Afghanistan has experienced a civil war since the last three decades that has causedenormous damages to infrastructure and incredible human suffering. Insecurity is not only fromterrorists, many Afghans rank political gridlock and deeply rooted corruption as worse. A modelby Bullough et al. provides risk perception, resilience and self-efficacy as determinants forentrepreneurial intentions. The study aggregates resilience and self-efficacy into a psychologicalperspective that, together with a non-monolithic perspective on risk, generates a new model offorces. Vectors illustrate how these forces can balance each other out. The result is a useful modelto detail entrepreneurship under the adverse conditions in Kabul, where entrepreneurs experiencekidnapping as their primary personal risk while administrative threats related to corruption,informality and poor governance are seen to carry an almost equal amount of risk. / Under de tre senaste decennierna har Afghanistan befunnit sig i inbördeskrig somorsakat stora skador på infrastruktur och enormt mänskligt lidande. Osäkerheten kommer intebara från terrorism eftersom många afghaner anser att det politiska dödläget och djupt rotadkorruption är värre hot än terrorattackerna. I Bullough m.fl. finns en modell kring ”Danger ZoneEntrepreneurs" som visar på att riskuppfattning, motståndskraft och tilltro på egen förmåga ärfaktorer som bestämmer om en individ har avsikt att bli entreprenör. Den här studien betraktarmotståndskraft och tilltro till egen förmåga ur ett psykologiskt perspektiv som tillsammans med ettdetaljerat riskperspektiv bildar en ny kraftsystemsmodell. Vektorer illustrerar hur dessa krafterkan balansera ut varandra. Resultaten är en användbar modell på entreprenörskap under deogynnsamma förhållanden som råder i Kabul, där kidnappning upplevs som farligast medankorruption, avsaknad av regler och dålig styrning anses nästan lika riskfyllt.

Background: This study, the first of its kind, originated with the need for a brace (an ankle foot orthosis), to constrain ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion within a motion threshold of <5°. A conventional thermoplastic, solid brace failed during a quasi-static loading study, informing the investigation and development of an experimental carbon composite brace, maximizing stiffness and proximity of shank and foot cylindrical shells to provide the required degree of control. Methods: Two experiments were conducted: a quasi-static loading study, using cadaveric limbs (n = 2), and a gait study with healthy subjects (n = 14). Conditions tested were STOP, FREE, and CONTROL. Data for all studies were collected using six motion-capture cameras (Vicon, Oxford, UK; 120 Hz) tracking bone-anchored markers (cadaveric limbs) and skin-anchored markers (subjects). In the quasi-static loading study, loading conditions were congruent with the gait study. Study 1 involved a quasi-static loading analysis using cadaveric limbs, compared motion data from a conventional thermoplastic solid brace and the experimental brace. Study 2 involved quantifying ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion in subjects during treadmill walking, in brace STOP, FREE, and CONTROL conditions. Findings: The experimental brace in STOP condition consistently constrained ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion below the motion threshold of <5°, across all studies. Interpretation: Collectively, these findings demonstrate (1) that a conventional thermoplastic, solid brace was ineffective for clinical applications that required significant motion control, and (2) that ankle motion control is most effective when considered as a relationship between the brace, the ankle-foot complex, and the external forces that affect them both.