed emerald deposit in North Carolina, USA. The dissertation based on the result of three separate projects. The first project has been dedicated to characterization of the H₂O-NaCl hydrothermal fluid ability to transport mass and energy. This ability of the fluid is defined by a change in fluid density and enthalpy in response to changing pressure or temperature. In this project we quantified the derivatives of mass, enthalpy and SiO₂ solubility in wide range of pressure, temperature and composition (PTx) of H₂O-NaCl fluid. Our study indicated that the PT region in which fluid is most efficiently can transport mass and energy, located in the critical region near liquid-vapor phase boundary and the sensitivity to changing pressure-temperature conditions decrease with increasing salinity. In second project we developed the revised H₂O-NaCl viscosity model. Revised model to calculate the viscosity of H₂O-NaCl reproduces experimental data with ±10% precision in PTx range where experimental data available and follows expected trends outside of the range. This model is valid over the temperature range from the H₂O solidus (~0 °C) to ~1,000 °C, from ~0.1 MPa to ≤500 MPa, and for salinities from 0-100 wt.% NaCl. The third project has been focused on the characterization of formation conditions of the emerald at North American Emerald Mine, Hiddenite, North Carolina, USA. The emerald formation conditions defined as 120-220 MPa, 450-625 °C using stable isotope, Raman spectrometry, and fluid inclusion analysis. Hydrothermal fluid had a composition of CO2-H2O±CH4, which indicates mildly reducing environment of emerald growth. / Ph. D.
7

Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchung der thermophysi-kalischen Eigenschaften von Kohlenstoffdioxid, Ethan und Ethen im Gemisch mit niedrigviskosen Polyolestern

Göpfert, Tobias 31 March 2021 (has links)
In einer Vielzahl von Kältemaschinen und Wärmepumpen werden ölgeschmierte Verdich-ter eingesetzt. Aufgrund ihrer Konstruktion kommt es zu einer Durchmischung des Arbeitsfluides mit dem eingesetzten Schmierstoff. Die thermodynamischen und Transporteigenschaften der so entstehenden Gemische können sich von denen der jeweiligen Reinstoffe deutlich unterscheiden. Für eine optimale Auslegung des Prozesses und der Komponenten ist daher die Kenntnis der Gemischeigenschaften notwendig. Für die Modellierung der Stoffdatenberechnungsalgorithmen ergeben sich jedoch Probleme, da eine Vielzahl von Eigenschaften des reinen Öles und des Gemisches nicht oder nur unzureichend genau vermessen werden können. Durch den Ersatz von Kältemitteln mit hohem Treibhauspotential kann ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz geleistet werden. Insbesondere das Kältemittel R23 sowie die Gemische R508A und R508B sind solche Kältemittel.Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird experimentell dargestellt, dass sich diese Fluide durch Gemische von Kohlenstoffdioxid und Ethan oder Ethen ersetzen lassen. Hierzu werden die Gefriertemperaturen der Gemische sowie der mögliche Ersatz von R23 dargestellt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden experimentell die thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften Dampfdruck, Mischungslücke, Flüssigkeitsdichte, dynamische Viskosität, spezifische iso-bare Wärmekapazität und Grenzflächenspannung von niedrigviskosen Polyolestern im Gemisch mit Kohlenstoffdioxid, Ethan und Ethen untersucht. Diese Schmierstoffe sind typi-sche Vertreter für die Anwendung in kältetechnischen Kaskadenanlagen mit dem Arbeitsfluid R23. Basierend auf den experimentellen Daten wird in dieser Arbeit dargestellt, wie sich mittels mathematischer und thermodynamischer Zusammenhänge Zustands- und Be-rechnungsgleichungen für die genannten thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften ableiten lassen. Zur Anpassung der Form und Koeffizienten der Zustandsgleichung werden neben den ther-modynamischen Eigenschaften auch die Grenzflächenspannung und die dynamische Vis-kosität mittels des Ansatzes der Viskosität-Residualentropie-Korrelation verwendet. An-hand der Methode des hängenden Tropfens können die Grenzflächenspannungen experimentell abgeleitet werden. Die dabei wesentliche Tropfenkontur kann im Weiteren über die Grenzflächenspannung auch zur Anpassung der Zustandsgleichung und somit auch zur Ableitung anderer thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften genutzt werden.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzfassung Nomenklatur Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Anhangsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 2. Ziele der Arbeit 3. Tieftemperaturkältemittel für Anwendungen bis –100 °C 3.1 Thermophysikalische Eigenschaften von R23, R508A und R508B 3.2 Technische Anwendungen von R23 und R508A 3.3 Kohlenstoffdioxidgemische für Tieftemperaturanwendungen und potentielle R23-Ersatzstoffe 3.4 Kältemaschinenöle für Kälteanwendungen bis -100 °C 3.5 Untersuchte Fluide und Gemische mit Polyolestern 4. Berechnungsansätze zur Bestimmung der thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Stoffgemische 4.1 Berechnung von Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewichten mittels der Schrödergleichung und deren Erweiterung 4.2 Ableitung von Phasengleichgewichten und thermodynamischen Zustandsgrößen aus der freien Helmholtz-Energie Fundamentalgleichung 4.3 Berechnung der Viskosität von Öl-Kältemittel-Gemischen mittels der Viskosität-Residualentropie-Korrelation 4.4 Berechnung der Oberflächenspannung der Öle und der Grenzflächenspannung der Gemische 4.5 Bestimmung der Koeffizienten und Terme der Zustandsgleichung mittels Messdaten und Strukturanpassung 5. Messapparaturen und Messdurchführungen zur Bestimmung der thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Gemische 5.1 Vorbereitung der untersuchten Fluide 5.2 Vermessung der Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewichte von Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ethan und Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ethen Gemischen 5.2.1 Messapparatur zur Bestimmung von Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewichte 5.2.2 Bestimmung der Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewichte mittels der Rosini-Methode 5.3 Messapparatur und Auswertung der VLE- und LLE-Messungen von Öl-Kältemittel Gemischen 5.3.1 Messapparatur zur Bestimmung von VLE und LLE 5.3.2 Dampfraumkorrektur für isochore Messungen 5.3.3 Bestimmung der Form der LLE durch Vermessung der Mischungslückenteilvolumina 5.4 Vermessung der Dichte und dynamischen Viskosität der Öl-Kältemittel-Gemische 5.5 Messapparatur zur Bestimmung der spezifischen isobaren Wärmekapazität 5.5.1 Ermittlung der spezifischen Wärmekapazitäten mittels Kalorimetrie 5.5.2 Messapparatur zur Bestimmung der spezifischen isobaren Wärmekapazität 5.6 Optische Vermessung der Oberflächenspannung mittels der Methode des hängenden Tropfens 5.6.1 Ermittlung der Grenzflächenspannung von Fluiden in Gasatmosphären 5.6.2 Messapparatur zur Bestimmung der Oberflächenspannung 5.6.3 Auswertungsprozedur der Oberflächenspannungsmessung und Ableitung der Laplace- und Kapillarkonstanten 6. Messergebnisse der thermophysikalischen Stoffeigenschaften und Koeffizientenbestimmung 6.1 SLE von Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ethan und Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ethen-Gemischen 6.2 Mischungslücken der untersuchten Gemische 6.3 Dampf-Flüssigkeits-Gleichgewichte der Öl-Kältemittelgemische 6.4 Flüssigkeitsdichten der untersuchten Gemische 6.5 Dynamische und kinematische Viskosität der Stoffgemische 6.6 Spezifische isobare Wärmekapazitäten der Öle und Gemische 6.7 Grenzflächenspannung der Öl-Kältemittelgemische 7. Anlagentest zum Ersatz von R23 durch Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ethen-Gemische 7.1 Versuchsstand einer zweistufigen Kältekaskade 7.2 Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen an einer zweistufigen Kaskadenkälteanlage 7.3 Verbesserungsvorschläge für den Einsatz von Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ethen-Gemischen als Ersatz für R23 in Kaskadenkältemaschinen 8. Kurzdiskussion der Ergebnisse 9. Zusammenfassung 10. Literaturverzeichnis
8

On the thermodynamic consistency of experimentally determined fluid properties

Pasquini, Enrico, Murrenhoff, Hubertus, Schmitz, Katharina 25 June 2020 (has links)
In the field of fluid power, accurate knowledge of fluid properties is vital for reasonable prediction of component behaviour and system performance. In general, these properties depend on the pressure and temperature levels that the respective medium is exposed to. The properties and their respective dependencies are not publicly accessible for many fluids commonly used in fluid power. If measured values – typically published in the form of mathematical fluid property models – are available at all, their quality is typically unknown. The paper aims to provide tools to objectively ascertain the quality of measured fluid properties. For this purpose, an equation is derived which establishes a relationship between the thermodynamic parameters of density, bulk modulus, heat capacity and thermal expansion coefficient. The presented equation is always satisfied by liquids as well as gases as long as they can be treated as a continuum. Based on this relationship, the degree of thermodynamic consistency of measured properties is evaluated: The less the equation is fulfilled by experimentally determined fluid properties, the more the measured values violate physical laws. The procedure of assessing the thermodynamic consistency is demonstrated by evaluating published fluid property models with the method outlined above. To aid engineers in judging which degree of thermodynamic inconsistency is acceptable, a cut-off value is suggested.
9

Thermodynamics of porous media: non-linear flow processes / Thermodynamik poröser Medien: Nicht-lineare Strömungsprozesse

Böttcher, Norbert 24 March 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Numerical modelling of subsurface processes, such as geotechnical, geohydrological or geothermal applications requires a realistic description of fluid parameters in order to obtain plausible results. Particularly for gases, the properties of a fluid strongly depend on the primary variables of the simulated systems, which lead to non-linerarities in the governing equations. This thesis describes the development, evaluation and application of a numerical model for non-isothermal flow processes based on thermodynamic principles. Governing and constitutive equations of this model have been implemented into the open-source scientific FEM simulator OpenGeoSys. The model has been verified by several well-known benchmark tests for heat transport as well as for single- and multiphase flow. To describe physical fluid behaviour, highly accurate thermophysical property correlations of various fluids and fluid mixtures have been utilized. These correlations are functions of density and temperature. Thus, the accuracy of those correlations is strongly depending on the precision of the chosen equation of state (EOS), which provides a relation between the system state variables pressure, temperature, and composition. Complex multi-parameter EOSs reach a higher level of accuracy than general cubic equations, but lead to very expansive computing times. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to investigate the effects of EOS uncertainties on numerical simulation results. The comparison shows, that small differences in the density function may lead to significant discrepancies in the simulation results. Applying a compromise between precision and computational effort, a cubic EOS has been chosen for the simulation of the continuous injection of carbon dioxide into a depleted natural gas reservoir. In this simulation, real fluid behaviour has been considered. Interpreting the simulation results allows prognoses of CO2 propagation velocities and its distribution within the reservoir. These results are helpful and necessary for scheduling real injection strategies. / Für die numerische Modellierung von unterirdischen Prozessen, wie z. B. geotechnische, geohydrologische oder geothermische Anwendungen, ist eine möglichst genaue Beschreibung der Parameter der beteiligten Fluide notwendig, um plausible Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Fluideigenschaften, vor allem die Eigenschaften von Gasen, sind stark abhängig von den jeweiligen Primärvariablen der simulierten Prozesse. Dies führt zu Nicht-linearitäten in den prozessbeschreibenden partiellen Differentialgleichungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung, die Evaluierung und die Anwendung eines numerischen Modells für nicht-isotherme Strömungsprozesse in porösen Medien beschrieben, das auf thermodynamischen Grundlagen beruht. Strömungs-, Transport- und Materialgleichungen wurden in die open-source-Software-Plattform OpenGeoSys implementiert. Das entwickelte Modell wurde mittels verschiedener, namhafter Benchmark-Tests für Wärmetransport sowie für Ein- und Mehrphasenströmung verifiziert. Um physikalisches Fluidverhalten zu beschreiben, wurden hochgenaue Korrelationsfunktionen für mehrere relevante Fluide und deren Gemische verwendet. Diese Korrelationen sind Funktionen der Dichte und der Temperatur. Daher ist deren Genauigkeit von der Präzision der verwendeten Zustandsgleichungen abhängig, welche die Fluiddichte in Relation zu Druck- und Temperaturbedingungen sowie der Zusammensetzung von Gemischen beschreiben. Komplexe Zustandsgleichungen, die mittels einer Vielzahl von Parametern an Realgasverhalten angepasst wurden, erreichen ein viel höheres Maß an Genauigkeit als die einfacheren, kubischen Gleichungen. Andererseits führt deren Komplexität zu sehr langen Rechenzeiten. Um die Wahl einer geeigneten Zustandsgleichung zu vereinfachen, wurde eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten in der Dichtefunktion auf die numerischen Simulationsergebnisse zu untersuchen. Die Analyse ergibt, dass bereits kleine Unterschiede in der Zustandsgleichung zu erheblichen Abweichungen der Simulationsergebnisse untereinander führen können. Als ein Kompromiss zwischen Einfachheit und Rechenaufwand wurde für die Simulation einer enhanced gas recovery-Anwendung eine kubische Zustandsgleichung gewählt. Die Simulation sieht, unter Berücksichtigung des Realgasverhaltens, die kontinuierliche Injektion von CO2 in ein nahezu erschöpftes Erdgasreservoir vor. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse erlaubt eine Prognose über die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit des CO2 bzw. über dessen Verteilung im Reservoir. Diese Ergebnisse sind für die Planung von realen Injektionsanwendungen notwendig
10

Thermodynamics of porous media: non-linear flow processes

Böttcher, Norbert 30 April 2013 (has links)
Numerical modelling of subsurface processes, such as geotechnical, geohydrological or geothermal applications requires a realistic description of fluid parameters in order to obtain plausible results. Particularly for gases, the properties of a fluid strongly depend on the primary variables of the simulated systems, which lead to non-linerarities in the governing equations. This thesis describes the development, evaluation and application of a numerical model for non-isothermal flow processes based on thermodynamic principles. Governing and constitutive equations of this model have been implemented into the open-source scientific FEM simulator OpenGeoSys. The model has been verified by several well-known benchmark tests for heat transport as well as for single- and multiphase flow. To describe physical fluid behaviour, highly accurate thermophysical property correlations of various fluids and fluid mixtures have been utilized. These correlations are functions of density and temperature. Thus, the accuracy of those correlations is strongly depending on the precision of the chosen equation of state (EOS), which provides a relation between the system state variables pressure, temperature, and composition. Complex multi-parameter EOSs reach a higher level of accuracy than general cubic equations, but lead to very expansive computing times. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to investigate the effects of EOS uncertainties on numerical simulation results. The comparison shows, that small differences in the density function may lead to significant discrepancies in the simulation results. Applying a compromise between precision and computational effort, a cubic EOS has been chosen for the simulation of the continuous injection of carbon dioxide into a depleted natural gas reservoir. In this simulation, real fluid behaviour has been considered. Interpreting the simulation results allows prognoses of CO2 propagation velocities and its distribution within the reservoir. These results are helpful and necessary for scheduling real injection strategies. / Für die numerische Modellierung von unterirdischen Prozessen, wie z. B. geotechnische, geohydrologische oder geothermische Anwendungen, ist eine möglichst genaue Beschreibung der Parameter der beteiligten Fluide notwendig, um plausible Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Fluideigenschaften, vor allem die Eigenschaften von Gasen, sind stark abhängig von den jeweiligen Primärvariablen der simulierten Prozesse. Dies führt zu Nicht-linearitäten in den prozessbeschreibenden partiellen Differentialgleichungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung, die Evaluierung und die Anwendung eines numerischen Modells für nicht-isotherme Strömungsprozesse in porösen Medien beschrieben, das auf thermodynamischen Grundlagen beruht. Strömungs-, Transport- und Materialgleichungen wurden in die open-source-Software-Plattform OpenGeoSys implementiert. Das entwickelte Modell wurde mittels verschiedener, namhafter Benchmark-Tests für Wärmetransport sowie für Ein- und Mehrphasenströmung verifiziert. Um physikalisches Fluidverhalten zu beschreiben, wurden hochgenaue Korrelationsfunktionen für mehrere relevante Fluide und deren Gemische verwendet. Diese Korrelationen sind Funktionen der Dichte und der Temperatur. Daher ist deren Genauigkeit von der Präzision der verwendeten Zustandsgleichungen abhängig, welche die Fluiddichte in Relation zu Druck- und Temperaturbedingungen sowie der Zusammensetzung von Gemischen beschreiben. Komplexe Zustandsgleichungen, die mittels einer Vielzahl von Parametern an Realgasverhalten angepasst wurden, erreichen ein viel höheres Maß an Genauigkeit als die einfacheren, kubischen Gleichungen. Andererseits führt deren Komplexität zu sehr langen Rechenzeiten. Um die Wahl einer geeigneten Zustandsgleichung zu vereinfachen, wurde eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten in der Dichtefunktion auf die numerischen Simulationsergebnisse zu untersuchen. Die Analyse ergibt, dass bereits kleine Unterschiede in der Zustandsgleichung zu erheblichen Abweichungen der Simulationsergebnisse untereinander führen können. Als ein Kompromiss zwischen Einfachheit und Rechenaufwand wurde für die Simulation einer enhanced gas recovery-Anwendung eine kubische Zustandsgleichung gewählt. Die Simulation sieht, unter Berücksichtigung des Realgasverhaltens, die kontinuierliche Injektion von CO2 in ein nahezu erschöpftes Erdgasreservoir vor. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse erlaubt eine Prognose über die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit des CO2 bzw. über dessen Verteilung im Reservoir. Diese Ergebnisse sind für die Planung von realen Injektionsanwendungen notwendig

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