Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a influência das economias de aglomeração na variação do emprego no setor de calçados no Rio Grande do Sul no período 1998 – 2012. Para tanto utiliza como indicadores de externalidades locais a especialização, diversificação, competição, tamanho médio das firmas e densidade do emprego local. A dimensão geográfica da análise segue a delimitação do arranjo produtivo de calçados identificado pela FEE e inclui os COREDEs Vale do Rio dos Sinos e Paranhana – Encosta da Serra além dos municípios de Picada Café e Nova Petrópolis. O estudo utiliza dados de emprego formal, tamanho e número de empresas da RAIS e área territorial do IBGE. As estimações utilizam dados em painel dinâmico, de efeitos fixos a partir do mecanismo de correção de erros. Os resultados indicam que a especialização afeta negativamente a variação do crescimento do emprego absoluto no curto prazo, porém não é significativa a longo prazo. A diversificação tem relação positiva com o crescimento do emprego ao longo do tempo. O saldo dos indicadores de competição e tamanho médio das firmas aponta que o monopólio local é mais favorável ao setor, ainda que o resultado da competição a longo prazo seja não significativo. Quanto a densidade do emprego, esta recomenda que os fatores locacionais, invés dos setoriais, geram importantes benefícios ao setor. / This study aims to investigate the influence of agglomeration economies on the variation of the employment in the footwear sector of the state of Rio Grande do Sul during the period 1998-2012. To accomplish that goal we use as local externalities indicators the levels of specialization, diversification, competitiveness, and average size of the firms as well as the local employment density. The geographic dimension of analysis follows the delimitation of the footwear cluster identified by the Economics and Statistics Foundation of Rio Grande do Sul (FEE) which includes these regions: COREDE Vale do Rio dos Sinos, COREDE Paranhanda - Enconsta da Serra and also the municipalities named Picada Café and Nova Petrópolis. This study draws on data of formal employment, size and number of enterprises that are listed in the federal administrative database named RAIS. The territorial area is defined as IBGE indicates. The estimations are performed based on a dynamic panel of fixed effects using errors correction mechanism. The results indicate that specialization affects in a negative way the growth rate of absolute employment in the short run, although this evidence is not significant in the long run. The diversification is positively related to the employment growth over time. The balance of the competitiveness indicators and average size of the enterprises points out that the local monopoly benefit the sector, although the competitiveness results has not been found significant in the long run. Regarding the employment density, it is indicated that locational factors, instead of the sector’s ones, generate important benefits to the sector.

Durante los últimos años, el avance de la tecnología ha ayudado a mejorar la presencia de las empresas, lo cual les ha permitido penetrar mercado. Hoy en día los consumidores no tienen limitaciones de tiempo ni lugar para poder visualizar diferentes ofertas al mismo tiempo, lo cual le permite estar conectado a nivel global con una mayor cantidad de marcas internacionales. Por ello, con el presente informe se busca conocer los principales factores que influyen en la decisión de compra de las mujeres millenials que compran calzado online en la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Para efectos del presente estudio, se revisó bibliografía actualizada y de gran peso académico relacionadas a temas de comercio electrónico y sector calzado. Además, se obtuvo información cualitativa mediante entrevistas a expertos de e-commerce. Respecto al análisis cuantitativo, se realizaron encuestas a mujeres millenials entre 25 y 39 años, de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana que compraran de manera online más de una vez durante el año 2018 con el objetivo de conocer los factores que influyen en la decisión de compra, estos se analizaron mediante procesos estadísticos. Finalmente, se concluyó que aquellos factores que más influyen en la decisión de compra de calzado por el canal online en las mujeres millenials son el ahorro de tiempo y la practicidad de poder comprar desde cualquier lugar. / In recent years, the advancement of technology has helped to improve the presence of companies, which has allowed them to penetrate the market. Today, consumers have no time or place limitations to view different offers at the same time, which allows them to be connected globally with a greater number of international brands. That is why this report seeks to know the principal factors that influence the purchasing decision of millennial women who buy shoes online in zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima. For the purposes of this study, an up-to-date and highly academic bibliography related to electronic commerce and the footwear sector was reviewed. In addition, qualitative information was obtained through interviews with e-commerce experts. With respect to the quantitative analysis, surveys were conducted of millennial women between 25 and 39 years old, from zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima who bought online more than once during 2018 with the objective of knowing the factors that influence the decision of purchase, these were analyzed through statistical processes. Finally, it was concluded that the factors that most influence the decision to purchase footwear through the online channel in millennial women are the saving of time and the practice of being able to buy anywhere. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la Asociatividad empresarial como estrategia de exportación para las Pymes del sector calzado en la provincia de Trujillo - La Libertad, Perú a través de: desarrollo de gestión organizacional, innovación de mercadotecnia y capacidad económica-financiera durante el periodo 2014-2018, de modo que este estudio fomente a las empresas a trabajar de forma conjunta con la finalidad de tener las mejores condiciones en su camino hacia la internacionalización y por consiguiente, obtengan un incremento de sus exportaciones hacia diversos mercados. Para ello, se describe el marco teórico, el marco conceptual, las bases teóricas relacionados a la Asociatividad y Exportación del sector calzado. Asimismo, se detalla el marco contextual del sector calzado, exportación del sector calzado, así como la descripción del departamento La Libertad y de su principal provincia, Trujillo. En adición, se detalla la descripción del problema, los síntomas y causas del problema, así como el diagnóstico actual de las Pymes exportadoras del sector calzado de la provincia de Trujillo del año 2014 al 2018. Además, se plantea el problema, las hipótesis y objetivos. La metodología tiene un enfoque mixto no experimental, descriptivo y correlacional. Para el análisis cualitativo, se entrevistó a expertos en el tema y para el análisis cuantitativo, se procedió a encuestar a las Pymes exportadoras del sector calzado de la provincia Trujillo.  Finalmente, se detallan los resultados estadísticos para el análisis correspondiente, de modo que se pueda comprobar las hipótesis de la presente investigación. / The current research aims to analyze business associativity as an export strategy for SMEs of the footwear sector in the province of Trujillo- La Libertad, Peru through: management development organizational, marketing innovation and economic-financial capacity during the period of 2014-2018, so this study encourages companies to work together to have the best conditions on their way to internationalization, therefore, get an increase in their exports towards various markets. For this, the theoretical framework, the conceptual framework, the theoretical bases related to Associativity and Export of the footwear sector are described. Also, the contextual framework of the footwear sector, the export of the footwear sector, as well as the description of the department La Libertad and its main province, Trujillo, are detailed. In addition, the description of the problem, the symptoms and causes of the problem are details, as well as the current diagnosis of exporting SMEs in the footwear sector from the province of Trujillo from 2014 to 2018. Also, the problem, the hypotheses and objectives are presented. The methodology has a mixed non-experimental, descriptive, and correlational approach. For the qualitative analysis, experts on the subject were interviewed and for the quantitative analysis, we proceeded to survey exporting SMEs in the footwear sector of the Trujillo province. Finally, the statistical results for the corresponding analysis are detailed, so that the hypotheses of the present investigation can be verified. / Tesis