Bakgrund: Fotkomplikationer är vanligt bland personer med diabetes typ 2 och kan förebyggas genom egenvård av fötter. Diabetessjuksköterskan har en viktig uppgift i att hjälpa personen att integrera sjukdomen i vardagslivet och hitta strategier för effektiv egenvård. Syfte: Att beskriva personers erfarenheter av egenvård av fötter vid diabetes typ 2. Metod: Kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats där 12 individuella intervjuer genomfördes och datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar på förutsättningar och hinder för egenvård av fötter hos personer med diabetes typ 2. Förutsättningarna innehöll strategier för livsstilsförändring, att ta ansvar för den egna fothälsan samt rådgivning, stöd och hjälpmedel. Hinder var begränsningar på det psykologiska, kroppsliga, fysiska och organisatoriska planet. Temat kunskap skapar kontroll och handlingskraft framträdde. Diskussion: Resultatet stämmer överens med tidigare forskning angående personer med diabetes behov för att kunna utföra egenvård. Deltagarna önskade dialog och samarbete med diabetessjuksköterska för att bli en aktiv del av vård och egenvård. När samarbetet fungerade upplevde personen kontroll över sjukdomen och kunde ta välinformerade beslut angående egenvård. Konklusion: Kunskap om samband mellan diabetes och fothälsa var avgörande för möjligheten att utföra egenvård och här blev diabetessjuksköterskan en resurs att vända sig till för information och stöd. / Background: Foot complications are common among people with type 2 diabetes and can be prevented through self-care. The diabetes specialist nurse can help the person integrate diabetes into their life world, and find strategies for self-care. Aim: Describing experiences of foot self-care among people with type 2 diabetes. Method: A qualitative method with inductive approach was used. 12 individual interviews were conducted and the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: There were prerequisites and obstacles for self-care. Prerequisites were strategies for life-style changes, taking responsibility for foot self-care along with consultation, support and aids. Obstacles included limitations in psychological, bodily, physical and organizational factors. A theme: knowledge creates control and drive emerged. Discussion: The results support previous research about the needs of people with diabetes in regards to self-care. Dialogue and cooperation with the diabetes specialist nurse was needed for the person to become an active part in care and self-care. Working cooperation resulted in that the person felt in control and was able to take informed decisions about self-care. Conclusion: Knowledge about the connection between diabetes and foot care was crucial when it came to self-care and the diabetes specialist nurse became a resource for information and support.

Chan Chak Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-202). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract in Chinese 摘耍 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.xii / List of figures --- p.xiii / Abbreviations --- p.xvi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition of diabetes mellitus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Classification of diabetes mellitus --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Type 1 diabetes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Type 2 diabetes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Other forms of diabetes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Complications of diabetes mellitus --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Current treatment of diabetes mellitus --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Type 1 diabetes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Type 2 diabetes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Diet and exercise --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Medication --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- The use of herbal medicines in diabetes treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- "Hypothesis, objectives and design of the project" --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Preparation and authentication of traditional Chinese medicines --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Background information of the formulae --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Component herbs of formula1 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Raw herbal materials and formula 1 extract --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Thin layer chromatography of the component herbs --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Raw herbal materials water extraction --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Thin layer chromatography of the component herbs --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Raw herbal materials water extraction --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- High performance liquid chromatography determination of the sugar content of the herbal extracts --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The anti-diabetic effects of formula 1 and its component herbs in vitro --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Type 2 diabetes and peripheral tissues --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Type 2 diabetes and liver --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Type 2 diabetes and intestinal glucose absorption --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objectives --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell lines --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Cell culture media, buffers, reagents and culture wares" --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- "Chemicals, media and reagents for 3T3-L1 differentiation" --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Chemicals and reagents for 3T3-L1 and Hs68 2-deoxy-D- glucose (2-DG) uptake assay --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Chemicals and buffers for H4IIE glucose production assay and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) assay --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- "Animal, buffers and reagents for preparation and glucose uptake assay of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV)" --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Reagents for bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methods --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cell culture --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Studies on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Oil red O staining of the 3T3-L1 cells --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- 2-DG uptake assay of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Studies on gluconeogenesis in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Glucose production assay --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- PEPCK assay --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Studies on BBMV glucose uptake --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Preparation of BBMV --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Preparation of the chloroform extract of the herbal water extract --- p.96 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Glucose uptake assay of BBMV --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) protein assay --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Glucose production and PEPCK assay in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.108 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Glucose uptake assay in BBMV --- p.113 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.119 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Hs68 fibroblasts --- p.119 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Glucose production and PEPCK activity in H4IIE hepatoma cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Glucose absorption in BBMV --- p.125 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The anti-diabetic effects of formula 1 and Rhizoma Smilacis Chinensis in vivo --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Diabetic animal models --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objective --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Animals --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Chemicals and reagent kit --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- Methods --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Induction of diabetes in rats --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Oral glucose tolerance test --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Basal glycaemia test --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Plasma glucose level determination --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5 --- Results --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Oral glucose tolerance test --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Basal glycaemia test --- p.147 / Chapter 4.6 --- Discussion --- p.151 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The effects of the TCM treatment on glucose homeostasis in diabetic foot ulcer patients --- p.155 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective --- p.156 / Chapter 5.3 --- Materials --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Study subjects --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Blood sample --- p.158 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Chemicals and reagents for erythrocyte glucose uptake assay --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4 --- Methods --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Preparation of blood sample --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Zero-trans influx of 3-OMG uptake in erythrocytes --- p.160 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.161 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results --- p.162 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.166 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- General discussion and conclusion --- p.168 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview of the project and analysis of research findings --- p.168 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of the study --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3 --- Future directions --- p.174 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.177 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- References --- p.177 / Appendices --- p.203 / Appendix I The determination of the sugar contents in the herbal water extracts by high performance liquid chromatography --- p.203 / Appendix II Basal glycaemia test of formula 1 (822mg/kg) on nO-STZ rats --- p.206

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers are the result of multiple complications from hyperglycemia and lead to poor quality of life and high healthcare costs. The annual diabetes foot screening exam (ADFSE) and prevention interventions can reduce DFUs up to 75%. In 2015, 71% of the US population received the ADFSE. Objectives: The main objectives of this dissertation were: 1) to determine the association between adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors and the ADFSE, 2) to determine the association between concordant and discordant comorbidities and the ADFSE and 3) to determine the association between the performance of diabetes preventive care processes, number of office visits for diabetes and the completion of the ADFSE. Methods: Three cross-sectional studies used data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Logistic regression models were evaluated to assess the association between the self-management behaviors and the ADFSE. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the simultaneous, direct effects of concordant and discordant comorbidity loads on the ADFSE and the performance of diabetes preventive care processes and the number of office visits for diabetes care on the ADFSE. Results: In 2015, between 78.2% and 80.4% of the US population with diabetes received the ADFSE. Performance of the ADFSE was 77% less likely (OR: 0.33, 95%CI: 0.25-0.44) in those who do not perform self-foot inspections and 40% (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.45-0.76) less likely in those who have never received the pneumococcal vaccination. Receiving the ADFSE was 50-80% less likely in patients who do not self-monitor blood glucose at least one time per day, depending on insulin use and receipt of diabetes education. Neither concordant comorbidities (β=0.226, p=0.086) nor discordant comorbidities (β=0.080, p=0.415) had a direct association with the performance of the ADFSE. The collection of preventive care processes demonstrated a 7% (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10) increase in the likelihood the ADFSE was performed Conclusions: Performance of the ADFSE may be improved through multiple types of interventions. Patient-based interventions to increase adherence to self-management behaviors is one route. Programs to improve overall diabetes care in the clinical setting may also help to further improve completion of the ADFSE.

A predictive, forward-dynamic model and computer simulation of human gait has important medical and research applications. Most human simulation work has focused on inverse dynamics studies to quantify bone on bone forces and muscle loads. Inverse dynamics is not predictive - it works backwards from experimentally measured motions in an effort to find the forces that caused the motion. In contrast, forward dynamics determines how a mechanism will move without the need for experimentation. Most of the forward dynamic gait simulations reported consider only one step, foot contact is not modeled, and balance controllers are not used. This thesis addresses a few of the shortcomings of current human gait simulations by contributing an experimentally validated foot contact model, a model-based stance controller, and an experimentally validated model of the relationship between foot placement location and balance. The goal of a predictive human gait simulation is to determine how a human would walk under a condition of interest, such as walking across a slippery floor, using a new lower limb prosthesis, or with reduced leg strength. To achieve this goal, often many different gaits are simulated and the one that is the most human-like is chosen as the prediction for how a person would move. Thus it is necessary to quantify how `human-like' a candidate gait is. Human walking is very efficient, and so, the metabolic efficiency of the candidate gait is most often used to measure the performance of a candidate gait. Muscles consume metabolic energy as a function of the tension they develop and the rate at which they are contracting. Muscle tension is developed, and contractions are made in an effort generate torques about joints in order to make them move. To predict human gait, it is necessary for the simulation to be able to walk in such a way that the simulated leg joints use similar joint torques and kinematics as a human leg does, all while balancing the body. The joint torques that the legs must develop to propel the body forward, and balance it, are heavily influenced by the ground reaction forces developed between the simulated foot and the ground. A predictive gait simulation must be able to control the model so that it can walk, and remain balanced while generating ground reaction force profiles that are similar to experimentally observed human ground reaction force profiles. Ground reaction forces are shaped by the way the foot interacts with the ground, making it very important to model the human foot accurately. Most continuous foot contact models present in the literature have been experimentally validated using pendulum impact methods that have since been shown to produce inaccurate results. The planar foot contact model developed as part of this research was validated in-vivo using conventional force plates and optical tracking markers. The experimental data was also highly useful for developing a computationally efficient foot model by identifying the dominant contact properties of a real foot (during walking), without the complexity of modelling the 26 bones, 33 joints, over 90 ligaments, and the network of muscles that are in a real foot. Both ground reaction forces and the balance of the model are heavily influenced by the way the stance limb is controlled. Anthropomorphic multibody models typically have a fragile sense of balance, and ground reaction force profiles that do not look similar to experimentally measured human ground reaction force profiles. In contrast, the simple point-mass spring-loaded-inverted-pendulum (SLIP) can be made to walk or run in a balanced manner with center-of-mass (COM) kinematics and ground reaction force profiles that could be mistaken for the equivalent human data. A stance limb controller is proposed that uses a planar SLIP to compute a reference trajectory for a planar anthropomorphic multibody gait model. The torso of the anthropomorphic model is made to track the computed trajectory of the SLIP using a control system. The aim of this partitioned approach to gait simulation is to endow the anthropomorphic model with the human-like gait of the simpler SLIP model. Although the SLIP model-based stance-controller allows an anthropomorphic gait model to walk in more human-like manner, it also inherits the short comings of the SLIP model. The SLIP can walk or run like a human, but only at a fixed velocity. It cannot initiate or terminate gait. Fall preventing movements, such as gait termination and compensatory stepping, are of particular relevance to kinesiologists and health care professionals. Kinesiologists have known for nearly a decade that humans restore their balance primarily by systematically altering their foot placement location. This thesis presents a human experimental validation of a planar foot placement algorithm that was originally designed to restore the balance of bipedal robots. A three-dimensional (3D) theoretical extension to the planar foot placement algorithm is also presented along with preliminary human experimental results. These models of foot placement can be used in the future to improve the capabilities of gait simulations by giving simple models human-like compensatory stepping abilities. The theoretical extension also provides some insight into how instability and balance performance can be quantified. The instability and balance performance measures have important applications for diagnosing and rehabilitating balance problems. Despite all of the progress that has been made, there is still much work to be done. Work needs to be continued to find methods that allow the anthropomorphic model to emulate the SLIP model more faithfully. Experimental work needs to be completed to realize the potential diagnostic and rehabilitation applications of the foot placement models. With continued effort, a predictive, balanced, multi-step gait simulation can be developed that will give researchers the time-saving capability of computerized hypothesis testing, and medical professionals improved diagnostic and rehabilitation methods.

A predictive, forward-dynamic model and computer simulation of human gait has important medical and research applications. Most human simulation work has focused on inverse dynamics studies to quantify bone on bone forces and muscle loads. Inverse dynamics is not predictive - it works backwards from experimentally measured motions in an effort to find the forces that caused the motion. In contrast, forward dynamics determines how a mechanism will move without the need for experimentation. Most of the forward dynamic gait simulations reported consider only one step, foot contact is not modeled, and balance controllers are not used. This thesis addresses a few of the shortcomings of current human gait simulations by contributing an experimentally validated foot contact model, a model-based stance controller, and an experimentally validated model of the relationship between foot placement location and balance. The goal of a predictive human gait simulation is to determine how a human would walk under a condition of interest, such as walking across a slippery floor, using a new lower limb prosthesis, or with reduced leg strength. To achieve this goal, often many different gaits are simulated and the one that is the most human-like is chosen as the prediction for how a person would move. Thus it is necessary to quantify how `human-like' a candidate gait is. Human walking is very efficient, and so, the metabolic efficiency of the candidate gait is most often used to measure the performance of a candidate gait. Muscles consume metabolic energy as a function of the tension they develop and the rate at which they are contracting. Muscle tension is developed, and contractions are made in an effort generate torques about joints in order to make them move. To predict human gait, it is necessary for the simulation to be able to walk in such a way that the simulated leg joints use similar joint torques and kinematics as a human leg does, all while balancing the body. The joint torques that the legs must develop to propel the body forward, and balance it, are heavily influenced by the ground reaction forces developed between the simulated foot and the ground. A predictive gait simulation must be able to control the model so that it can walk, and remain balanced while generating ground reaction force profiles that are similar to experimentally observed human ground reaction force profiles. Ground reaction forces are shaped by the way the foot interacts with the ground, making it very important to model the human foot accurately. Most continuous foot contact models present in the literature have been experimentally validated using pendulum impact methods that have since been shown to produce inaccurate results. The planar foot contact model developed as part of this research was validated in-vivo using conventional force plates and optical tracking markers. The experimental data was also highly useful for developing a computationally efficient foot model by identifying the dominant contact properties of a real foot (during walking), without the complexity of modelling the 26 bones, 33 joints, over 90 ligaments, and the network of muscles that are in a real foot. Both ground reaction forces and the balance of the model are heavily influenced by the way the stance limb is controlled. Anthropomorphic multibody models typically have a fragile sense of balance, and ground reaction force profiles that do not look similar to experimentally measured human ground reaction force profiles. In contrast, the simple point-mass spring-loaded-inverted-pendulum (SLIP) can be made to walk or run in a balanced manner with center-of-mass (COM) kinematics and ground reaction force profiles that could be mistaken for the equivalent human data. A stance limb controller is proposed that uses a planar SLIP to compute a reference trajectory for a planar anthropomorphic multibody gait model. The torso of the anthropomorphic model is made to track the computed trajectory of the SLIP using a control system. The aim of this partitioned approach to gait simulation is to endow the anthropomorphic model with the human-like gait of the simpler SLIP model. Although the SLIP model-based stance-controller allows an anthropomorphic gait model to walk in more human-like manner, it also inherits the short comings of the SLIP model. The SLIP can walk or run like a human, but only at a fixed velocity. It cannot initiate or terminate gait. Fall preventing movements, such as gait termination and compensatory stepping, are of particular relevance to kinesiologists and health care professionals. Kinesiologists have known for nearly a decade that humans restore their balance primarily by systematically altering their foot placement location. This thesis presents a human experimental validation of a planar foot placement algorithm that was originally designed to restore the balance of bipedal robots. A three-dimensional (3D) theoretical extension to the planar foot placement algorithm is also presented along with preliminary human experimental results. These models of foot placement can be used in the future to improve the capabilities of gait simulations by giving simple models human-like compensatory stepping abilities. The theoretical extension also provides some insight into how instability and balance performance can be quantified. The instability and balance performance measures have important applications for diagnosing and rehabilitating balance problems. Despite all of the progress that has been made, there is still much work to be done. Work needs to be continued to find methods that allow the anthropomorphic model to emulate the SLIP model more faithfully. Experimental work needs to be completed to realize the potential diagnostic and rehabilitation applications of the foot placement models. With continued effort, a predictive, balanced, multi-step gait simulation can be developed that will give researchers the time-saving capability of computerized hypothesis testing, and medical professionals improved diagnostic and rehabilitation methods.

Individuals with stroke often demonstrate impaired ankle-foot function, commonly termed dropped foot that affects their ability to walk safely at home and within their community. While interventions are available to improve gait function, they have inconsistency demonstrated positive effects due to the lack of evidence-based practice guidelines and a limited understanding of the mechanisms leading to dropped foot. The aim of this dissertation was to 1) determine the relationship between dropped foot gait deviations and impaired sensorimotor control, 2) compare gait biomechanics between stroke survivors with and without dropped foot impairment, and 3) evaluate the immediate effects of an ankle-foot orthotic (AFO) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) device among stroke survivors with dropped foot impairment. Our evaluation combined standardized clinical measures of ankle-foot function (i.e. sensorimotor control, strength, spasticity and range of motion) and gait analysis using advanced laboratory techniques (i.e. electromyography and electrical goniometers) to quantify mechanisms of dropped foot impairment. Fifty-five stroke survivors completed the assessment prior to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Individuals with poor generation of isometric dorsiflexor force and reduced passive ankle range of motion were likely to demonstrate greater plantarflexion in swing and limited stance phase ankle joint excursion, respectively. Results from the gait analysis revealed a delayed onset and reduced activation time of the ankle dorsiflexors, and decreased co-activation time in the stance phase as possible mechanisms leading to dropped foot. A detailed case series was performed with four stroke survivors with dropped foot currently using an AFO. Application of an AFO immediately improved peak dorsiflexion in the swing phase and limited ankle range of motion during stance. When walking with the FES device, individuals with moderate dorsiflexor muscle weakness improved their ankle position at initial contact and increased peak dorsiflexion during stance, while no significant changes were observed among individuals with greater impairment. Overall, the results highlighted individual differences in response to interventions aimed at improving dropped foot gait deviations. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of gait dysfunction post stroke, and may lead to the development of a more effective clinical assessment and intervention strategies to improve dropped foot impairment.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Western Sydney, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 201-216.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Knowledge of the three dimensional shape of the human foot is important in the design of shoes to facilitate correct fit. Currently only the static shape of the foot is considered despite the fact that the foot undergoes changes in its shape, particularly in athletic pursuits, due to associated movements and loadings. Attempts, presented in research, have been made to measure dynamic foot shape. However, to date, measurements have been limited in detail as well as restricted to walking gait, as a result of the method. The work of this thesis aimed to develop a methodology that would be capable of measuring the three dimensional shape of the human foot during the stance phase of gait, in locomotion speeds associated with running.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted