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published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

The purpose of this research study was to test the validity of three diet analysis programs — Food Processor, Diet Analysis Plus 7.0 Online, and NutritionData.com — by comparing results of each program to the nutrient data from an independent food science lab for menu items served at Pizza King, Inc. restaurants.NutritionData.com had a slightly higher positive correlation, as well as more nutrient values within 10% of the chemical analyses, than ESHAs Food Processor. However, due to several ancillary factors (e.g., limited data base, inability to save laboratory-obtained data into a permanent database, and the minimal cost for the program for a company the size of Pizza King), this researcher has recommended ESHA Food Processor to Pizza King for the current and future analyses of their menu items. Diet Analysis Plus 7.0 Online could not be tested because the program did not generate analyzable results. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The manipulation of nature using modern biotechnology has resulted in the creation of Genetically Modified (GM) foods. There are states already enacting laws requiring the mandatory labeling of GM foods so that consumers can make informed choices as to what food to eat. However, on the flip side, the mandatory labeling of GM foods can also constitute non-tariff barriers as it can impose burdens on states that export GM foods. How should these two interests be balanced? This thesis takes the ambitious challenge of exploring whether the mandatory labeling of GM foods enacted under the government's protection of the consumers' right to information regarding what food to consume is consistent with the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework, particularly the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (MT Agreement). This thesis holds the view that the WTO, an international organization established to promote trade liberalization, can incorporate protection of consumers' interests by including it within to the interpretation of "legitimate objective" contained in Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Rather, the heart of problem lies in the threshold setting of exempting mandatory labeling. In particular, the dispersed threshold should be adjusted hi order to solve this issue, this thesis contends that both the TBT Committee and the dispute settlement system should be utilized.

"Seeing that consuming a healthy diet is an important step in preventing (or limiting) overweight and obesity, it is important for health policy making to establish aids by which consumers can make more informed choices. This thesis focuses on how the information provided to consumers could help them make choices towards more healthy diets. The different nutrition labelling strategies regulated by law include the nutrition information table (which provides the nutrition properties of the food, such as the calorie, sugar, salt and fat content, but also includes the ingredient list) as well as the use of nutrition claims (statements indicating the amount of a specific nutrient in a product, such as “high in fiber”) as well as other types of claims such as Organic or Fairtrade labelling. These types of labelling are relatively new, and for example, nutrition information labelling has been mandatory only as of December 2016. Many questions remain about how these labelling strategies are truly used and understood by consumers, and how they could aid in the choice for healthier foods. Indeed, there is an increasing emphasis on understanding the consumer’s motives for choosing food. Moreover, one’s food-related personal traits likely play a moderating role in food choice. That is why this thesis focusses on how the different information labelling strategies are used and understood by consumers, and if this is impacted by different interpersonal traits, such as food-related involvement, but also numeracy and moral satisfaction. In this thesis, first two theoretical concepts that are crucial for the understanding of this work will be explained: the notion of food-related involvement and the notion of nutrition labelling. After these two theoretical chapters, the empirical research will be discussed. First a quantitative study about the nutrition information table will be discussed. Then a study on nutrition claims, and how these may impact the choice for vegetables for different levels of processing will be discussed. After this, we will discuss how other labelling strategies such as organic and Fairtrade labelling impact food choice. And finally, after these quantitative studies, we will then turn to a mixed methods study in order to understand how consumers make sense of all these different labelling strategies together, and if, when and how consumers (with different levels of food-related involvement) use and understand them." / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Objective. The objective of the current study was to evaluate critical nutrients of industrialized foods and compare them with the technical parameters established in the Peruvian regulations, in its two stages of implementation, referring to front-of-package labeling before the beginning of its validity in June 2019. Methods. Cross-sectional study in which the critical nutrients of sodium, total sugar, saturated fat and transfat were analyzed from data declared in the nutritional labels of 511 processed and ultra-processed foods that were part of the products purchased for the consumption of 88 families of students from one private university in Lima. The technical parameters used to evaluate the critical nutrients are those established in the Regulation of Law 30021. All analyses were carried out with Excel and SPSS version 21, Student’s t-statistics and McNemar’s test were used. Results. 79 processed foods and 432 ultra-processed foods were analyzed. Of the total processed and ultra-processed products evaluated, it was found that for sodium 14.3% and 37.2% respectively exceeded the parameters in the first and second stages established in the regulations; for sugar 54.2% and 62.6%; while for saturated fats 52.8% and 59.5%, respectively. Solid foods are those that will have the greatest changes in front labeling between the first and second stages of implementation, unlike liquids that without changing the composition of their products, their front labeling would not vary significantly. Conclusions. The saturated fat present in solid products (processed and ultra-processed), exceeds the parameters in both stages of implementation in most products. Of the foods compared, regardless of type and category, the critical nutrient sugar was the one that was highly present in most of the products evaluated for the first and second stages of implementation. / Revisión por pares

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本研究探討深思的可能性模型（Elaboration Likelihood Model）在設計推廣使用營養標籤的廣告中的適用性。香港的一所中學的169位學生參與了一個2 x 2 x 3（健康意識：高vs. 低 x 論據：數據 vs. 經驗 x 代言人：專家vs. 名人 vs. 普通人）的實驗。 部分假設得到支持。 健康意識的主效果明顯。 具有較高健康意識的青少年更易被廣告說服。 健康意識和代言人具有交叉效應。對於健康意識較高的人來說，營養師更有說服力， 而對於健康意識較低的人來說，名人更有影響力。論據和代言人的搭配影響了資訊的處理路徑。如果以數據為主的論據是由普通人提供的，則更易推動青少年使用營養標籤。而如果以個人經驗為主的論據是由名人提供的，則更有效。統計結果將在深思的可能性模型下得以展開討論。 本文還會對開展針對青少年的公共健康傳播運動提出建議。 / This study tested the utility of the Elaboration Likelihood Model in creating effective Public Service Announcements (PSAs) of nutrition label use. Students (N=169) from a secondary school in Hong Kong participated in a 2x2x3 (Health consciousness: High vs. Low x Argument: Informational vs. Testimonial x Source: Expert vs. Celebrity vs. Ordinary Person) factorial design experiment. Hypotheses were partially supported. Main effect was located for health consciousness. Adolescents with high health consciousness were more persuaded by the PSAs. There was an interaction effect between health consciousness and source. A dietitian as the source was most persuasive to people with high health consciousness, while low health conscious people were most influenced by a celebrity. The information processing route was biased by the match of argument and source. Informative argument made by an ordinary person was more likely to motivate adolescents to use nutrition label, while testimonial argument made by a celebrity was the most effective. The findings are discussed in light of ELM and match-up hypotheses. Recommendations are also offered for public health communication campaigns. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Dong, Zhuowen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-84). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Content --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Publicity Campaign of Nutrition Labelling Scheme in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Adolescent and Nutrition Label (NL) --- p.3 / Significance of the Research --- p.4 / Organization of Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.9 / Adolescents and Preventive Health Behavior --- p.9 / Health Consciousness --- p.10 / Information Processing of Adolescents --- p.12 / Informative or Testimonial Argument --- p.13 / Expert vs. Celebrity vs. Ordinary person --- p.15 / Source credibility --- p.20 / Initial attitude --- p.24 / Self-efficacy --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Theoretical Framework --- p.28 / The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Research questions and Hypothesis --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Methodology --- p.39 / Subjects and Design --- p.40 / Procedure --- p.40 / Materials and Manipulations --- p.41 / Independent variables --- p.44 / Dependent variables --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Results --- p.49 / Health Consciousness Assessment --- p.49 / General results --- p.49 / Covariate --- p.56 / Predictors of Behavioral Intention --- p.56 / Hypothesis Testing and Answers to Research Questions --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Implication --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- Limitation and Direction for Future research --- p.69 / References --- p.72 / Lists of Appendices / Chapter Appendix A --- :Experiment Questionnaire --- p.85 / Chapter Appendix B --- :Experiment Masterial--- PSA --- p.87 / Chapter Appendix C --- :Experiment Masterial--- PSA --- p.88 / Chapter Appendix D --- :Experiment Masterial--- PSA --- p.89 / Chapter Appendix E --- :Experiment Masterial--- PSA --- p.90 / Chapter Appendix F --- :Experiment Masterial--- PSA --- p.91 / Chapter Appendix G --- :A Proposed PSA of Nutrition Labels --- p.92

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the subjective and objective food label knowledge of consumers from Potchefstroom (South Africa) and Fayetteville (Arkansas, USA), therefore in a developing and developed country context. The question was asked whether the knowledge of consumers in such contexts differed and whether consumers’ demographics are associated with their food label knowledge. No specific research on food label knowledge has been done in a comparative context between a developing and developed country previously. A quantitative study using purposive sampling was conducted among respondents in these contexts by means of interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The total study sample (N = 713) included respondents from South Africa (a developing country) and the United States of America (a developed country) with specific reference to respondents from Potchefstroom (n = 400) and Fayetteville (n = 313). The researcher strived to include respondents from each ethnic, demographic, gender and age group. No differences were found regarding respondents’ subjective knowledge (SK) of food labels. With respect to respondents from Potchefstroom and Fayetteville, practically significant differences regarding objective knowledge (OK) were found only within the factors of locating information (OK-L) and manipulating information (OK-M) with a similar pattern for symbol information (OK-S), although respondents from Fayetteville had higher mean scores for OK-L, OK-M and OK-S, which indicates that respondents from Fayetteville were more knowledgeable on these factors than respondents from Potchefstroom. Within the study populations, better OK was only observed among respondents from Potchefstroom who were young and well educated, whereas respondents from Fayetteville had high levels of knowledge regardless of demographic variables. It was observed that respondents from Potchefstroom were not as knowledgeable (OK-L, OK-M and OK-S) as respondents from Fayetteville. The results from this study serve as evidence for a need to improve food label knowledge in the Potchefstroom context, and raise the question about similar needs in other developing countries. It can be concluded that educational efforts should be developed and implemented to increase objective food label knowledge among consumers from developing country contexts, as OK may have an impact on health. Development of consumer education programmes should focus on the vulnerabilities identified with regard to age and education groups as well as the problems identified regarding label and symbol information provided, whereby consumers might acquire optimal food label knowledge to use these labels for improved decision-making and health. This research about food label knowledge in South Africa and the United States of America, may serve as a foundation for future studies to be conducted in developing and developed country contexts. This might result in a better understanding about factors that contribute to consumers’ confusion, distrust and lack of understanding of food label information, which may hinder food label knowledge in developing country contexts. Demographic, label-reading and health-related factors that may contribute to increased knowledge could also be further explored in addressing specific needs among particular groups in developing country contexts regarding their food label knowledge. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the subjective and objective food label knowledge of consumers from Potchefstroom (South Africa) and Fayetteville (Arkansas, USA), therefore in a developing and developed country context. The question was asked whether the knowledge of consumers in such contexts differed and whether consumers’ demographics are associated with their food label knowledge. No specific research on food label knowledge has been done in a comparative context between a developing and developed country previously. A quantitative study using purposive sampling was conducted among respondents in these contexts by means of interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The total study sample (N = 713) included respondents from South Africa (a developing country) and the United States of America (a developed country) with specific reference to respondents from Potchefstroom (n = 400) and Fayetteville (n = 313). The researcher strived to include respondents from each ethnic, demographic, gender and age group. No differences were found regarding respondents’ subjective knowledge (SK) of food labels. With respect to respondents from Potchefstroom and Fayetteville, practically significant differences regarding objective knowledge (OK) were found only within the factors of locating information (OK-L) and manipulating information (OK-M) with a similar pattern for symbol information (OK-S), although respondents from Fayetteville had higher mean scores for OK-L, OK-M and OK-S, which indicates that respondents from Fayetteville were more knowledgeable on these factors than respondents from Potchefstroom. Within the study populations, better OK was only observed among respondents from Potchefstroom who were young and well educated, whereas respondents from Fayetteville had high levels of knowledge regardless of demographic variables. It was observed that respondents from Potchefstroom were not as knowledgeable (OK-L, OK-M and OK-S) as respondents from Fayetteville. The results from this study serve as evidence for a need to improve food label knowledge in the Potchefstroom context, and raise the question about similar needs in other developing countries. It can be concluded that educational efforts should be developed and implemented to increase objective food label knowledge among consumers from developing country contexts, as OK may have an impact on health. Development of consumer education programmes should focus on the vulnerabilities identified with regard to age and education groups as well as the problems identified regarding label and symbol information provided, whereby consumers might acquire optimal food label knowledge to use these labels for improved decision-making and health. This research about food label knowledge in South Africa and the United States of America, may serve as a foundation for future studies to be conducted in developing and developed country contexts. This might result in a better understanding about factors that contribute to consumers’ confusion, distrust and lack of understanding of food label information, which may hinder food label knowledge in developing country contexts. Demographic, label-reading and health-related factors that may contribute to increased knowledge could also be further explored in addressing specific needs among particular groups in developing country contexts regarding their food label knowledge. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015