Nous étudions le drainage des mousses de suspension granulaire. Nos paramètres de contrôle sont : la fraction en gaz, la taille des bulles, celle des particules et la fraction volumique de celles-ci dans la phase interstitielle. En premier lieu, nous mesurons la proportion de liquide et de particules retenus dans le réseau de la mousse en fonction des paramètres cités précédemment. Ces mesures réalisées une fois le drainage terminé apportent des éléments de compréhension indispensables à la description des vitesses de drainage. Nous montrons également que certaines combinaisons de nos paramètres d'étude conduisent au blocage du système gaz, liquide, solide. Dans un second temps, nous avons identifié différents régimes de cinétique de drainage, nous montrons qu'ils sont contrôlés par deux paramètres : (i) le rapport lambda de la taille des particules et de la taille des constrictions du réseau, (ii) la fraction en particules dans la phase interstitielle phi. Le point clé pour comprendre ces régimes est le piégeage des particules dans la mousse qui peut avoir deux origines : (i) par piégeage collectif (jamming) qui peut survenir pour des fractions étonnamment basses à cause de la géométrie du réseau interstitiel, (ii) la capture individuelle des particules par la mousse lorsque leur taille devient supérieure à celle des constrictions du réseau interstitiel. Des particules encore plus grosses sont exclues du réseau et participent à une remontée de la vitesse de drainage, faisant apparaître un minimum pour le régime correspondant à la capture individuelle. La fraction granulaire de la phase interstitielle est aussi essentielle, le drainage pouvant être stoppé pour des fractions suffisamment élevées lorsque lambda est judicieusement choisi. Ce travail propose des pistes prometteuses pour la stabilité des matériaux triphasiques / We study the drainage of granular suspensions foams. Our control parameters are the gas fraction, the bubble size, the particles size and the interstitial particle fraction. First, we measure the proportion of liquid and particles retained in the foam network as function of the above mentioned parameters. These measurements are performed when the drainage is over, they are essential for the description of drainage velocity. We show that certain combinations of our study parameters lead to the jamming of the three-phase system : gas, liquid, solid. Secondly, we highlight different regimes of drainage velocity, we show that is controlled by two parameters : (i) lambda, the ratio of the particle size and constriction size, (ii) the fraction of particles in the interstitial network : phi. The key to understand these regimes is the trapping of particles in the foam : (i) the jamming, which may occur for surprisingly low fractions due to the geometry of the pore network, (ii) the particles captured by the foam network when they become larger than the constrictions network. Finally, larger particles excluded from the network increase the drainage velocity, as a consequence the minimum for the velocity corresponds to the individual capture. The granular fraction of the suspension in the foam network is the other key parameter. Especially, the drainage can be stopped for sufficiently high fractions for certain values of lambda. This work offers promising outlook for the stability of three-phase materials

Electrokinetic phenomena in liquid foams is at a junction between two areas. On one side is the investigation of liquid foam drainage, and on the other side is electrokinetics of surface driven flow on solid-liquid interfaces. However, the electrokinetic phenomena in liquid foam films significantly lack understanding. Therefore, the novelty of the thesis is to address the mentioned gap in three stages. The outcome has potential applications in a novel separation approaches of biological molecules such as proteins and DNA. In the first stage, the electrokinetic flow of a sufficiently thick (180 μm) free liquid film was investigated using cationic and anionic surfactants by confocal micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV). The reverse of the surface charge resulted in a shift in charge of the electrical double layer at the free liquid film interface, which caused the direction of the electroosmotic velocity to reverse. In each surfactant type used, the fluid velocity profiles were measured at different depths of the free liquid film (different z-planes). It was found how the fluid velocity varied with depth. Numerical simulations of the electroosmotic flow in the same system were also performed using Finite Element Method to understand the flow dynamics. A reasonably good agreement was found between the numerical simulations and the experimental results validating the model. In the second stage, instead of flow visualisation particles, rhodamine B (RB) and fluorescein isocyanate (FICT) dye were added to the free liquid film. Under the initial conditions of pH 7.2, RB is a neutral dye, and FICT has a -2 charge. Under an imposed electric field pH variations were detected and an interesting flow profile was observed. The CFD model developed earlier (stage one) was modified to include the local pH variation. The behaviour of the simulated pH had a good agreement with the behaviour of the FICT. Further confirmation of local pH variation was undertaken using extra new experiments which also showed a good agreed with the simulation. In the third stage, a liquid foam electrokinetic separation chamber was designed to extend the study to include practical applications. The first challenge was to achieve a stable foam under external electric field. A polymer-surfactant mixture can solve the stability problem. However, the mixture of polymers required an alkaline pH (>9) condition for the polymer mixture to be soluble in the aqueous system. Lectin and tetramethylrhodamine goat anti-rabbit (IgG) protein mixture with different molecular mass to charge ratio (50 kDa and 150 kDa) were injected near the anode. The system was monitored in three location: (a) in a vicinity of the injection region, (b) between the two electrodes and (c) in a vicinity of the cathode. In the region (a), a decay of the luminescence intensity of the fluorescein of the two proteins was noted with varying rate. In region (b), an increase followed by a decrease in fluorescein intensity of the proteins was observed again at a varying rate. In region (c), an increase of the dye concentration was observed and again at a different rate. The observed difference was caused by difference of the electrophoretic velocity of the two proteins. The setup proved that proteins could be separated based on their electrophoretic mobility inside a liquid foam. The findings from the thesis show the ability to manipulate fluid flow within a free liquid film, and inside a liquid foam system by an external DC electric field, is not only interesting academically but has potential application in a novel separation approach of biological molecules and beyond. The result show, with the correct surfactant formulation, it possible to make a stable foam under an electric field which can be set up for separation of proteins using foam electrokinetics.

Current problems on the interaction of complex liquids (i.e. droplets or foams) with complex surfaces (i.e. soft deformable or porous surfaces) are addressed in the following areas: (1) wetting of deformable substrates and surface forces, (2) kinetics of wetting and spreading of non-Newtonian liquids over porous substrates, (3) kinetics of spreading of non-Newtonian solutions over hair, (4) free drainage of foams produced from non-Newtonian solutions, and (5) foam drainage placed on porous substrates. Equilibrium of liquid droplets on deformable substrates was investigated and the effect of disjoining pressure action in the vicinity of the apparent three phase contact line was taken into account. It was proven that the deformation of soft solids is determined by the action of surface forces inside the transition zone. Spreading/imbibition of blood, which is a power law shear thinning non-Newtonian liquid, over a dry porous layer was investigated from both theoretical and experimental points of view. It was found that blood droplet spreading/imbibition over porous substrates shows two different behaviours: (i) partial wetting case with three subsequent stages: initial fast spreading, constant maximum droplet base and the shrinkage of the droplet base; (ii) complete wetting case with only two stages: initial fast spreading and the shrinkage of the droplet base. The wetting of hair tresses by aqueous solutions of two commercially available polymers, AculynTM 22 (A22) and AculynTM 33 (A33) was investigated experimentally. Both A22 and A33 solutions demonstrate well pronounced shear thinning behaviour. Initial contact angle of the A22 and A33 solutions on hair tresses was about 100o. The A22 droplets remained on the hair tress after spreading for at least half an hour. However, a fast penetration of the A33 droplets inside the hair tresses was observed when advancing contact angle in the course of spreading reached a critical value of about 60o. This could be explained by Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition which is caused by filling the pores inside the porous media by liquid. The influence of non-Newtonian rheology of A22 and A33 solutions on foam drainage was also investigated experimentally and a new theory of foam drainage was presented for the case of free drainage. For lowly viscous polymeric solutions and under the assumption of rigid surface of the Plateau border, the predicted values of the time evolution of the foam height and liquid content were in good agreement with the experimental data. However, in the case of highly viscous solutions an interfacial mobility at the surface of the Plateau border has to be taken into account. A completely new theory of foam drainage placed on porous substrate was developed. It was found that there are three different regimes of the process: (i) a rapid imbibition, the imbibition into the porous substrate dominates as compared with the foam drainage; (ii) an intermediate imbibition, that is, the imbibition into the porous substrate and the rate of drainage are comparable; (iii) a slow imbibition, the rate of drainage inside the foam is higher than the imbibition into the porous substrate for a period of time and a free liquid layer is formed over the porous substrate.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-06T10:25:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VALDÊNIA DE SOUSA PORTO - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2016.pdf: 3526742 bytes, checksum: fea218c4b8700fd8dd39f8848fdeda24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-06T10:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALDÊNIA DE SOUSA PORTO - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2016.pdf: 3526742 bytes, checksum: fea218c4b8700fd8dd39f8848fdeda24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / Capes / A preocupação da sociedade com a preservação do meio ambiente vem aumentando progressivamente ao longo dos anos. A população tem se voltado para os conceitos de sustentabilidade, e, dessa forma, vários segmentos ligados à ciência e à tecnologia vêm buscando alternativas para controlar ou minimizar danos causados pelo consumo indiscriminado de matéria-prima natural e energia, além do alto volume de resíduos gerados. Diante dessa premissa, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a possibilidade de utilização do resíduo de vidro de lâmpada fluorescente na composição de uma cerâmica porosa celular. Para a realização da pesquisa, as matérias-primas (argila, alumina e resíduo de vidro de lâmpada) foram submetidas aos seguintes ensaios de caracterização: Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raio-X (EDX), Análise Granulométrica (AG), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA) e Termogravimetria (TG). Foram formuladas três composições de massa cerâmica porosa com diferentes proporções de argila, alumina e, posteriormente, adicionados 5%, 7% e 10% de resíduo de vidro de lâmpada fluorescente. Para conhecer as propriedades reológicas, as suspensões foram preparadas com 72% de sólido e 28% de água destilada; para as medições de viscosidade aparente, utilizou-se o silicato de sódio de 1,2g.ml-1. O processo de conformação utilizado foi o método da réplica. Os resultados sugerem a possibilidade de reutilização de resíduos de vidro de lâmpadas fluorescentes na espuma cerâmica para a composição 1, contendo 50% de argila, 40% de alumina e 10% de resíduo de lâmpada fluorescente na temperatura de queima de 1250oC, e, para a composição 2, com 43% de argila, 50% de alumina e 7% de resíduo de vidro e lâmpada fluorescente na temperatura de queima de 1300oC. Isso mostra que as peças apresentaram melhor desempenho mecânico do que as composições sem o resíduo vítreo, trazendo, assim, um benefício tecnológico e ambiental. / The concern of society with preservation of environment has been increasing steadily over the years. People have turned to concepts of sustainability and thus various segments related to science and technology have been seeking alternatives to control or minimize damage caused by the indiscriminate use of natural raw materials and energy, besides high volume of waste generated. From this premise, the objective of the research was to study the possibility of using the fluorescent lamp glass residues in cell porous ceramic composition. For conducting the survey, the raw materials (clay, alumina and glass lamp residue) were subjected to the following characterization tests: Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy X-ray (EDX), Sieve Analysis (AG)-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG). Three porous ceramic mass compositions were formulated with different ratios of clay, alumina; then, it was added 5%, 7% and 10% of fluorescent lamp glass residue. To know the rheological properties, the slurries were prepared with 72% solid and 28% distilled water, for apparent viscosity measurements, it was used the sodium silicate 1,2g.ml-1. The forming process used was the replica method. The forming process used was the replica method. The results suggest the possibility of reuse of fluorescent lamps glass waste in the ceramic foam to the composition 1, that contains 50% of clay, 40% of alumina and 10% of fluorescent lamp residue in a burn temperature of 1250°C; and to the composition 2, with 43% of clay, 50% of alumina and 7% of fluorescent lamp glass residue on burn temperature of 1300°C. This shows that the parts have better mechanical performance than compositions without the glassy residue, what brings a technological and environmental benefit.

Avaliar a qualidade de colchões de espuma flexível de poliuretano que condiz com o bem de consumo destinado ao repouso humano, constituído, parcial ou integralmente, por lâminas flexíveis de poliuretano, devidamente revestido. Existem normas para confecção, densidade, deformação permanente à compressão, teor de cinzas, dentre outras, para que os fabricantes e importadores de colchões mantenham a mesma qualidade dos produtos oferecidos ao consumidor. Estas normas são regidas pela ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, onde esta faz referências a todos os itens normalizados que o colchão precisa ter para poder ser comercializado dentro do território nacional. Desta forma vem se tornando cada vez mais importante o conhecimento da incerteza de medição em todas as áreas de ensaios experimentais. Este trabalho visa estudar a incerteza de medição no levantamento do comportamento em indentação pós fadiga da espuma para colchões e colchonetes de espuma flexível de poliuretano. Embora existam diversas normas e códigos sobre a análise estatística dos resultados obtidos em fadiga, eles avaliam apenas a dispersão no número de ciclos para a falha, não considerando fatores como as fontes de incerteza das tensões aplicadas, da máquina de ensaios utilizada, entre outros. A metodologia de ensaio está baseada nas normas NBR 9176 [ABNT, 2003g], NBR 9177 [ABNT, 2003h] e NBR 13579-1 [ABNT, 2011], onde estas relatam o passo a passo dos ensaios realizados, inclusive o número de corpos de prova a serem utilizados. Os resultados de incerteza obtidos nos ensaios foram de até 6% sendo que os mesmos não devem ultrapassar um máximo de 8%, conforme acordos entre laboratórios que realizam tais ensaios, bem como a expectativa de resultados do LCQ – Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade do SENAI. / Assessing the quality of foam mattresses flexible polyurethane matches that is the consumer goods used for human home, consisting, in part or in full by flexible polyurethane blades, properly coated. There are rules for making, density, compressive permanent deformation, ash content, among others, for manufacturers and importers of mattresses maintain the same quality of products offered to consumers. These rules are governed by ABNT - Brazilian Association of Technical Standards, where it makes references to all the standard items that the mattress need to be marketed within the territory. This way is becoming increasingly important to know the uncertainty of measurement in all areas of experimental trials. This work aims to study the uncertainty of measurement in the survey of post-indentation fatigue behavior of foam mattresses and mats of flexible polyurethane foam. Although there are various standards and codes on the statistical analysis of results in fatigue, they only assess the dispersion in the number of cycles to failure, considering factors such as the sources of uncertainty of the applied voltages, the testing machine used, among others. The test methodology is based on the NBR 9176 [ABNT, 2003g], NBR 9177 [ABNT, 2003h] and NBR 13579-1 [ABNT, 2011], where they report a walkthrough of the tests, including the number of specimens to be used. The results of uncertainty obtained was up 6% and that they should not exceed a maximum of 8%, according to agreements between laboratories performing such tests and the expected results of the LCQ - Laboratory Quality Control SENAI.

Cette thèse a pour objet de contribuer au développement du procédé de dépollution des eaux usées industrielles par ozonation catalytique hétérogène mettant en oeuvre un catalyseur poudre breveté, déposé sur des mousses de différents matériaux. Pour cela, une molécule modèle réfractaire, l'acide succinique a été ozonée en présence de catalyseur dans un réacteur lors d'expériences au cours desquelles plusieurs paramètres d'importance pour l'efficacité du procédé ont été modifiés (localisation du catalyseur, configuration du réacteur, introduction d'ozone...).Dans un premier temps la cinétique réactionnelle a été déterminée en faisant varier les concentrations initiales en acide succinique et en catalyseur.Par la suite, l'influence de la localisation du catalyseur supporté au sein du système réactionnel et du mode d'introduction de l'ozone gaz a été étudiée.La variation du temps de séjour de la solution par variation d'une part du débit d'entrée et d'autre part du volume de solution dans le système a permis (i) la confirmation de la loi cinétique et (ii) la détermination d'un volume limite à partir duquel l'efficacité de la réaction est affectée.Les résultats obtenus ont aboutis à la proposition d'un mécanisme d'ozonation catalytique hétérogène en plusieurs étapes et à la définition de paramètres de dimensionnement en vue d'une application industrielle. / This study aims at developing an industrial wastewater treatment process based on heterogeneous catalytic ozonation implementing a patented powder catalyst stuck on stainless steel and ceramic foam. A refractory model compound, succinic acid, was chosen to be ozonated in the presence of the catalyst while different operating parameters were varied.Kinetic of the catalytic reaction was determined varying initial concentrations of succinic acid and catalyst.The influence of solid catalyst within the reaction system and of the way of introduction of ozone gas was also investigated.The variation of the solution Hydraulic Retention Time through (i) inlet flow rate variation and (ii) volume of solution in the reaction system variation, allowed the confirmation of the kinetic law and the determination of a threshold volume below which the reaction efficiency decreased.The results obtained allowed the proposition of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation mechanism comprising several steps and the definition of design parameters.

Espumas de alumínio são materiais de estrutura porosa que combinam as propriedades de materiais celulares com as dos materiais metálicos. A espuma metálica, com porosidade acima de 70%, pode ser obtida principalmente pela via “metal líquido” e via “metalurgia do pó”. Este trabalho visa uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento da produção de espumas de alumínio via Metalurgia do Pó (MP), inédita no Brasil. Busca-se estudar e definir os parâmetros para produzir a espuma de alumínio e estruturas sanduíche através do processo de MP e por fim conhecer o seu comportamento mecânico. É proposta, também, uma otimização do processo, pois, atualmente, a etapa de compactação do pó ocorre através do processo de extrusão, ou compactação a quente ou laminação, ou ainda a combinação desses. Para definir os parâmetros do processo foi estudada a condição de mistura, além da proporção do pó de alumínio e o agente expansor (TiH2). Foram estudadas as condições do processo de espumagem variando temperatura e tempo. A partir desses resultados foram obtidas as estruturas sanduíche, sendo que o foco foi tubos metálicos de aço preenchidos por espuma de alumínio. Posteriormente, foi estudado o comportamento mecânico da espuma e dos tubos preenchidos com espuma através dos ensaios de compressão e flexão. Os resultados das propriedades das espuma foram comparados com as propriedades previstas através de equações propostas por Ashby et. al.. Os resultados indicam a real possibilidade de realizar apenas a compactação axial a frio do pó metálico, atingindo densidade superior a 95% do material denso com 450 MPa de pressão de compactação. O processo de mistura dos pós mais adequado foi o realizado em misturador convencional do tipo “duplo V” por 2 horas, obtendo uma boa homogeneidade. A condição mais adequada de obtenção de espuma foi com a proporção de mistura de 1,0% de TiH2, com espumagem em 710oC por 10 minutos. Os ensaios mecânicos mostraram que os tubos preenchidos com espuma de alumínio apresentam um aumento considerável nas propriedades. / Aluminum foams are materials of porous structure that combine the properties of cell material with those of metallic materials. The metal foam, with porosity above 70%, can be achieved mainly by the "liquid metal route" and by "powder metallurgy". This study aims to contribute to the development of aluminum foam production by powder metallurgy process (PM), unprecedented in Brazil. The objective is to study and define the parameters for producing aluminum foam and sandwich structures by the process of PM, and understand its mechanical behavior. It is proposed also a process optimization, since nowadays the powder compaction phase takes place by the process of extrusion, hot compression or rolling, or even a combination of these. To establish the process parameters, the condition of mixing was studied, as well as the amount of aluminum and blowing agent (TiH2) powder. Were also studied the foaming process conditions by varying the temperature and time. From these results were obtained the sandwich structures, being the focus on steel metal tubes filled with aluminum foam. Subsequently, it was studied the mechanical behavior of the foam and the tubes filled with foam through bending and compression tests. The results of the properties of the foam were compared with the properties predicted by equations proposed by Ashby et. al .. The results showed real possibility to perform only cold axial compression of the metal powder, reaching a density greater than 95% with 450 MPa of compaction pressure. The most adequate mixing of the powders process was carried out in a conventional mixer such as "double V" for 2 hours to give a good homogeneity. The best condition for obtaining foam was with the mixing amount of 1.0% TiH2, with foaming at 710oC for 10 minutes. The mechanical tests showed that the tubes filled with aluminum foam present a considerable increase in the properties.

O estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o terceiro maior produtor de pedras preciosas do Brasil, atrás apenas de Minas Gerais e da Bahia, destacando-se a produção de ágatas na região de Salto do Jacuí. Na lavra e beneficiamento são produzidos grandes quantidades de resíduos que estão a espera de destino e utilização ambientalmente correta. De modo específico, este trabalho avaliou a possibilidade de utilização do resíduo de ágata rolada na fabricação de blocos de concreto celular espumígeno (BCCE), utilizados como blocos de vedação na construção civil. Adicionalmente, desenvolveu-se uma mistura de dois agentes espumígenos provenientes de ácidos graxos de coco, como agente incorporador de ar, pela adição de espuma pré-formada. A metodologia de produção foi baseada no modelo de produção dos blocos de uma pequena indústria na Região de Passo Fundo/RS, que produz e comercializa BCCE. Em um estudo prévio de bancada, foram estudadas a composição da espuma, a granulometria do resíduo, o teor de água e o tempo de mistura. Os materiais componentes do BCCE são resíduo de sílica de pedras roladas de ágatas (SiO2 - 92,5%), espuma preparada com ácidos graxos de coco, água de qualidade potável e cimento como agente aglomerante. Nos testes de bancada, foram confeccionados 36 corpos de prova, em forma cilíndrica, de tamanho 50 mm de diâmetro por 100 mm de altura, com diferentes volumes de ar incorporado, divididos em três grupos. As amostras foram deixadas durante 28 dias à temperatura ambiente, em processo de cura, e após foram analisados quanto à resistência à compressão, densidade e distribuição das bolhas de ar. Os resultados foram avaliados pela Análise de Variância e demonstraram que o Grupo II apresentou densidade de 430 Kg/m3, e resistência de 0,92 MPa. Este resultado está próximo do atendimento aos requisitos da norma para classe de resistência de < 400 Kg/cm3 (NBR 13438, 2013). / The state of Rio Grande do Sul is the third largest producer of gemstones in Brazil, only losing to the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, and agate production stands out in the region of Salto do Jacuí. Great amounts of waste, which are waiting for environmentally correct destination and use, are produced in mining and processing. Particularly, this study assessed the potential use of rolling waste of agates in civil construction, and the manufacturing of foam concrete blocks as a full substitute for sand. Additionally, a mixture was made of two foaming agents derived from coconut fatty acids as air-developer agent, and as hydraulic binder the Portland CP V ARI-RS cement. The production methodology was based on the production model of the blocks in a small industry, which produces and sells foam concrete blocks in the region of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. In a previous bench study the parameters foam composition, residue granulometry, water content, and mix time were adequate and later replicated industrially. The materials composing foam concrete blocks are rolled agate stones silica (SiO2 – 92.5%), foam from coconut fatty acids, fresh water, and cement as binder. In bench tests, 36 cylindrical specimens were produced, with 50 mm of diameter and 100 mm of height, with different volumes of incorporated air, divided into three groups. The samples were kept at room temperature for 28 days with healing process, and after that, the resistance to compression, density, and air bubbles distribution were analyzed. Results were assessed by Analysis of Variance, and showed that Group II presented density of 430 Kg/m3 and resistance of 0.92 MPa. This result is close to meeting the requirements of the norm for resistance class of < 400 Kg/cm3 (NBR 13438, 2013).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The size and persistence of the bubbles is one of the characteristics pursued by consumers of sparkling wine. The perlage is closely linked to nitrogen products, usually proteins of low molecular weight. Furthermore, bentonite and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) are glues used both in cleaning up the base wine and the sparkling wines, in other words, the fermentation in bottles, and can even drag from the liquid the phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of these two clarifiers upon the perlage, a synonym for this type of wine quality. So sparkling wines were prepared, using nine treatments and three replications; the amount of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and bentonite varied in each treatment and also a blank was made. It was analyzed total nitrogen, through Micro-Kjedahl, carbon dioxide, total phenols, oxygen, time that perlage lasts and some other classical physical-chemistry compounds. It was found that polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and bentonite additions were crucial to control turbidity of the sparkling wines; it was noted a decrease in total nitrogen when using increasing of both clarifiers. The treatments with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone alone reduced more the amounts of phenolic compounds when compared with those treated only with bentonite. This fait confirmed a higuer bounding between polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and phenols than between bentonite and phenols. The clarification reduced the time that perlage lasted in a direct relationship with the decrease of total nitrogen. Some treatments did not show a relation between carbon dioxide and perlage; perhaps the temperature that the sparkling wine was poured in the cup, the difference among the glass walls of the different cups or yet, the residues in the glass (from soap etc.) caused different sites of nucleation. / O tamanho e persistência das bolhas é uma das características buscadas pelos consumidores de vinhos espumantes. Esta perlage está intimamente ligada a produtos nitrogenados, geralmente proteínas de baixo peso molecular. Por outro lado, bentonite e polivinilpolipirrolidona (PVPP) são colas usadas tanto na limpeza do vinho base quanto na limpeza do vinho espumante propriamente dito, ou seja, na fermentação em garrafas, podendo ainda, arrastar compostos fenólicos do meio. O intuito desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ação destes dois clarificantes frente à perlage, sinônimo de qualidade deste tipo de vinho. Para isto foram elaborados vinhos espumantes, constituindo 9 tratamentos e 3 repetições, onde foram variadas as quantidades de cada clarificante, interagindo ou não em um mesmo tratamento, havendo ainda um tratamento controle sem a adição de ambos clarificantes. Foi efetuado um estudo da quantificação de nitrogênio total, através do método Micro-Kjedahl, análise de dióxido de carbono, compostos fenólicos totais, oxigênio, tempo de perlage e algumas análises físico-químicas clássicas que caracterizaram o produto. Notou-se que a adição de bentonite e polivinilpolipirrolidona foi primordial para controlar o processo de turvação dos espumantes, pois, verificou-se uma diminuição do teor de nitrogênio total a partir do aumento das doses das colas. Observou-se também que, os tratamentos com adição de polivinilpolipirrolidona reduziram o teor de compostos fenólicos totais em comparação aos que foram adicionados somente com bentonite, confirmando a capacidade de ligação mais íntima entre polivinilpolipirrolidona e fenóis que bentonite e fenóis. A clarificação reduziu o tempo de perlage em relação direta à diminuição da quantidade de nitrogênio total dos tratamentos. Em relação ao dióxido de carbono, notou-se que, em alguns tratamentos não ocorreu uma correlação entre a concentração de dióxido de carbono e a perlage. Talvez a temperatura de serviço do líquido, a diferença entre as paredes de vidro das diferenças taças ou restos de resíduos na taça gerado por detergente, tenha ocasionando distintos sítios de nucleação.

O estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o terceiro maior produtor de pedras preciosas do Brasil, atrás apenas de Minas Gerais e da Bahia, destacando-se a produção de ágatas na região de Salto do Jacuí. Na lavra e beneficiamento são produzidos grandes quantidades de resíduos que estão a espera de destino e utilização ambientalmente correta. De modo específico, este trabalho avaliou a possibilidade de utilização do resíduo de ágata rolada na fabricação de blocos de concreto celular espumígeno (BCCE), utilizados como blocos de vedação na construção civil. Adicionalmente, desenvolveu-se uma mistura de dois agentes espumígenos provenientes de ácidos graxos de coco, como agente incorporador de ar, pela adição de espuma pré-formada. A metodologia de produção foi baseada no modelo de produção dos blocos de uma pequena indústria na Região de Passo Fundo/RS, que produz e comercializa BCCE. Em um estudo prévio de bancada, foram estudadas a composição da espuma, a granulometria do resíduo, o teor de água e o tempo de mistura. Os materiais componentes do BCCE são resíduo de sílica de pedras roladas de ágatas (SiO2 - 92,5%), espuma preparada com ácidos graxos de coco, água de qualidade potável e cimento como agente aglomerante. Nos testes de bancada, foram confeccionados 36 corpos de prova, em forma cilíndrica, de tamanho 50 mm de diâmetro por 100 mm de altura, com diferentes volumes de ar incorporado, divididos em três grupos. As amostras foram deixadas durante 28 dias à temperatura ambiente, em processo de cura, e após foram analisados quanto à resistência à compressão, densidade e distribuição das bolhas de ar. Os resultados foram avaliados pela Análise de Variância e demonstraram que o Grupo II apresentou densidade de 430 Kg/m3, e resistência de 0,92 MPa. Este resultado está próximo do atendimento aos requisitos da norma para classe de resistência de < 400 Kg/cm3 (NBR 13438, 2013). / The state of Rio Grande do Sul is the third largest producer of gemstones in Brazil, only losing to the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, and agate production stands out in the region of Salto do Jacuí. Great amounts of waste, which are waiting for environmentally correct destination and use, are produced in mining and processing. Particularly, this study assessed the potential use of rolling waste of agates in civil construction, and the manufacturing of foam concrete blocks as a full substitute for sand. Additionally, a mixture was made of two foaming agents derived from coconut fatty acids as air-developer agent, and as hydraulic binder the Portland CP V ARI-RS cement. The production methodology was based on the production model of the blocks in a small industry, which produces and sells foam concrete blocks in the region of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. In a previous bench study the parameters foam composition, residue granulometry, water content, and mix time were adequate and later replicated industrially. The materials composing foam concrete blocks are rolled agate stones silica (SiO2 – 92.5%), foam from coconut fatty acids, fresh water, and cement as binder. In bench tests, 36 cylindrical specimens were produced, with 50 mm of diameter and 100 mm of height, with different volumes of incorporated air, divided into three groups. The samples were kept at room temperature for 28 days with healing process, and after that, the resistance to compression, density, and air bubbles distribution were analyzed. Results were assessed by Analysis of Variance, and showed that Group II presented density of 430 Kg/m3 and resistance of 0.92 MPa. This result is close to meeting the requirements of the norm for resistance class of < 400 Kg/cm3 (NBR 13438, 2013).