Master of Science / Food Science Institute, Diagnostic Medicine Pathobiology / Justin J. Kastner / The Department of Homeland Security recognizes the Agriculture and Food Sector as a Critical Infrastructure and Key Resource—critical to the health and wealth of the United States. When food safety (i.e., unintentional) or food defense (i.e., intentional) issues arise, those in the Agriculture and Food Sector must quickly and efficiently make decisions to ensure the safety of consumers. Decision-making is an essential element in critical infrastructure protection and response. Naturalistic decision-making (NDM) explores how people make decisions in real- world settings. Eight factors characterize the task and setting in naturalistic environments and include the following: ill-structured problems; uncertain, dynamic environments; shifting, ill-defined, or competing goals; action/feedback loops; time constraints; outcome with high stakes; multiple players; and organizational goals and norms. This thesis explores whether or not food safety and food defense educational programs incorporate methods that help professionals make good decisions. To that end, this thesis first examines the decision-making environment in responding to incidents involving food safety and food defense. Four cases involving food safety and food defense reveal the presence of all eight factors. As these factors complicate the decision-making process, this thesis then evaluates whether or not prevailing educational programs and tools aimed at preparing for food safety and food defense issues (i.e., HACCP and CARVER plus Shock) directly address the eight factors characterizing NDM settings. This is explored by “following” a hypothetical student in a food safety and food defense course. The information presented to the student was analyzed and this analysis indicates that the eight factors characterizing NDM settings were addressed albeit to varying degrees. HACCP addresses action/feedback loops, time constraints, outcome with high stakes, and multiple players. CARVER plus Shock addresses action/feedback loops, outcome with high stakes, and multiple players. While HACCP somewhat addresses ill-structured problems and organizational goals and norms, it fails to address uncertain, dynamic environments and shifting, ill-defined, or competing goals. CARVER plus Shock somewhat addresses ill-structured problems; uncertain, dynamic environments; shifting, ill-defined, or competing goals; time constraints; and organizational goals and norms. In light of this, new approaches to training are needed to fully incorporate all eight factors.

Defesa dos alimentos ou Food Defense são técnicas desenvolvidas para a proteção e segurança do alimento sendo aplicadas em toda a cadeia produtiva. O princípio que norteia a defesa dos alimentos abrange técnicas para o controle e gestão da qualidade na indústria e técnicas de controle contra contaminação cruzada, intencional ou não. Os atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2011 desencadearam uma série de medidas protecionistas por parte dos EUA e por serem um dos principais importadores de bens de consumo mundial, impactou em todos os países que possuem transações econômicas com os EUA. Acontecimentos recentes relacionados a fraudes em alimentos têm enfatizado a importância de proteger a cadeia de suprimentos de alimentos, necessitando a coordenação de esforços para a segurança/defesa destes, oferecendo a melhor proteção possível. Por sua vez empresas que optam por ter relações comerciais com os EUA precisam atender e compreender as medidas que o país adotou para a proteção contra os ataques terroristas. Junto às medidas de defesa do alimento (Food Defense), exigências paralelas para evitar fraudes em alimentos (Food Fraud) também são exigidas. Esses atos fraudulentos também podem ocorrer devido a motivação econômica, conhecida como EMA - Economically Motivated Adulteration. As técnicas de Food Defense e Food Fraud abordadas nesse trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as possíveis formas de contaminação e adulteração nos insumos utilizados por uma indústria de pequeno porte para a produção de tempero cárneos bem como atender a nova legislação norte americana para possíveis exportações, criando um padrão de trabalho para a empresa e que possa servir de elemento replicador para outras empresas que possuem relações com os EUA. Os resultados permitiram identificar os pontos vulneráveis na fábrica e facilitaram a criação de um plano Food Defense e um plano Food Fraud no qual foram descritas as possíveis formas intencionais ou não de contaminação e adulteração em insumos utilizados pela empresa. / Food Defense are techniques developed for the protection and safety of food and are applied throughout the production chain. The guiding principle of food protection encompasses techniques for quality control and management in industry and control techniques against cross-contamination, intentional or otherwise. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2011 triggered a series of protectionist measures by the United States, one of the main importers of world consumer goods, which had an impact on all countries that have economic transactions with it. Recent events related to food fraud have emphasized the importance of protecting the food supply chain, necessitating the coordination of food security / defense efforts, offering the best protection possible. In turn, companies that choose to have commercial relations with the USA need to attend and understand the protection measures that the country has adopted to protect against terrorist attacks. Along with the Food Defense measures, parallel demands to avoid food fraud are also required. These fraudulent acts can also occur due to economic motivation (also known as EMA - Economically Motivated Adulteration). The techniques of Food Defense and Food Fraud addressed in this project have the objective of describing the possible forms of contamination and adulteration in the inputs used by a small industry to produce meat seasoning as well as to meet the new North American legislation for possible exports, creating a working standard for the company that can serve as a replicator for other companies that have relations with the USA. The results allowed to identify the vulnerabilities in the factory and facilitated the creation of a Food Defense plan and a Food Fraud plan in which were described the possible intentional or non-intentional forms of contamination and adulteration in inputs used by the company.

Master of Public Health / Public Health Interdepartmental Program / Daniel Y.C. Fung / In the military, documenting the occurrence of foodborne illnesses is a challenge. During peacetime only about ten percent of all foodborne illnesses are reported or properly diagnosed. Between 1998 and 1999, the Army had documented over 800 cases involving food or waterborne diseases. Service members are classified as highly susceptible when they are deployed or participating in extended field training exercises. Physical and emotional stress weakens the immune system, as does fatigue. These situations can be further aggravated by soldiers taking medications and/or exposed to exotic diseases or extreme environmental conditions. Thus it is very important for the United States Army to have a very good food safety, security, and protection system in place to maintain a readily deployable force. The United States Army monitors food safety, security, and defense through an extensive network of multiple organizations within and outside the army by researching from the fields of microbiology, sociology, economics, bioterrorism, etc. This network monitors food procured by the army from the source to the consumer and maintains accountability throughout the process. This report takes a look at the multiple organizations and the various strategies entailed in implementing food safety, security, and protection within the army and the entire Department of Defense. It emphasizes on some of the strategies that can be developed and applied in civilian establishments to improve the efficiency of the establishments. Such strategies include the implementation of the Prime Vendor System and the World Wide Web directory of sanitary approved sources which help to improve the ability to monitor the food with fewer personnel and also improve security and defense through solicitations and contracts. These strategies have been so effective that they are being used not only for food but for general logistics.

Acontecimentos terroristas na indústria de alimentos publicados ao longo de décadas levaram a que emergisse nos EUA o conceito de \"Food Defense\" (defesa alimentar), cujo objetivo é adotar medidas preventivas da contaminação intencional de produtos, onde indivíduos recorrem a agentes (biológicos, químicos, físicos ou radiológicos) com intenção de causar prejuízos às companhias, governos ou à população em geral. O reconhecimento da sua importância na indústria alimentar promoveu a difusão deste conceito pelas normas certificáveis como a FSSC 22.000 e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas como o software CARVER+Shock por parte da FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Apesar de ser uma tendência recente, vários países têm adotado práticas ou ferramentas de defesa alimentar, embora no Brasil esta adoção seja de pouca amplitude mesmo sendo um dos maiores produtores de alimentos do mundo. CARVER+Shock representa um acrônimo de sete atributos: Criticidade - Impacto sobre a saúde pública, Acessibilidade - capacidade de acesso físico, Reconhecibilidade - facilidade de identificar um alvo, Vulnerabilidade - facilidade de realizar uma contaminação, Efeito - consequências de uma contaminação e Recuperabilidade - capacidade do sistema se recuperar perante uma falha de segurança e o Shock que mistura os impactos da saúde, econômicos e psicológicos. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi realizar uma pesquisa exploratória para aplicar e avaliar de forma prática o software para assim julgar a sua efetividade. Para tal, procedeu-se à implementação do software em duas companhias processadoras de leite, a primeira é a \"Empresa A\" de pequeno, porte localizada no Estado de São Paulo e a segunda é a \"Empresa B\" de porte médio, localizada no Estado do Paraná. No estudo foi possível concluir que o software consegue efetuar uma avaliação de vulnerabilidade detalhada considerando vários fatores que permitem análise sobre o impacto econômico, psicológico e na saúde da população depois que uma contaminação intencional ocorra. Os resultados facilitaram a construção de um plano de defesa alimentar, o qual visa proteger os produtos de contaminações intencionais para garantir um ambiente de trabalho seguro para os funcionários, fornecer um produto seguro para a população, proteger as empresas e aumentar o grau de preparação e a capacidade de resposta perante uma situação critica. / The terrorist events in the food industry, published along decades in the USA, generated the concept of \"Food Defense\", whose objective is to adopt preventive measures against the intentional contamination of products, where individuals fall back upon agents (biological, chemical, physical or radiological) with intention of causing damages to the companies, governments or to the population in general. The recognition of its importance in the food industry promoted the diffusion of this concept to the establishment of certified norms, such as FSSC 22.000, and the development of tools such as the software CARVER+Shock by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Being a recent tendency in several countries, it has been adopted as a practice or tool for food defense. In Brazil, this adoption is little despite of it being one of the countries with the highest food production in the world. CARVER+Shock represents an acronym of 7 attributes: Criticality - Impact on public health, Accessibility - Capacity of physical access, Recuperability - easiness of identifying an objective, Vulnerability - easiness of accomplishing a contamination, Effect - consequences of a contamination, Recognizability - capacity of the system to recover before a flaw of safety and Shock that mixes the impacts of health, economical and psychological effects. The objective of the present study was to accomplish an exploratory research to apply and evaluate the software in a practical way so as to judge its effectiveness. For such a purpose, the researcher proceeded to implement the software in two dairy companies, the first company \"A\" located in the state of São Paulo and the second company \"B\" in the state of Paraná. In the study it was possible to conclude that the software achieved to make an evaluation of detailed vulnerability considering several factors that allow analysis on the economical, psychological and health impacts on the population after an intentional contamination with success, making it possible to construct a food defense plan. This plan seeks to protect the products of intentional contaminations, to guarantee an atmosphere of safe work for the employees, it supplies a safe product, it protects the companies and it increases the preparation and the capacity to answer while facing a critical situation.

Acontecimentos terroristas na indústria de alimentos publicados ao longo de décadas levaram a que emergisse nos EUA o conceito de \"Food Defense\" (defesa alimentar), cujo objetivo é adotar medidas preventivas da contaminação intencional de produtos, onde indivíduos recorrem a agentes (biológicos, químicos, físicos ou radiológicos) com intenção de causar prejuízos às companhias, governos ou à população em geral. O reconhecimento da sua importância na indústria alimentar promoveu a difusão deste conceito pelas normas certificáveis como a FSSC 22.000 e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas como o software CARVER+Shock por parte da FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Apesar de ser uma tendência recente, vários países têm adotado práticas ou ferramentas de defesa alimentar, embora no Brasil esta adoção seja de pouca amplitude mesmo sendo um dos maiores produtores de alimentos do mundo. CARVER+Shock representa um acrônimo de sete atributos: Criticidade - Impacto sobre a saúde pública, Acessibilidade - capacidade de acesso físico, Reconhecibilidade - facilidade de identificar um alvo, Vulnerabilidade - facilidade de realizar uma contaminação, Efeito - consequências de uma contaminação e Recuperabilidade - capacidade do sistema se recuperar perante uma falha de segurança e o Shock que mistura os impactos da saúde, econômicos e psicológicos. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi realizar uma pesquisa exploratória para aplicar e avaliar de forma prática o software para assim julgar a sua efetividade. Para tal, procedeu-se à implementação do software em duas companhias processadoras de leite, a primeira é a \"Empresa A\" de pequeno, porte localizada no Estado de São Paulo e a segunda é a \"Empresa B\" de porte médio, localizada no Estado do Paraná. No estudo foi possível concluir que o software consegue efetuar uma avaliação de vulnerabilidade detalhada considerando vários fatores que permitem análise sobre o impacto econômico, psicológico e na saúde da população depois que uma contaminação intencional ocorra. Os resultados facilitaram a construção de um plano de defesa alimentar, o qual visa proteger os produtos de contaminações intencionais para garantir um ambiente de trabalho seguro para os funcionários, fornecer um produto seguro para a população, proteger as empresas e aumentar o grau de preparação e a capacidade de resposta perante uma situação critica. / The terrorist events in the food industry, published along decades in the USA, generated the concept of \"Food Defense\", whose objective is to adopt preventive measures against the intentional contamination of products, where individuals fall back upon agents (biological, chemical, physical or radiological) with intention of causing damages to the companies, governments or to the population in general. The recognition of its importance in the food industry promoted the diffusion of this concept to the establishment of certified norms, such as FSSC 22.000, and the development of tools such as the software CARVER+Shock by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Being a recent tendency in several countries, it has been adopted as a practice or tool for food defense. In Brazil, this adoption is little despite of it being one of the countries with the highest food production in the world. CARVER+Shock represents an acronym of 7 attributes: Criticality - Impact on public health, Accessibility - Capacity of physical access, Recuperability - easiness of identifying an objective, Vulnerability - easiness of accomplishing a contamination, Effect - consequences of a contamination, Recognizability - capacity of the system to recover before a flaw of safety and Shock that mixes the impacts of health, economical and psychological effects. The objective of the present study was to accomplish an exploratory research to apply and evaluate the software in a practical way so as to judge its effectiveness. For such a purpose, the researcher proceeded to implement the software in two dairy companies, the first company \"A\" located in the state of São Paulo and the second company \"B\" in the state of Paraná. In the study it was possible to conclude that the software achieved to make an evaluation of detailed vulnerability considering several factors that allow analysis on the economical, psychological and health impacts on the population after an intentional contamination with success, making it possible to construct a food defense plan. This plan seeks to protect the products of intentional contaminations, to guarantee an atmosphere of safe work for the employees, it supplies a safe product, it protects the companies and it increases the preparation and the capacity to answer while facing a critical situation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Hotel, Restaurant, Institution Management and Dietetics / Carol W. Shanklin / Protection motivation theory (PMT) was used in this study to investigate food service directors' food bioterrorism risk perception and their intentions to implement a food defense management plan in their operations. A cross sectional study using the self administered survey was conducted to test hypotheses. All measurement items for the construct of interests were assessed using a 7-point Likert type scales. Questionnaires were mailed in March 2007 to a national sample of 2,200 randomly selected on-site food service directors employed in school districts and healthcare operations. A total 449 usable completed questionnaires were received. Descriptive statistics were performed to investigate directors' perceptions, motivations and intentions independently. Before testing the actual hypotheses, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess reliability and construct validity of the measurement model. Food service directors perceived that the result of a food terrorist attack would be severe but the chances it would occur in their operations is limited. They agreed that implementation of a food defense management plan would be effective to address food terrorism issue in their operations. They were highly motivated to protect the operation from an attack and to avoid the risk of terrorism and intended to implement a food defense plan in their operation. Based on the hypotheses testing, results revealed that motivation to protect the operation against food bioterrorism is higher when directors perceived a higher level of risk (severity and vulnerability), rated the effectiveness of a food defense management plan in protecting the operation high, and perceived that their operations were able to implement it. In turn, high level of motivation to protect the operation led to higher level of implementation intention. Results of the study can be used to design communication resources developed to enhance food service directors' intention to implement a food defense management plan. Educational and informational resources related to intentional food contamination and its defense should emphasize response efficacy and possibility perception.

El Terrorismo alimentario ha sido definido por la Organización Mundial de la saludos como "un acto o intento deliberado de contaminación de alimentos para consumo humano con agentes químicos, físicos o microbiológicos para el propósito de causar daño o muerte a poblaciones civiles o para interrumpir la estabilidad social, política o económica"(WHO,2008) La biodiversidad, según la Association of food and drug Officials de los EEUU, abarca los medios para prevenir y eliminar cualquier acción intencional de adulteración de alimentos destinada a provocar consecuencias negativas graves para la salud o la muerte de personas o animales, ocasionar daños a las economías de los paises como consecuencia de retricciones comerciales internacionales derivadas de la aparición de enfermedades y la falta de confianza en los controles sanitarios locales... / Navarrete Reynoso, R. (2013). MODELO DE BIOSEGURIDAD EN LA CADENA DE SUMINISTROS DE PRODUCTOS ALIMENTICIOS, TENIENDO EN CUENTA LA GESTIÓN DE LA CADENA DE SUMINISTROS Y LA VISIÓN DE PROCESOS DE NEGOCIO. APLICACIÓN A LA INDUSTRIA ALIMENTICIA, DE LA ZONA DEL BAJÍO (MÉXICO) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/19159 / Palancia