A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / In the United States, bronchiolitis has consistently been the most common diagnosis leading to hospitalization in infants under one year of age, representing over 90,000 cases a year and a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. A condition with such widespread incidence should have an established algorithm for treatment of respiratory symptoms, but studies on the efficacy of certain therapies have been inconclusive. Some reports suggest that the use of positive pressure nebulization may be of benefit in treating bronchiolitis, but it has not yet been studied systematically. 1) To determine whether positive pressure nebulization (PPN) is more effective than standard nebulization (SN) in reducing admission rate in infants with bronchiolitis 2) To determine whether the use of positive pressure nebulization causes a change in Bronchiolitis Score, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission rate, length of stay (LOS), and unscheduled returns to the pediatric emergency department (PED). The project is a retrospective study conducted at a single‐center tertiary care children's hospital. Participants included in the study were infants 2‐24 months of age with moderate to severe bronchiolitis, who were evaluated by trained respiratory therapists using an objective scoring tool and treatment algorithm that included suctioning, albuterol, and racemic epinephrine. Infants received the above nebulization therapies by either a standard or a positive pressure nebulization delivery device. The two treatment groups were compared to see if one approach was superior as measured by outcomes such as hospital and PICU admission rate, length of stay, and returns to the emergency department. Initial survey of the 2012‐2013 winter season at Phoenix Children's Hospital yielded 2,095 patients who were diagnosed with bronchiolitis. As the majority of patients were excluded due to age, comorbidities, or poor documentation of treatment, our study examined 19 patients who received positive pressure nebulization, which were matched in a 1:3 ratio (PPN:SN), for a total of 57 patients who received standard nebulization. In measuring the primary markers of outcome, we found that 12 of the 19 PPN patients (63%) were admitted to the regular pediatric ward, and 4 of the 19 (21%) were admitted to the PICU. 35 of the 57 SN patients (63%) were admitted to the regular pediatric ward, and 5 of the 57 (8%) were admitted to the PICU. Statistical analysis showed that the estimated minimum 'n' required in each treatment group was 252 patients, but our study was only able to obtain a sample size of 19 patients in the PPN group, which was not enough for statistical significance. An association between hospital admission rate with positive pressure nebulization or standard nebulization was not able to be determined.

a b s t r a c t A slurry nebulisation technique was applied for elemental analysis of bituminous coals SARM 18, SARM 19 and four coals from three different seams in Witbank, South Africa, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, S, Si and Ti) and trace elements (Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr, V, Zn and Zr) in coal were determined. Various slurry preparations were evaluated using two dispersants (glycerol and Triton X-100) and by varying the concentration of dispersants, between 0.1% and 1.0% (v/v). The effect of initially solubilising the ground coal in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated by varying the volume of DMF added. The effect of wet grinding with DMF was investigated. Wet grinding with DMF was shown to drastically reduce particle sizes (50.0% < 0.28 lm and 90.0% < 6.17 lm) as compared to dry grinding (50.0% < 5.25 lm and 90.0% < 11.1 lm). The reduced particle sizes and increased transport efficiency of the coal slurries led to improved analytical recoveries of elements in the reference coal, SARM 18. The best analytical recoveries for all elements were achieved using 0.1% Triton X-100 with 10.0% DMF. Results obtained by ICP-OES after wet grinding of the coal with DMF, using 0.1% Triton X-100, also gave excellent recoveries (Al, 100%; Ca, 103%; Cr, 106%; Fe, 102%; Mg, 100%; Mn, 104%; Ni, 109%; Si, 102%; Ti, 95.0%; and V, 108%). The results obtained with 10.0% DMF and 0.1% Triton X-100 were in agreement with certified values for all selected elements according to paired t-test at the 95.0% confidence level. Selected elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Si, Ti and V) were also analysed with X-ray fluorescence for comparison with results obtained from ICP-OES. Analysis by ICP-OES of microwave digested coal was also carried out. It is suggested that the DMF slurry technique could be used for routine analysis of bituminous coals.

The analytical advantages of some novel approaches to atomisation using gaseous sample transport and slurry nebulization have been investigated and applied to the determination of trace metals in coal. A cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopic method for the determination of mercury using a gas-sheathed atom cell and front surface illumination was developed. With a manual injection technique the detection limit was 0.01 ng. Replacement with a continuous flow system yielded a more rapid and precise method with a detection limit of C.045 ng.ml-1. Quantitative recoveries of mercury from a standard coal were obtained through liberation of the analyte using nonoxidative pyrolysis. Continuous hydride generation methods for the determination of arsenic and selenium using atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry were developed.

An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of using the technique of ultrasonic nebulization of water into the anode gas stream for evaporative cooling of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The basic concept of this form of internal evaporative cooling of the PEM fuel cell is to introduce finely atomized liquid water into the anode gas stream, so that the finely atomized liquid water adsorbs onto the anode and then moves to the cathode via electro-osmotic drag, where this water then evaporates into the relatively dry cathode gas stream, carrying with it the waste thermal energy generated within the fuel cell. The thermal and electrical performance of a 50 cm2 PEM fuel cell utilizing this technique was compared to the performance obtained with conventional water management. Both techniques were compared over a range of humidification chamber temperatures for both the anode and cathode gas streams so as to determine the robustness of the proposed method. The proposed method produced only meager levels of evaporative cooling (at best 2 watts, for which a minimum of 30 watts was required for adequate cooling), but the average cell voltage increased considerably (as much as a 10% gain), and the technique increased the fault tolerance of the fuel cell (the Nafion™ membrane did not dry out even if cell temperature went well in excess of 70° C despite both anode and cathode humidification temperatures of 55° C). An interesting phenomena was also observed wherein the fuel cell voltage oscillated regularly with a period of tens of seconds, and that the amplitude of this oscillation corresponded inversely with the level of humidification received by the fuel cell.

An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of using the technique of ultrasonic nebulization of water into the anode gas stream for evaporative cooling of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The basic concept of this form of internal evaporative cooling of the PEM fuel cell is to introduce finely atomized liquid water into the anode gas stream, so that the finely atomized liquid water adsorbs onto the anode and then moves to the cathode via electro-osmotic drag, where this water then evaporates into the relatively dry cathode gas stream, carrying with it the waste thermal energy generated within the fuel cell. The thermal and electrical performance of a 50 cm2 PEM fuel cell utilizing this technique was compared to the performance obtained with conventional water management. Both techniques were compared over a range of humidification chamber temperatures for both the anode and cathode gas streams so as to determine the robustness of the proposed method. The proposed method produced only meager levels of evaporative cooling (at best 2 watts, for which a minimum of 30 watts was required for adequate cooling), but the average cell voltage increased considerably (as much as a 10% gain), and the technique increased the fault tolerance of the fuel cell (the Nafion™ membrane did not dry out even if cell temperature went well in excess of 70° C despite both anode and cathode humidification temperatures of 55° C). An interesting phenomena was also observed wherein the fuel cell voltage oscillated regularly with a period of tens of seconds, and that the amplitude of this oscillation corresponded inversely with the level of humidification received by the fuel cell.

No description available.

Afecções do sistema respiratório estão entre as mais frequentes em equinos, sendo uma das principais causas de baixo desempenho em animais atletas. Dentre essas doenças pode-se citar as afecções inflamatórias das vias aéreas, que apresentam uma prevalência considerável e afetam a saúde e vida atlética do animal. Um dos principais meios de atuação terapêutica no tratamento dessas doenças é a administração de medicamentos corticoides, sendo a dexametasona um dos principais fármacos dessa classe utilizados na medicina equina. No tratamento de doenças semelhantes em humanos preconiza-se a administração dos fármacos por via inalatória, otimizando assim o seu efeito terapêutico e diminuindo os efeitos colaterais. Em equinos existem trabalhos que mostram a deposição pulmonar de medicamentos quando administrados por via inalatória, no entanto, não foram encontrados estudos nesse sentido utilizando a dexametasona. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a deposição pulmonar de dexametasona quando administrada por via inalatória em equinos, bem como fatores que possam interferir no seu nível de deposição e a concentração plasmática do fármaco quando administrada por essa via. Para isso foram utilizados seis equinos que foram submetidos à inalação com dexametasona duas vezes, cada uma utilizando um veículo diferente (aquoso ou oleoso) na formulação do fármaco, e quatro animais foram utilizados para o grupo controle, sendo submetidos à inalação somente com o veículo. Após cada inalação foi realizado um lavado broncoalveolar (LAB) e coletas sanguíneas seriadas para quantificação da dexametasona. Após a inalação o fármaco foi identificado nas amostras de LAB dos animais nos grupos tratados. Não houve diferença significativa entre os veículos utilizados e houve diferença entre os animais agitados e os animais calmos, sendo que os primeiros apresentaram uma concentração significativamente maior de dexametasona no LAB. O fármaco não foi identificado no plasma dos animais. A dexametasona quando administrada via nebulização pneumática atinge a região de bronquíolos e alvéolos respiratórios em equinos, principalmente os de comportamento agitado, e não atinge níveis plasmáticos significativos / Disorders of the respiratory system are among the most frequent deseases in horses and one of the main causes of low performance in athletic animals. Inflammatory diseases of the airways should be mentioned due to its considerable prevalence and to affect the health and athletic life of the animal. One of the main ways of therapeutic action of these diseases is the administration of corticosteroid drugs, being dexamethasone one of the main drugs used in equine medicine. In the treatment of similar diseases in humans it is recommended the administration of drugs by inhalation, which optimizes its therapeutic effect and reduces side effects. In horses, there are studies that show the pulmonary deposition of drugs when administered by inhalation, however, there are no studies using dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulmonary deposition of dexamethasone when administered by inhalation in horses, as well as factors that may interfere with their level of deposition and the plasma concentration of the drug when administered by inhalation. To that, it was used six horses that were submitted to inhalation of dexamethasone twice, each one using a different vehicle (aqueous or oily) in the drug formulation, and four animals were used as control group, being submmited to inhalation just with the vehicle. After each inhalation a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serial blood collections for quantification of dexamethasone were performed. After the inhalation, the drug was identified in BAL samples from the animals of the treated groups. There was no significant difference between the vehicles used and there was difference between the agitated animals and calm animals, and the first ones had a significantly higher concentration of dexamethasone in the BAL. The drug was not identified in the plasma of animals. Dexamethasone, when administered via nebulization air, reaches the bronchioles region and respiratory alveoli in horses, especially the agitated behavior ones, and it does not affects plasma levels

Student Number : 0006342N - PhD thesis - School of Chemistry - Faculty of Science / An improved slurry method for determination of PGMs, gold and base metals (Ni, Cu, Fe and Co) using ICP-OES analytical instrument has been developed. This method has been successfully applied to quantitate metals in mineral concentrates and biological samples (grass, lichens, leaves and tree trunks) and validated using analytical figure of merit that include limits of detection, limits of quantition, accuracy and precision. Sample grinding using Fritsch GmbH Pulverissette Planetary Mono Mill was optimized to get > 60% and >80% of the particles to < 5.0 μm and < 10 μm respectively. The optimum grinding conditions for a sample mass of 0.4 g was determined as 130 rpm grinding speed and 30 minutes grinding time. An additional 15 minutes mixing with reagent was employed to ensure better slurry homogeneity for improved precisions. Five slurry dispersants; tetrasodium pyrophosphate, Triton X-100, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, potassium cyanide and potassium thiocyanate, were evaluated at varied concentrations and 0.1% v/v Triton X-100 established as the best dispersant for slurry preparation. The ICP-OES sample delivery system was modified by introducing an extension elbow between the torch and the spray chamber that not only effectively reduced the sample residence time in the plasma for efficient atomization of the particles but also acted as a gravitational sieve eliminating larger particles and droplets. Prepared slurries were continuously agitated using an ultrasonic bath prior to and during aspiration into ICP-OES to prevent sedimentation and ensure constant stability of the slurry. Optimum operating conditions for ICP-OES established as 1600 W and 1450 W plasma power for PGMs and base metals respectively, using a nebulizer flow rate of 0.8 mL min-1, coolant gas flow rate of 13.0 mL min-1, auxiliary gas flow rate of 1.0 L min-1 with a sample uptake rate of 0.2 mL min-1. Limits of detection for the developed technique were determined in μg g-1 as 0.075, 0.039, 0.115, 0.071, 0.035 and 0.118 for Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 0.15, 0.391, 0.345 and 0.217 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Limits of quantitation in μg g-1 were obtained as 0.250, 0.130, 0.383, 0.237, 0.117 and 0.393 for Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 0.5, 1.31, 1.15 and 0.723 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Good accuracy was recorded for all the base metals as well as for the platinum group metals and gold except iridium that was susceptible to copper interference. Two measurements of precision, reproducibility and repeatability were assessed. Reproducibility was obtained in percentages as 12, 7.93, 5.54, 10 and 12 for Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 9.9, 10, 9.8 and 10 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Repeatability was obtained in percentages as 11, 7.03, 4.94, 8.08 and 9.85 for Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively and 9.4, 9.6, 9.7 and 10 for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively. Good percentage recoveries were obtained of 104.3%, 98.3%, 98%, 90.5% and 92.8% for Au, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru respectively. Percentage recoveries of 109%, 111%, 89.9% and 100% for Ni, Cu, Fe and Co respectively were obtained. The simplicity and low cost of sample preparation used in this method enables it to be easily adopted in any ICP-OES laboratory. A single analyst may achieve more sample through-puts than before per day (including re-grinding and analysis), resulting in a highly economical and rapid technique for determination of metals.

Afecções do sistema respiratório estão entre as mais frequentes em equinos, sendo uma das principais causas de baixo desempenho em animais atletas. Dentre essas doenças pode-se citar as afecções inflamatórias das vias aéreas, que apresentam uma prevalência considerável e afetam a saúde e vida atlética do animal. Um dos principais meios de atuação terapêutica no tratamento dessas doenças é a administração de medicamentos corticoides, sendo a dexametasona um dos principais fármacos dessa classe utilizados na medicina equina. No tratamento de doenças semelhantes em humanos preconiza-se a administração dos fármacos por via inalatória, otimizando assim o seu efeito terapêutico e diminuindo os efeitos colaterais. Em equinos existem trabalhos que mostram a deposição pulmonar de medicamentos quando administrados por via inalatória, no entanto, não foram encontrados estudos nesse sentido utilizando a dexametasona. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a deposição pulmonar de dexametasona quando administrada por via inalatória em equinos, bem como fatores que possam interferir no seu nível de deposição e a concentração plasmática do fármaco quando administrada por essa via. Para isso foram utilizados seis equinos que foram submetidos à inalação com dexametasona duas vezes, cada uma utilizando um veículo diferente (aquoso ou oleoso) na formulação do fármaco, e quatro animais foram utilizados para o grupo controle, sendo submetidos à inalação somente com o veículo. Após cada inalação foi realizado um lavado broncoalveolar (LAB) e coletas sanguíneas seriadas para quantificação da dexametasona. Após a inalação o fármaco foi identificado nas amostras de LAB dos animais nos grupos tratados. Não houve diferença significativa entre os veículos utilizados e houve diferença entre os animais agitados e os animais calmos, sendo que os primeiros apresentaram uma concentração significativamente maior de dexametasona no LAB. O fármaco não foi identificado no plasma dos animais. A dexametasona quando administrada via nebulização pneumática atinge a região de bronquíolos e alvéolos respiratórios em equinos, principalmente os de comportamento agitado, e não atinge níveis plasmáticos significativos / Disorders of the respiratory system are among the most frequent deseases in horses and one of the main causes of low performance in athletic animals. Inflammatory diseases of the airways should be mentioned due to its considerable prevalence and to affect the health and athletic life of the animal. One of the main ways of therapeutic action of these diseases is the administration of corticosteroid drugs, being dexamethasone one of the main drugs used in equine medicine. In the treatment of similar diseases in humans it is recommended the administration of drugs by inhalation, which optimizes its therapeutic effect and reduces side effects. In horses, there are studies that show the pulmonary deposition of drugs when administered by inhalation, however, there are no studies using dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulmonary deposition of dexamethasone when administered by inhalation in horses, as well as factors that may interfere with their level of deposition and the plasma concentration of the drug when administered by inhalation. To that, it was used six horses that were submitted to inhalation of dexamethasone twice, each one using a different vehicle (aqueous or oily) in the drug formulation, and four animals were used as control group, being submmited to inhalation just with the vehicle. After each inhalation a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serial blood collections for quantification of dexamethasone were performed. After the inhalation, the drug was identified in BAL samples from the animals of the treated groups. There was no significant difference between the vehicles used and there was difference between the agitated animals and calm animals, and the first ones had a significantly higher concentration of dexamethasone in the BAL. The drug was not identified in the plasma of animals. Dexamethasone, when administered via nebulization air, reaches the bronchioles region and respiratory alveoli in horses, especially the agitated behavior ones, and it does not affects plasma levels

The objective of this study was to purify IgG from commercially available hyperimmune Rhodococcus equi plasma and to assess the delivery of IgG as an aerosol to the equine lung. IgG was purified from plasma, and the IgG concentration of both the plasma and the purified IgG was determined by ELISA. The purified IgG was aerosolized using a vibrating mesh nebulizer and aerosol characterization was performed using cascade impaction. The purified IgG was nebulized to six healthy adult horses in order to assess the efficacy of pulmonary delivery and safety of administration. Bronchoalveolar fluid was retrieved endoscopically using a low volume technique prior to aerosolization (time 0) and at 0.5, 4 and 24 hours post aerosolization. The BAL fluid IgG concentration was determined and cytologic analysis was performed. The IgG concentrations of the plasma and purified IgG were 2,175 mg/dL and 1,145 mg/dL, respectively. The MMAD of the purified IgG aerosol was 4.7 microns. The mean BAL fluid IgG concentration increased 61% from 19.33 µg/dL at time 0 to 31.5 µg/dL at 0.5 hours, but this increase was not significant (P=0.603). No significant change was observed in inflammatory cell numbers over time or at any time point during the study. This study demonstrated that IgG antibodies were purified at a concentration acceptable for nebulization, and that the nebulization unit generated aerosol particles from the IgG solution of appropriate size for pulmonary delivery. Nebulization of purified IgG to adult horses was well tolerated and caused no local or systemic adverse effects. / Master of Science