Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjama tema “skirtingų veislių kumelių embrioninio laikotarpio trukmės ir abortavimo priežasčių tyrimas ” Baigiamojo darbo apimtis 36 puslapių darbe naudotos 6 lentelės, sudaryti 6 grafikai, išnagrinėti 32 literatūros šaltiniai. Darbo tikslas:Ištirti veislės įtaką kumelių reprodukcinėms savybėms. Darbo uždaviniai: Ištirti skirtingų veislių kumelių reprodukcijos rodiklius Vilniaus žirgyne ir ištirti veislės įtaką kumelių embrioninio laikotarpio trukmei. Darbas atliktas naudojant Vilniaus žirgyno duomenis, apie jų veisiamas kumeles. Tyrimas atliktas stebint 6 skirtingas veisles. Naudoti 5 skirtingu metu duomenys (2005; 2007; 2009; 2010; 2011) atliekant kumelių reprodukcinius vertinimus. O embriologinio laiko tyrimui buvo naudoti duomenys iš 2013 metu. Duomenys apdoroti skaičiuokle EXCEL ir SPSS paketu. Ištyrus skirtingų veislių kumelių reprodukcinius rodiklius nustatyti skirtumai tarp veislių. Trakėnų kumelių skaičius žirgyne didėjo tai yra 14,3proc. daugiau kumelių nei tyrimo pradžioje, tačiau kumeliukų skaičius mažėjo ir 2011 metais jų buvo 1,4 karto mažiau nei 2005m. Kergimų buvo atliekama daugiau tačiau abortavusių kumelių skaičius tyrimo laikotarpiu irgi augo. Anglų grynakraujų kemelių skaičius nuolat mažėjo atitinkamai mažėjo ir visi kiti rodikliai. Arabų grynakraujų arklių augo visi rodikliai, kumelių auginama dvigubai daugiau nei 2005m. Gaunama vis daugiau kumeliukų (1,5 karto daugiau), o abortų skaičius tiriamaisiais metais sumažėjo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Various breeds mares embryonic period and abortion reasons research Working in Lithuania stud Vilnius section. The coverage of the work 36 pages, 6 pictures, 6 tables, examined 32 references. Aim: To investigate the influence of a variety of mare reproductive performance. Tasks: to investigate the different breeds of equine reproduction rates Vilnius equestrian center and explore a variety of mares influence embryonic period of time. The study was performed using data of Vilnius stud, bred their mares. The study was conducted by monitoring 6 different varieties. Use 5 different time data (2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011) the mare reproductive evaluations. The time embryological study was to use data of 2013 year . Data processing of an Excel spreadsheet and SPSS . Examination of the different varieties of mare reproductive traits to identify the differences between varieties. Trakehner mares stud farm , it is increased by 14.3 percent . more mares than the beginning of the study , but the number of foals decreased in 2011 were 1.4 times less than in 2005 . Coverings have been done but more mares abort the study period also increased. Thoroughbreds kemel declined steadily decreased , respectively , and all other indicators . Arab thoroughbred horse grew all indicators mares grown twice as much as 2005 . There is growing foals (1.5 times ), while subjects in the number of abortions declined last year of the study did not abort mares . Old-style Žemaitukai equine abortions occur... [to full text]

Orientador: Simone Biagio Chiacchio / Resumo: A mortalidade durante os períodos pré e pós-natal representa uma perda considerável na espécie equina. A compreensão das alterações cardiovasculares durante prenhez é fundamental para o manejo das fêmeas prenhes e dos fetos. As observações clínicas confirmam que as mudanças ocorrem, embora a natureza exata destas alterações não seja bem evidente na literatura equina. O monitoramento da frequência cardíaca no feto, não só possibilita a verificação da saúde fetal e viabilidade, mas também fornece informações sobre o estágio de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso autônomo. Desta forma, os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever o comportamento dos parâmetros eletrocardiográficos (ECG), valores normais da frequência cardíaca (FC) e índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) nas éguas e nos neonatos. Para tal, foram utilizadas 10 éguas, de diferentes idades, pertencentes à raça Mini-Horse em todos os meses de gestação (11 meses) e após o parto. As éguas e os potros foram avaliados nos momentos, 24h, 7o, 14o, 21 o, 28 o e 35 o dia após o nascimento. A frequência cardíaca das éguas ao serem avaliadas em conjunto apresentou significância estatística (P<0,05), assim como as amplitudes das ondas S, T negativa e duração do intervalo PR. As amplitudes das ondas P1 e R variaram estaticamente entre os momentos subsequentes durante a gestação. Quanto aos neonatos foram temperatura foram diferentes quando avaliadas em conjunto e entre os momentos. No eletrocardiograma (ECG) ho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Mortality during the pre and postnatal periods represents a considerable loss in the equine species. The understanding of cardiovascular changes during pregnancy is fundamental for the management of pregnant females and fetuses. Clinical observations confirm that changes occur, although the exact nature of these changes is not very evident in the equine literature. Heart rate monitoring in the fetus not only enables fetal health check and viability, but also provides information on the developmental stage of the autonomic nervous system. The aim of the present study was to describe the behavior of electrocardiographic parameters (ECG), normal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in mares and neonates. For this, 10 mares, of different ages, belonging to the Mini-Horse breed were used in all gestation months (11 months) and after delivery. The mares and foals were evaluated at the times, 24h, 7o, 14o, 21o, 28o and 35 the day after birth. The mares heart rate when evaluated together showed statistical significance (P <0.05), as well as the amplitudes of the S wave, negative T and PR interval duration. The amplitudes of the P1 and R waves varied statically between the subsequent moments during gestation. As for the neonates were temperature were different when evaluated together and between moments. On the electrocardiogram (ECG) there was a difference in the amplitude of the waves P1 and P2 when evaluated together. The results were not influenced by the changes that ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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While equine palatability research has been well documented, the majority of research has been conducted in mature, non-lactating horses (Betz & Lanter, 1980; Van den berg et al., 2016; Goodwin et al., 2005; Francis et al., 2020). While palatability research primarily aims to detect flavor preferences to mask medications, utilize in treats, etc., other aspects focus on acceptance and behavior (Senturklu & Landblom, 2015; Goodwin et al., 2005; Van den berg et al., 2016; Franics et al., 2020). Although a substantial amount of data is conducted on canine olfaction, data pertaining to equine olfaction is quite limited (Francis et al., 2020; Jenkins et al., 2018; Kokocinska-Kusiak et al., 2021). The objective of this study was to investigate the flavor and aroma preferences of lactating equine mare and foal pairings. Stock-type mare and foal pairings (n = 4), aged 6.5 ± 3.9 weeks, were utilized in paired preference testing using apple, anise, peppermint and control palatants. Testing was split into flavor testing (0730-0830 hours) and aroma testing (1630-1730 hours). Mares and foals were loaded into test stalls and allotted 30 minutes to freely interact with treatments. Data was recorded via live stream cameras and evaluated for categorical and numerical data. Variables of interest included: first treatments investigated, consumed, and finished; maternal effects of treatment locations, time spent consuming each treatment, time spent rest recumbent, percentage of treatments consumed, and total voluntary consumption. Data were analyzed using SAS for academics with significance set at 5%. Flavor analysis revealed no preference of first flavor investigated (P = 0.4918), consumed (P = 0.4018) or finished (P = 0.5424) of mares. Foals were also found to exhibit no flavor preferences for first investigated (P = 0.5996), consumed (P = 0.4278), or finished (P = 0.9914). A location effect was exhibited by mares and found that flavor treatments in location 2 and 3 were more likely to be first consumed (P < 0.0001). Foals were more likely to first finish those flavor treatments in location 1 (P = 0.0003). No period effect was exhibited for flavors first investigated (P =0.7552), consumed (P = 0.5404) or finished (P = 0.7903). A period effect was exhibited for first finished flavor treatments of mares (P = 0.0170). Further analysis found that mares were more likely to finish the peppermint flavor for periods 1 and 2 compared to periods 3 and 4 (P = 0.0518). The mean time spent foals spent consuming flavors was not significant (P = 0.2120) and no period effects were exhibited (P = 0.1713). However, time spent resting decreased significantly from period 1 to 4 (P = 0.0476). Likewise, there was no flavor treatment effect on the mean percentage of treatments consumed (P = 0.8431), nor was there a period effect (P = 0.4125). Aroma analysis also found no preference for first investigated (P = 0.8472), consumed (P = 0.8472), or finished (P = 0.8166) of mares. Similarly, foals exhibited no aroma preferences for first investigated (P = 0.5206), consumed (P = 0.5206), or finished (P = 0.1650). A period effect was exhibited for mares for first aroma treatments investigated (P = 0.0101) and consumed (P = 0.01) across periods. However, further analysis found that there was no difference for treatments across periods. A location effect was also exhibited by mares, with location 1 being selected at a lower frequency than locations 2, 3 and 4 (P = 0.0003). Interestingly, locations 3 and 4 had a higher frequency of being the first aromatic treatments finished (P = 0.0008). Foals were found to first consume (P = 0.0315), and finish (P = 0.0013), those treatments located in location 1. Comparative analysis of relationships between mare and foal selective actions found that pairings made similar flavor selections for first investigated treatments (P = 0.1865) but selected different aromatic treatments (P = 0.0415). Likewise, pairings selected similar flavor treatments (P = 0.1062) but selected different aromatic treatments for first consumption (P = 0.0415). Findings suggest that while flavor and aromatic preferences are not strong for mare and foal pairings. However, comparative analysis of selections between the two groups found selections to be similar for flavor testing and different for aromatic testing.

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No description available.

The objective of this study was to purify IgG from commercially available hyperimmune Rhodococcus equi plasma and to assess the delivery of IgG as an aerosol to the equine lung. IgG was purified from plasma, and the IgG concentration of both the plasma and the purified IgG was determined by ELISA. The purified IgG was aerosolized using a vibrating mesh nebulizer and aerosol characterization was performed using cascade impaction. The purified IgG was nebulized to six healthy adult horses in order to assess the efficacy of pulmonary delivery and safety of administration. Bronchoalveolar fluid was retrieved endoscopically using a low volume technique prior to aerosolization (time 0) and at 0.5, 4 and 24 hours post aerosolization. The BAL fluid IgG concentration was determined and cytologic analysis was performed. The IgG concentrations of the plasma and purified IgG were 2,175 mg/dL and 1,145 mg/dL, respectively. The MMAD of the purified IgG aerosol was 4.7 microns. The mean BAL fluid IgG concentration increased 61% from 19.33 µg/dL at time 0 to 31.5 µg/dL at 0.5 hours, but this increase was not significant (P=0.603). No significant change was observed in inflammatory cell numbers over time or at any time point during the study. This study demonstrated that IgG antibodies were purified at a concentration acceptable for nebulization, and that the nebulization unit generated aerosol particles from the IgG solution of appropriate size for pulmonary delivery. Nebulization of purified IgG to adult horses was well tolerated and caused no local or systemic adverse effects. / Master of Science

This study attempted to examine three aspects of Equus caballus foal snapping behavior. First, it suggested that the previous theoretical explanation for snapping established by behavioral researchers was incorrect. Second, as a means of suggesting an alternative hypothesis, this study proposed that snapping behavior could be a modified play response that was elicited when foals were confused by the complex social signals displayed by conspecifics. Finally, this project tested the aforementioned hypothesis by recording interactions between foals and conspecifics and analyzing the snapping intensity with each subject's previous level of social experience. There were two indicators utilized to establish social experience. First, the "age" of the foal was employed as a measure of overall life experience and development. Second, the number of hours per day the foal was exposed to conspecifics gave an effective measure of the amount of time the subject had an opportunity to learn the complex Equine visual communication (referred to as "out-time"). / Master of Science

Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) is one of the most serious causes of pneumonia in young foals. The clinical disease is of great concern to breeding farms worldwide due to the impact of mortality on economic losses. While adult horses are resistant to R. equi, foals exhibit a distinct age-associated susceptibility. The mechanism underlying this susceptibility in foals is not well understood. Interferon-gamma (IFNg) plays an important role in the clearance of R. equi, but its expression is impaired in neonatal foals. Moreover, the regulation of this age-related IFNg expression in foals remains unknown. In humans, IFNg expression has been shown to be regulated by DNA methylation, lymphoproliferation, and influenced by environmental exposure. Therefore, we hypothesized that environmental exposure promotes IFNg expression through regulation of DNA methylation and lymphoproliferation. The objectives were: (1) to estimate the relevance of IFN-g production and R. equi infection in foals; (2) investigate the role of lymphoproliferation and DNA methylation in the regulation of IFN-g expression in foals; (3) to evaluate the effect of environmental exposure on IFN-g expression by housing foals in a barn environment verses pasture.; (4) to investigate the effect of environment exposure on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which sensor the environmental antigens and modulate IFN-g production by T cells. The results demonstrated that the IFN-g expression was inversely correlated with the age-related susceptibility to R. equi infection. lymphoproliferation promoted IFN-g expression in foals, whereas, DNA methylation repressed IFN-g expression. The IFN-g expression was augmented in foals exposed to the barn air which contained higher numbers of aerosol miroorganisms. DNA on the IFN-g promoter was demethylated and the lymphoproliferative activity was elevated in foals with barn-air exposure. The barn-air exposure also promoted the maturation and activation of APC to prime IFN-g expression by T cells in foals. Overall, this body of work demenstrated a relationship between IFN-g expression and R. equi infection, provided novel information on mechanisms that regulate IFN-g expression, and identified the effect of environment on mechanisms responsible for IFN-g expression.

O trabalho teve como objetivo compreender o relacionamento entre a égua e o potro e a influência deste sobre o comportamento social e temperamento do potro, a partir do décimo primeiro dia de vida até após o processo de desmama do potro. Oito díades de éguas e potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador provenientes de um criatório situado na cidade de Amparo/SP foram avaliadas durante três etapas distintas. A primeira foi realizada para caracterizar o comportamento social do grupo de equinos e o relacionamento entre égua e potro durante os três períodos de desenvolvimento do potro (dependência, socialização e independência). Nessa etapa foram registradas: as interações agonísticas das éguas; episódios de mamada dos potros (tentativas e mamadas) e para o par égua e potro foram anotados os comportamentos afiliativos e a relação espacial. Ao final dessa etapa os potros foram classificados em dependentes e independentes e as éguas foram divididas de acordo com sua hierarquia. A segunda etapa constitui-se da avaliação das atividades e relação espacial dos potros durante o processo de desmama, para a caracterização do estresse dos potros. Na terceira etapa a relação social dos potros foi observada na ausência de suas mães, através do registro das interações e da relação espacial dos potros. Durante as três etapas foram aplicados quatro testes de avaliação dos aspectos do temperamento dos animais: teste de reatividade durante o manejo de escovação para a avaliação da reatividade ao manejo; teste de arena para avaliar a emotividade ao isolamento; teste de reatividade perante humano desconhecido e ativo para avaliar a reatividade ao humano; e teste da presença de estímulo sonoro desconhecido para avaliação da emotividade ao estímulo desconhecido. A hierarquia e a experiência da mãe interferiam no cuidado materno de aleitamento (P&LT;0,05), entretanto, não influenciaram o cuidado de proteção (P&GT;0,05). A frequência de permanência dos potros com sua mãe na distância de até 1 metro diminuiu ao longo dos períodos (P&LT;0,05). As éguas não modificaram a frequência dos comportamentos afiliativos com seus potros ao longo dos períodos (P&GT;0,05). As maiores frequências de comportamentos afiliativos dos potros com suas mães foram durante os períodos iniciais do desenvolvimento do potro (dependência e socialização, P&LT;0,05). Potros dependentes apresentaram maior frequência e menor duração das mamadas quando comparado à frequência e duração dos potros independentes (P&LT;0,05). A reatividade ao manejo e a emotividade ao isolamento dos potros foram maiores nos períodos da dependência, da socialização e durante a desmama (P&LT;0,05). A reatividade ao humano e emotividade ao desconhecido apresentaram a tendência de diminuir ao longo dos períodos observados (P&LT;0,05). Os potros dependentes apresentaram maior emotividade ao desconhecido e ao isolamento (P&LT;0,05), além de maior estresse durante a desmama, quando comparado aos potros independentes. Todos os potros normalizaram suas atividades no decorrer do processo da desmama. Na ausência das mães os potros independentes foram os que iniciaram a maioria das interações entre os animais (P&LT;0,05). O relacionamento entre a égua e o potro foi modificado devido às características maternas de hierarquia e experiência, além do nível de independência do potro e do seu temperamento. / The study aimed to understand the relationship between the mare and the foal and the influence of this on the social behavior and foal\'s temperament from the eleventh day of life until after the foal weaning process. Eight dyads of mares and foals Mangalarga Marchador from a farm situated in the city of Amparo/Brazil were evaluated during three different stages. The first stage was performed to characterize the social behavior of horses group and the relationship between mare and foal during the three foal developmental periods (dependency, socialization and independence). At the first stage the aggressive interactions of the mares were registered; episodes of sucking of foals (attempt and bout of sucking); and the pair mare and foal were noted the affiliative behaviors and spatial relationship. At the end of this stage the foals were classified as dependent and independent and mares were divided according to their hierarchy. In the second step we evaluated the activities and spatial relationship of foals during the weaning process, to characterize the stress of foals during this process. In the third stage the social relationship of foals was observed in the absence of their mothers, through the recording of interactions and the spatial relationship of the foals. During the three stages were applied four tests for assessing aspects of animal temper: reactivity test during brushing for evaluation of reactivity handling; arena test to evaluate the emotionality isolation; human reactivity test unknown and active to assess the reactivity to human; and test for the presence of unknown sound stimulus to evaluate the emotionality of the unknown stimulus. The hierarchy and the mother\'s experience interferes with maternal care of lactation (P&LT;0.05), but did not influence the protective care (P&GT;0.05). The frequency of stay of foals with mother at a distance of up to 1 meter decreased over the period (P&LT;0.05). The mares do not change the frequency of affiliative behaviors with their foals (P&GT;0.05). The highest frequency of affiliative behaviors foals with their mothers were during the early periods foal development (dependency and socialization; P&LT;0.05). The dependent foals presented a higher frequency and shorter duration of sucking bouts when compared to the frequency and duration of foals independent (P&LT;0.05). The reactivity handling and emotionality isolation of foals were higher in dependency periods, socialization and during weaning (P&LT;0.05). The reactivity of human and emotionality of the unknown showed a tendency to decrease over the observed periods (P&LT;0.05). The dependent foals showed larger emotionality to the unknown and isolation (P&LT;0.05). The dependent foals showed greater emotionality to the unknown and isolation (P&LT;0.05) as well as increased stress during weaning when compared to independent foals. All foals normalized its activities during the weaning process. After separation independent foals were those who started most interactions between animals (P&LT;0.05). The relationship between the mare and the foal was modified due to maternal characteristics hierarchy and experience, beyond the temperament of foal and independence level of the foal.