Les petits ARN nucléolaires (snoARN) sont d'abondants petits ARN non codants impliqués dans la modification post-transcriptionnelle des ARN ribosomiques. Plus récemment, ils ont été associés à de nouvelles fonctions et des dérégulations dans les cancers. La leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) est l'hémopathie maligne la plus courante dans les pays occidentaux. Cette pathologie, bien qu'indolente, est toujours incurable et est très hétérogène en termes d'évolution et de réponse au traitement. Il est ainsi nécessaire de découvrir de nouveaux marqueurs permettant de stratifier le risque d'évolution de la LLC afin d'améliorer la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients. Le but de mon projet a été d'étudier les profils d'expression des snoARN dans la LLC et de les corréler aux données cliniques et biologiques. Par des expériences de PCR quantitative à grande échelle (Fluidigm), j'ai mis en évidence la dérégulation des snoARN dans la LLC. De plus, j'ai pu montrer qu'une signature spécifique était capable de définir un nouveau sous-groupe de mauvais pronostic au sein des patients IGHV-mutés, initialement classés dans un groupe de bon pronostic. La surexpression de la signature est corrélée à un temps de survie sans traitement plus court et semble être principalement activée par les signaux de prolifération. Ainsi, cette étude démontre l'intérêt d'étudier la valeur pronostique des snoARN dans la LLC et plus largement dans les hémopathies malignes. / Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are an abundant class of small non-coding RNAs responsible for the post-transcriptional modifications of ribosomal RNAs. They have been recently associated with new functions and described as deregulated in many cancers. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia in the western world. This disease has a slow progression rate but is still incurable and is also very heterogeneous in terms of clinical course and response to therapy. Thus, it is essential to find new molecular markers allowing improvement of patient therapeutic care. This study aimed at establishing the expression profiles of snoRNAs in a CLL cohort and to correlate them to the clinico-biological parameters. By means of high-throughput quantitative PCR, I showed that snoRNAs were deregulated in CLL. Moreover, a specific signature was able to define a new adverse prognostic subgroup among IGHV-mutated patients, initially classified as good prognosis cases. The overexpression of the signature is correlated to a shorter treatment-free survival and seems to be mainly activated by proliferation signals. All in all, this study demonstrates the prognostic value of snoRNAs in CLL and prompts us to further explore their deregulation in hematological malignancies.

The size and complexity of the oat genomes (Avena L., x = 7) have made genetic studies, including the discovery of molecular markers, difficult. Recent attention to these species has resulted in the development of many DArT -based markers in the tetraploid A. magna Murphy et Terrill (2n = 28, CCDD genomes), along with numerous RFLP's, SSR's, DArT's, and EST-based SNPs in hexaploid A. sativa L. (2n = 42, AACCDD). Here we report the first SNP markers for tetraploid oat based on genome reduction and high-throughput pyrosequencing in two inbred lines of A. magna: A-169 (wild) and Ba 13-13 (domesticated). Initially, the genomes were reduced using restriction digests with EcoRI and BfaI and sequenced to produce 706,426 reads for both genotypes that were subsequently assembled into 57,048 contigs with an average read length of 345 bp. Comparisons of the contigs between the two lines resulted in the detection of 31,304 in silico SNPs. High Resolution Melt (HRM) and KASPar assays were used to validate 1,108 of these in silico SNPs across a panel of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oats. Of the assays, 119 were validated using HRM and 384 using KASPar genotyping in the Fluidigm EP1 system. Both sets of assays were then mapped on a population of 117 F2:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the A-169 x Ba 13-13 cross. A map of the A. magna genome was then constructed. The markers and map provide a new set of genomic tools for tetraploid and hexaploid oat breeding and allow for tracking of genes controlling traits of economic importance and other interesting genes through the evolution of Avena.

A vasculatura tumoral é estrutural e funcionalmente anormal em relação à vasculatura de órgãos normais, resultando em regiões de heterogeneidade intratumoral para concentração de oxigênio, nutrientes e células inflamatórias. Com isso a vascularização disfuncional muitas vezes leva à administração ineficiente de drogas, comprometendo portanto a eficácia do tratamento. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que terapias antiangiogênicas e exercícios físicos poderiam \"normalizar\" a vasculatura tumoral, melhorando a sobrevida em pacientes com câncer. No entanto seria importante analisar se em melanomas portadores da mutação BRAFV600E, que são altamente resistentes a terapia, se o exercício promoveria a normalização vascular. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o impacto do exercício físico voluntário na função vascular de melanomas humanos com mutação BRAFV600E em camundongos imunodeficientes (BALB/c Nude). Em relação ao crescimento tumoral, não observamos diferenças significativas entre os grupos dos animais exercitados e sedentários, tampouco diferença nos níveis de expressão de genes característicos de macrófagos M1 e M2 no microambiente tumoral desses animais. Por outro lado, a análise de expressão de genes nas células tumorais demonstrou que 8 genes foram diferencialmente expressos no Grupo exercitado ( < 4 km) em relação ao Grupo Sedentário, dentre os quais: FLOT2, STK4, STAT3, LATS1, PTEN, MCL1, PCNA e ACTA2. Em adição, não observamos diferenças significativas no percentual de área necrótica, hipóxica e vasos CD31 positivos. Desse modo, concluímos que o exercício físico induz um aumento nos níveis de expressão de genes envolvidos em modificações epigenéticas, apoptose, proliferação e sobrevivência, ciclo celular e motilidade célula / The tumor vasculature is structurally and functionally abnormal in relation to the vasculature of normal organs, resulting in regions of intratumoral heterogeneity for oxygen parcial pressure, nutrients and inflammatory cells. Thus dysfunctional vascularization often leads to inefficient drug delivery, thereby compromising the efficacy of treatment. Recently, it has been demonstrated that anti-angiogenic therapies and physical exercises could \"normalize\" tumor vasculature, improving survival in patients with cancer. However, it would be important to analyze in BRAFV600E melanoma tumors, which are highly resistant to therapy, whether exercise would promote vascular normalization. Based on this, this work aimed to analyze the impact of voluntary physical exercise on the vascular function of human melanomas with BRAFV600E mutation in immunodeficient mice (BALB / c Nude). In relation to the tumor growth, we did not observe significant differences between the groups of the exercised and sedentary animals, neither difference in the expression levels of genes characteristic of M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment of these animals. On the other hand, analysis of gene expression in tumor cells showed that 8 genes were differentially expressed in the exercised group ( < 4 km) in comparision to the Sedentary Group, among them: FLOT2, STK4, STAT3, LATS1, PTEN, MCL1, PCNA and ACTA2. In addition, we did not observe any significant differences in the percentage of necrotic, hypoxic area and CD31 positive vessels. Thus, we concluded that physical exercise induces an increase in the expression levels of genes involved in epigenetic modifications, apoptosis, proliferation and survival, cell cycle and cell motility