Durante los últimos años, el avance de la tecnología ha ayudado a mejorar la presencia de las empresas, lo cual les ha permitido penetrar mercado. Hoy en día los consumidores no tienen limitaciones de tiempo ni lugar para poder visualizar diferentes ofertas al mismo tiempo, lo cual le permite estar conectado a nivel global con una mayor cantidad de marcas internacionales. Por ello, con el presente informe se busca conocer los principales factores que influyen en la decisión de compra de las mujeres millenials que compran calzado online en la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Para efectos del presente estudio, se revisó bibliografía actualizada y de gran peso académico relacionadas a temas de comercio electrónico y sector calzado. Además, se obtuvo información cualitativa mediante entrevistas a expertos de e-commerce. Respecto al análisis cuantitativo, se realizaron encuestas a mujeres millenials entre 25 y 39 años, de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana que compraran de manera online más de una vez durante el año 2018 con el objetivo de conocer los factores que influyen en la decisión de compra, estos se analizaron mediante procesos estadísticos. Finalmente, se concluyó que aquellos factores que más influyen en la decisión de compra de calzado por el canal online en las mujeres millenials son el ahorro de tiempo y la practicidad de poder comprar desde cualquier lugar. / In recent years, the advancement of technology has helped to improve the presence of companies, which has allowed them to penetrate the market. Today, consumers have no time or place limitations to view different offers at the same time, which allows them to be connected globally with a greater number of international brands. That is why this report seeks to know the principal factors that influence the purchasing decision of millennial women who buy shoes online in zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima. For the purposes of this study, an up-to-date and highly academic bibliography related to electronic commerce and the footwear sector was reviewed. In addition, qualitative information was obtained through interviews with e-commerce experts. With respect to the quantitative analysis, surveys were conducted of millennial women between 25 and 39 years old, from zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima who bought online more than once during 2018 with the objective of knowing the factors that influence the decision of purchase, these were analyzed through statistical processes. Finally, it was concluded that the factors that most influence the decision to purchase footwear through the online channel in millennial women are the saving of time and the practice of being able to buy anywhere. / Tesis

Criado inicialmente com a função básica de proteção aos pés, o calçado tornou-se um objeto de desejo e um acessório essencial de moda. Entre 1950 a 2015, estima-se que a produção mundial passe de 2,5 bilhões de pares produzidos para 25 bilhões de pares por ano, crescimento bem maior do que a população mundial. O couro, principal matéria-prima para a confecção de calçados, caracteriza-se por gerar grandes quantidades de resíduos ao longo de toda a cadeia produtiva. Especificamente na indústria coureiro-calçadista, o problema concentra-se nos elevados volumes de resíduos gerados na atividade produtiva, podendo causar desperdícios e grandes volumes de resíduos a serem descartados, envolvendo, principalmente, questões financeiras e ambientais. Países como Alemanha e Estados Unidos possuem legislação específica sobre a gestão de resíduos desde os anos 1970. No Brasil, depois de mais de 20 anos de tramitação no Congresso Nacional, em 2010, foi instituída a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que reúne princípios, objetivos, instrumentos, diretrizes e metas, que deverão ser adotados pelos governos nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal, bem como pelas empresas com vistas à gestão integrada e ao gerenciamento ambientalmente adequado dos resíduos sólidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta tese foi desenvolver um modelo de gestão de resíduos industriais para o setor calçadista de Franca-SP com vistas à Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. O desenvolvimento do modelo teve como ponto de partida um estudo bibliográfico sobre o assunto e, na sequência, por intermédio de uma pesquisa aplicada, conseguiu-se, em um primeiro momento, analisar a situação atual para compreender o modelo de gestão de resíduos vigente e realizar uma pesquisa de diagnóstico dos resíduos industriais do setor. Tal pesquisa possibilitou verificar que atualmente, esses resíduos, são enviados em sua totalidade para aterros sanitários, possibilitou também sua quantificação e cálculos dos custos envolvidos para transporte e destinação. Na sequência, realizaram-se estudos sobre a viabilidade técnica e financeira para tratamento térmico desses resíduos e a busca de benchmark no setor. O estudo também proporcionou uma contribuição de caráter mais prático e/ou gerencial ao recomendar diretrizes para a elaboração de um plano de gestão integrada de resíduos industriais para o setor, e uma proposta de gestão compartilhada dos resíduos industriais entre a entidade de classe e as indústrias calçadistas, com vistas à eliminação de envio desses resíduos para aterros. Dessa forma, contribuiu também para a elaboração do Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos do município em questão. Nesse sentido, após as análises e desdobramentos das etapas anteriores, foi possível propor um modelo de gestão de resíduos industriais, bem como demonstrar sua viabilidade técnica e financeira. Tal modelo foi denominado \"Modelo de Equiparação de Custos com Eficiência Ambiental\". / Initially created with the basic function of feet protection, the footwear became an object of desire and an essential fashion accessory. Between 1950 and 2015, it is estimated that the worldwide production expanded from 2,5 billions to 25 billions of pairs a year, an increase much higher than the worldwide population. The leather, the main feedstock for the footwear manufacture, is characterized by generating large amounts of waste throughout the production chain. Especially in the leather-footwear industry, the major problem is concentrated in the big volumes of waste generated in the productive activity, which can lead to wastage and big volumes of waste to be discarded, involving several financial and environmental issues. Countries such as Germany and United States of America have specific legislation concerning the waste management since 1970. In Brazil, after more than 20 years being analyzed by the National Congress, in 2010, the National Solid Waste Policy was established, gathering principles, instruments, guidelines and goals, which must be adopted by the federal, state and municipal levels of government, as well as by the companies, following the integrated and adequate environmental management of solid waste. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to develop a model of industrial waste management to the footwear industry in Franca-SP, according to the National Solid Waste Policy. The starting point of the development of this model was a bibliographical study about the subject, followed by an applied research. In a first moment, it was possible to analyze the current situation to comprehend the current model of waste management and to perform a diagnostic research of the sector. This research enabled us to verify that currently, these wastes are entirely sent to landfills, and also allowed quantification and calculation of the costs involved for transport and disposal. Afterwards, studies were performed to investigate the technical and financial feasibility of the thermal treatment of this waste and to search the benchmarking of the sector. The study also provided a more practical contribution as it recommended a guideline to elaborate a plan of integrated management of industrial waste to the footwear sector and as it proposed a model to be shared between the industries and trade unions, with the aim of eliminating the landfills as a destination of this waste. Therefore, this thesis also contributed to elaborate the Municipal Plan of Integrated Management of Solid Waste in the aforementioned city. Accordingly, after the analysis and consequences of previous steps, it was possible to propose a model of industrial waste management, as well as to demonstrate its technical and financial feasibility. This model was nominated \"Model of Costs Equalisation with Environmental Eficiency\".

Os calçados são essenciais na vida humana, eles possuem a função primordial de proteger os pés e interagem constantemente com o indivíduo. Além do aspecto funcional, se exige qualidade, conforto e estética em sua confecção. Os fatores antropométricos e biomecânicos contribuem nessa interface ao oferecer parâmetros científicos na sua forma ergonômica. Confeccionar um calçado que garanta a saúde para os pés necessita conhecer os fatores que estão direta ou indiretamente relacionados à sua história, ao processo de produção, a matéria-prima entre outros itens relacionados ao calçado, assim com um embasamento científico pode dar um melhor suporte ao processo de desenvolvimento do produto. Neste contexto, a dissertação teve por objetivo organizar estes conceitos de maneira que forneça informações essenciais para a construção de um calçado confortável, pois há uma dificuldade em encontrar uma gama de conhecimentos reunidos sobre calçados para o desenvolvimento de novos projetos. Neste sentido, o estudo investigou também as características da fibra de coco verde, dos frutos descartados na cidade de Francisco Morato - São Paulo, para verificar a viabilidade de aplicação dessas fibras na construção de partes do calçado. Para a realização deste trabalho foi fundamentado uma revisão teórica que apontou a evolução do calçado na história da humanidade, os fatores indispensáveis para oferecer o conforto, a análise do pé humano, conhecimento sobre a matéria-prima e algumas possibilidades de agregarem a fibra natural de coco verde para a fabricação de um protótipo para solado feito da fibra coco. A metodologia utilizada refere-se aos aspectos teóricos numa abordagem de conhecimentos para a confecção calçadista e, que possam ser empregados na etapa da produção do protótipo. Foi feita uma maceração biológica nas fibras e realizados testes de tração e microscopia óptica. As fibras foram extraídas do coco, analisadas em testes laboratoriais e posteriormente agregadas a uma resina (PVAc Poliacetato de Vinila) para formar o protótipo. Os resultados mostraram que as fibras de coco verde possuem potencial em relação a outras fibras naturais estudadas em literaturas, para serem aplicadas como reforços na construção de partes do calçado. Possuem a rigidez necessária aos materiais usados na fabricação do sapato e, uma proteção natural graças à presença de lignina. Porém, há necessidade de que as informações da cadeia produtiva sejam mais acessíveis e amplas a nível científico e, possibilitem a criação de alternativas mais eficazes e na melhoria das técnicas já existentes no mercado. Há uma grande possibilidade do emprego das fibras naturais em substituição das fibras sintéticas para serem empregadas na fabricação de partes dos calçados como, por exemplo, nos solados e palmilhas. / Shoes are essential mode of human life; they have the primary function of protecting the feet and constantly interact with the individual. Besides the functional aspect, if demands quality, comfort and aesthetics in its making. The anthropometric and biomechanical factors contribute to this interface and provide scientific parameters for its ergonomic design. Manufacturing a shoe that ensures the health of the human foot aims to know the factors that are directly or indirectly related to its history, production process, raw materials and other factors related to shoes, so with a scientific background can better support the process of product development. In this context, the dissertation aimed to organize these concepts in a way that provides essential information for the construction of comfortable shoes and can influence new ideas to use in the footwear sector, since there is a difficulty in finding a range of knowledge gathered over shoes, which are important for the development of new projects. In this sense, the study also investigated the characteristics of green coconut fiber, fruit discarded in the town of Francisco Morato - São Paulo, to verify the feasibility of these fibers in the construction of parts of footwear. For this work was based showed that a theoretical evolution of footwear in the history of mankind, the factors necessary to provide comfort, a study of foot, knowledge of the raw materials and some possibilities of aggregating the natural fiber coconut for manufacturing a prototype for soles made of coconut fiber. The methodology used refers to the theoretical approach knowledge for making footwear and which may be used in the production step of the prototype. We conducted a biological maceration into the fibers and performed tensile testing and optical microscopy. The fibers were extracted from coconut analyzed in laboratory tests and then aggregated to a resin (PVAc - Vinyl polyacetate) to form the prototype. The results showed that coconut fibers have potential in relation to other natural fibers studied in literatures, for use as reinforcements in building parts of the footwear. Have the necessary rigidity to the materials used in manufacturing the shoe, and a natural protection due to the presence of lignin. However, there is need for the information of the production chain are more accessible and wide-ranging scientific level and thus allow the creation of more effective alternatives and that the techniques could be improved. There is a great possibility of using natural fibers in place from synthetic for use in footwear, for instance, in the soloed and shoe insole.

O design de calçados femininos de salto alto frequentemente tem características de projeto com foco no styling ao invés de projeto centrado no usuário, uma vez que a estética prevalece em relação ao conforto. No presente trabalho, desenvolve-­-se uma abordagem metodológica para o projeto de calçados, focado na melhor adaptação aos pés dos usuários, representados pelo universo das mulheres, com a característica do \"sob medida\", visando principalmente o conforto. Como estudo de caso considera-­-se o calçado comercial, feminino e de salto alto. A metodologia consiste na uHlização de simulação virtual para análise do desempenho, podendo prever possíveis falhas antes da produção em escala, principalmente pelos estudos dos fenômenos relacionados com as deformações dos materiais sofridas por cargas aplicadas, ou seja, tensão x deformação. A elaboração do modelo de análise ocorreu pela obtenção de dados de pressão plantar realizados em ensaios de baropodometria, uHlizando palmilhas com sensores que medem as pressões instantâneas durante o passo. Os calçados selecionados foram cedidos por uma marca comercial conhecida e atuante no mercado brasileiro há mais de 30 anos, sendo modelos sociais, Hpo sandálias e scarpins, considerados produtos de luxo. Três alturas de salto foram usadas nas medições, e para o mais alto deles, uHlizou-­-se dois modelos, um de salto fino e outro de salto com base retangular. Essas medições são os dados de entrada para o so-ware de análise pelo método dos elementos finitos. As forças aplicadas em uma palmilha virtual simulam as regiões dos picos de pressão obHdas pela baropodometria, caracterizando a distribuição da pressão plantar. Essas análises podem auxiliar novos projetos de calçados, dando o suporte necessário para a idealização de soluções que proporcionem diminuir os picos de pressão, causando assim menor desconforto e maior adequação do projeto às caracterísHcas fisiológicas de cada usuário pela criação de palmilhas anatômicas e personalizadas, como sugere o resultado das análises. Uma vez que é uHlizada uma metodologia que consiga prever o desempenho de um calçado antes da sua fabricação, são inúmeras as vantagens que podem auxiliar na oHmização e melhoria dos calçados existentes, ao reduzir o tempo de desenvolvimento e os custos envolvidos, além de garanHr a qualidade do produto. Tanto o design de calçados comerciais quanto conceituais analisado pelo método dos elementos finitos pode ser inspirado pelos resultados de desempenho, influenciando as escolhas de soluções que auxiliem na definição do melhor projeto. Ao final do trabalho foi desenvolvido um protóHpo experimental de um calçado feminino de salto alto que reforçou a validação da pesquisa. / The design of women\'s high-heeled shoes often has design features with Focus on styling rather than user-centered design, since steHca prevails in Relation to comfort. In the present work, a methodological approach is developed for the Footwear design, focused on the best adaptation to the feet of the users, represented by the Women\'s universe, with the characteristic of \"tailor-made\", mainly aimed at comfort. As a case study it is considered the commercial footwear, feminine and high heels. The methodology Virtual simulation for performance analysis, and can predict possible Prior to scale production, mainly due to the studies of the phenomena related to With the deformations of the materials undergone by applied loads, that is, tension x deformation. A The model analysis was performed by obtaining plantar pressure data In baropodometry tests, using insoles that measure pressures During the step. The selected footwear was given by a trademark Known and active in the Brazilian market for more than 30 years, being social models, Hpo Sandals and scarpins, considered luxury products. Three heel heights were used in the Measurements, and for the highest of them, two models were tested, one with a Rectangular base. These measurements are the input data for the analysis software by the method Of finite elements. The forces applied in a virtual insole simulate the regions of the peaks Pressure obtained by baropodometry, characterizing the plantar pressure distribution. These analyzes can aid in new shoe designs, giving the necessary support for the Solutions that reduce pressure peaks, thus Discomfort and greater suitability of the design to the physiological characteristics of each user by the Creation of anatomical and customized insoles, as suggested by the analysis results. Once That a methodology is used to predict the performance of a footwear prior to its The advantages that can aid in the improvement and improvement of footwear. Reducing development time and costs involved, as well as product quality. Both the commercial and conceptual footwear design analyzed by the Finite element method can be inspired by the performance results, influencing the The choices of solutions that help in the definition of the best project. At the end of the study, Developed an experimental prototype of a high-heeled women\'s shoe that reinforced the Validation of the research.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Quality, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Football boot manufacturers can have an advantage over their competitors if they gain knowledge about the purchase decision-making process of their consumers. It is significant that marketers understand the important criteria of a consumer’s purchase decision. This study aimed to investigate consumer behaviour in the football boot industry, to support football boot manufacturers with information of the purchasing behaviour of their consumers in order to establish product development and novel marketing strategies. The objective of the study was to identify expectations of survey respondents in terms of the factors which influence their purchasing behaviour of football boots in the federal state of Bavaria in Germany. In order to accomplish the objectives of the study, a quantitative study was conducted by means of self-administered questionnaires. A sample of 400 questionnaires was administered. The respondents were purposively selected. Conclusions and recommendations were thereafter drawn from the literature and the findings of the study. The results showed that quality and brand names were the major influential factors in the purchase decision. Adidas was the most popular brand, followed by Nike and Puma. Citing satisfaction with their purchases, consumers were brand loyal and repeated purchases occurred. The research recommended that football boot manufacturers need to invest constantly in its development and quality management program in order to meet consumers’ expectations and international standards.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree Master of Technology: Quality, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) elements of Leadership, Customer Focus, and Employee Involvement on Quality Improvement and Organisational Performance, as well as the relationship between Quality Improvement and Organisational Performance. A questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 32 footwear manufacturing organisations in the eThekwini region of Kwazulu-Natal. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to verify the reliability and validity of the measuring instrument. Regression and correlation analysis was developed to test the relationship between the TQM elements, Quality Improvement and Organisational Performance. The TQM elements used in this study were Leadership, Customer Focus, and Employee involvement. The findings of this showed that Leadership and Customer Focus had a positive influence on Quality Improvement. Also, Leadership was found to have a positive influence on Organisational Performance. In addition, a positive relationship existed between Quality Improvement and Organisational Performance. The results of this study could provide valuable information to managers of footwear manufacturing organisations in identifying those elements that have a positive effect on improving quality. Hence, allocating resources to these elements would enable footwear manufacturing organisations to enhance the performance of their organisations.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has been integrated into the global economy since the abolishment of the apartheid era in 1994 through a rapid programme of trade liberalisation. Its footwear industry illustrates the effects of these policies on companies and their real output, employment and wage payments, which are among the most important channels through which the market forces (supply and demand) affect poverty in a developing economy. Exporting has been driven by trade liberalisation, but the restructuring of companies to keep up with technology and the effect of cheaper imports from the East have been the main reasons for a substantial fall in total employment, while manufacturing has stagnated. Labour productivity has increased with better production methods and some innovation, which had a positive effect on wage payments to workers in this labour-intensive industry. South Africa has not been isolated from the world recession that began in 2008, therefore manufacturing – the second biggest sector in SA – has been in free-fall this year, sliding by double digits on a year-on-year basis. The footwear industry’s attractiveness is therefore seen as moderate, but with potential once the economy starts growing again. A factor that needs to be taken into account is the exchange rate of the South African rand, which has gained more than 20 per cent to the dollar so far this year. This has been the main reason why the fall in exports has been larger than that of imports. These lower imports also highlighted weak consumer demand. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vanaf 1994, met die beëindiging van die apartheidsera, het Suid-Afrika se toetrede tot die wêreldekonomie voortgesnel danksy handelsintegrasie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse skoenbedryf is ’n tipiese voorbeeld hiervan, en maatskappye in die bedryf getuig daarvan deur werklike uitsette, werkverskaffing en loonbetalings wat die belangrikste vorme is om markewewigte (vraag en aanbod) in a onderontwikkelde ekonomie te bevredig. Uitvoere is die gevolg van hierdie handelsintegrasie, maar vele maatskappye het agterweë gebly om tegnologies vooruit te gaan. Tesame met goedkoper invoere uit die Ooste, was dit die vernaamste rede vir werkloosheid in die skoenbedryf terwyl produksie gestagneer het. In sekere gevalle het werkers se produktiwiteit verhoog as gevolg van beter produksiemetodes en innovasie, wat ’n positiewe effek op die salarisse en lone van werkers in die bedryf gehad het. Die wêreldresessie in 2008 het Suid-Afrika ook negatief beïnvloed, veral die tweede grootste sektor, naamlik vervaardiging, wat tot dubbelsyfers gedaal het op ’n jaar-op-jaar basis. Die skoenbedryf word gesien as ’n gematigde bedryf om in besigheid te doen, maar met heelwat potensiaal wanneer die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie weer begin groei. ’n Belangrike faktor is die wisselkoers van die Suid-Afrikaanse rand teenoor die Amerikaanse dollar, wat met meer as 20 persent toegeneem het. Dit is die hoofrede vir ’n groter daling in uitvoere as invoere. Laer invoere beklemtoon ook die swak verbruikersvraag.

Due to their prevalence and associated high rehabilitation costs, this thesis aimed to better understand factors influencing the risk of tibial (TSF) and third metatarsal (MT3SF) stress fractures in Royal Marine recruit training. In Study 1, the standard issue combat assault boot and neutral trainer were assessed during running. Running in the boot caused restricted ankle motion, greater forefoot loading, greater ankle stiffness and a more laterally applied horizontal force vector at the instant of peak braking, suggesting that the risk of incurring MT3SF was greater in this condition. In Study 2, bending stresses were modelled along the length of the third metatarsal of five participants, using individual bone geometry and dynamic gait data. Stresses were modelled for running when barefoot, and when shod in the standard issue footwear. Estimated peak bending stresses were significantly greater in the combat assault boot than the gym trainer, predominantly due to increased plantar loading. Individual bone geometry was however dominant in determining peak bending stresses. In Study 3, a large (n=1065) prospective study was conducted to identify differences in baseline characteristics between recruits sustaining a TSF or MT3SF and those who complete training uninjured. Ten TSF and 14 MT3SF cases were compared to 120 uninjured legs. Results suggest that risk of TSF is greater in those recruits with reduced ability to resist loading and attenuate impact during gait. Results for MT3SF suggest that ankle and foot position at touchdown, and the timing and magnitude of forefoot loading, are important factors influencing risk of this injury. The observation of lower age and BMI in both stress fracture groups was linked to lower bone strength and earlier fatigue mechanisms. This thesis has increased the understanding of MT3SF in particular, and provides information on specific factors which may be associated with MT3SF and TSF in RM recruits during basic training.

The purpose of the study was to determine the practices of a selected number of chain shoe store organizations in training management personnel for their retail shoe outlets. The data secured from these sources will also be compared with the opinions of several authorities in the field of management to determine the extent to which the practices in actual use agree with those recommended.

Title: The influence of barefoot running on running kinetics. Objectives: The aim of this work is to assess the influence of different footwear (regular running shoes, barefoot footwear and barefoot running) on footstrike (rear-foot strike, mid-foot strike and fore-foot strike) during running and evaluate the action of reaction forces in different types of footstrike. Methods: In this study participated 11 runners (only men), who were divided in three groups based on their preferred footwear. Kinetic data (reaction forces) were collected by using a Kistler force plate, which was crossed by the participants with subjectively chosen speed. Kinematic parameters of running (speed) and video recordings of a single footstrikes were obtained by using a Qualisys system of optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry. All the measurements occurred during one day. Collected data were exported to Microsoft Excel 2013 programme, where the graphs of reaction forces were created and to Qualisys Track Manager software. Assessment was based on created graphs and video recordings. Results: The results show that runners wearing regular running shoes preferred a rear- foot strike, while among runners in barefoot footwear a fore-foot strike than mid-foot strike prevailed a bit. Among barefoot runners dominated a fore-foot...