The restoration of livelihoods in the event of involuntary resettlement is commonly based on providing compensation to those who are displaced. The outcomes of these resettlements have been well documented around the world and provide a serial of recurring horror stories. For this reason, it is proposed that a new foundation for conducting involuntary resettlement is needed. Academics profess that by conducting resettlement as a development project in its own right, the performance of resettlements can be improved and the benefits will accrue to the local population. This concept is called Resettlement with Development (RwD). To this end, China was the first country to include RwD in its National policies on involuntary resettlement. However, it was not until the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River that the policy was translated into practice. / This research is an attempt to determine whether RwD is a suitable model for livelihood restoration and improvement. In exploring the primary research aim, a year was spent in the resettlement region of the Three Gorges Dam, visiting resettlers and undertaking questionnaires, interviews and policy analysis. Two counties in Hubei province were chosen for comparison - Badong county and Zigui county. The application of RwD in these two locales was variable, with an uneven level of development intervention. The investment environment and county policy of Zigui attracted a greater degree of investment and related development than that of Badong. The capacity of these development initiatives to generate sustainable livelihood outcomes for the resettlers was central to this research. / Through questionnaires, interviews and policy analysis, this research finds that although the RwD methods are applied more intensely in Zigui they do not necessarily translate into better outcomes for the resettlers at this locale. The data suggests that: (i) there is no difference in the degree of relative poverty in Zigui and Badong; (ii) Zigui is experiencing more relative poverty than Badong; (iii) there is no difference in vulnerability and resilience; (iv) the natural resource base is comparable in both counties; and (v) Badong and Zigui are both at risk of food insecurity. However, whilst the majority of households in all sites at Badong are experiencing declining incomes, there is no significant decline in incomes at Zigui. Although employment levels have declined at both Badong and Zigui, the decline is not so severe at Zigui. Finally, infrastructure in Zigui has improved in comparison to Badong after resettlement. Hence, although the RwD initiatives have not dramatically improved the situation for resettlers in Zigui, they have lessened the impoverishment effects that are synonymous with involuntary resettlement. Moreover, further analysis suggests that the outcomes seen in the TGP resettlement are not a consequence of the inadequacy of the RwD model. Instead, the RwD model is found to be only partially applied in the TGRA. Future attempts at RwD must endeavour to apply the RwD model more completely.

This dissertation is a detailed study of Chickasaw removal, based on correspondence and other documents from the period 1794-1844. In addition to National Archives microfilm, information has been gathered from correspondence sent by the Office of Indian Affairs and miscellaneous Chickasaw records of the period, both collections located at the National Archives. A thorough investigation has been conducted into the communications between the Chickasaw Nation and the United States Department of War. An attempt was made to include the opinions expressed by Chickasaw leaders, American field personnel, and Department of War officials involved during this period. Thus, the major sources consulted include the letters of the Office of Indian Affairs which were either to, from, or about the Chickasaw.

This is a study on how Somali and Oromo refugees manage under uncertain circumstances in Eastleigh, Nairobi. Fleeing from war, persecution and violence, the refugees expected to find protection and a quick transfer to a third country, which was not the case. Instead, they ended up in being stuck, unsafe, and questioned. The refugees aimed for resettlement to a third country; a decision depending on approval from the hosting state, a receiving state, and UNHCR. This process normally included 8-10 years or more of waiting and a positive answer was not guaranteed. The spatial realities in displacement in Eastleigh included a status of illegitimacy, socioeconomic hardships, and unpredictability of an eventual resettlement in a third country. In the protracted waiting for resettlement they struggle to become part of the place but in the state of transit, and in an excluding context, they are in-between – in a liminal state in both space and time.

The development of the Eros-Vuyani-Neptune 400 kV transmission powerline has seen some of the people of Ingquza Hill Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape relocated from their original place of residence. This research evaluated the process that was implemented when relocating the affected people in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality, covering villages within Lusikisiki and Flagstaff towns. This study provides a response to the research question, which was: “Did the relocations improve the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of the people in Ingquza Hill Local Municipality?” The evaluation process of the study followed a systematic methodology, which entailed i) investigating and analysing the social impact indicators identified during the relocations; ii) evaluating and comparing key socio-economic and environmental indicators in Ingquza Hill Local Municipality; and iii) making recommendations to improve the relocation process. The study also formulated five key indicators of relocations, utilised to compare the social receptors before and after the relocation phase of the project. The utilised key indicators are: 1) quality education; 2) quality health care; 3) affected age groups; 4) community linkage; and 5) employment conditions. The results of the research highlighted the need for a comprehensive and, most importantly, inclusive process when relocating people from their homes. This research concluded that the relocation process needs to be formalised and adopted hand in hand with development instead of being treated as a separate process. The research study further recommends that the process of relocating communities, as a companion of development, needs to be effectively monitored and managed in order to curb the socio-environmental impacts thereof. / Environmental Science / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

This is the story of a project to connect the resources of a university to the struggles of a group of Congolese asylum seekers in the city of Derby. It represents a case study of a whole process: this includes a specific project established to explore how a university might fulfil its stated goals of being closely anchored in the local and regional community; and how it might engage and marshal its resources to provide educational and maybe research opportunities, while giving priority to community-based projects that tackle social disadvantage. The thesis is made up of a number of overlapping elements: there is the story of the project itself, of why the University became involved, and the nature of the interaction with a particular community, as seen through the eyes of some of the Congolese and me the project coordinator/researcher. It includes my struggles to establish a steering committee with the Congolese and the creation of a range of educational/recreational resources to help members of a community manage the difficult, stressful and even traumatic processes of asylum. The project led to the establishment of a community association and various initiatives to dialogically engage with the community and gather diverse narratives. Finally it led to various outcomes leading to what might be a ‘Reconnecting the hearts and minds’ project, that created spaces for story telling for a number of women and men migrants. The project also included an evaluation, which developed at its core, into a collection of narratives chronicling the difficult processes of forced migration, where people experience the pain of family separation, the dislocation of landing in a foreign country. A country whose language was different, whose customs were strange and where the processes of claiming asylum could be alienating, and where racism is experienced. We can call this project and its evaluation a piece of action research with a series of narratives at its heart. The project and evaluation together raise questions about the role of creative activity and narrative in managing painful transitions. There is another story within the bigger one, however, a story of a project coordinator and his relationship with the community and the University of Derby ... of initial enthusiasm followed by marginalisation and the closure of a supportive community development unit in the University; and of the placement of this role, for want of a better home, in the marketing department. This is also a narrative of registering for a doctorate, of being rejected, and of seeking to think through, with the help of others, what a good enough doctorate might entail. The end product has become a process of auto/biographical narrative reflexive research in which the narratives of the migrants intertwine with the researcher’s own; around the themes of dislocation, and of the struggles for voice and agency. The basic threads of the study are of a dislocating experience, and of how resources of hope can be found in creative activity – whether a sewing class, telling stories, fashion shows or engaging in auto/biographical narrative reflexivity. The basic argument has to do with tokenism and the disrespect that can surround university civic engagement as well as how asylum seekers are treated callously more generally; but also how resources of hope can make a difference. There is also the troubling issue of voice in research and whose story really counts; of a white, middle class male engaging with distressed women migrants, and of what might have been a silencing of the women concerned. But through values of commitment, and of learning to listen, the project became more dialogical, as evidenced in the women’s stories.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-06T20:07:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL DANIELA FLORÊNCIO DA SILVA GEOGRAFIA.compressed (1).pdf: 12397908 bytes, checksum: 6b3055fa006076837fe9ef09302e6b56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T20:07:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL DANIELA FLORÊNCIO DA SILVA GEOGRAFIA.compressed (1).pdf: 12397908 bytes, checksum: 6b3055fa006076837fe9ef09302e6b56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Capes / A seguinte pesquisa tem como objetivo a compreensão dos fatores estruturantes da dinâmica territorial do campo de refugiados de Dadaab no Quênia. Formado em 1991 pela migração forçada do povo somali, em virtude da eclosão da guerra civil em seu país, esse campo de refugiados, hoje, abriga 348 mil pessoas de diferentes nacionalidades e contextos de deslocamento forçado. A dimensão desse fenômeno, não é só percebida por ser o maior campo de refugiados no mundo, mas pela complexidade de fatores envolvidos em sua formação. A sua origem é aqui relacionada, desde o processo de migração forçada. A suspensão da vida dessas pessoas, que ao ultrapassarem a fronteira política de seus países, tornam-se refugiadas, não se refere apenas à perda de seus direitos políticos ou de sua cidadania, mas a uma suspensão de “sentidos” e de continuidade ocasionada pela sua contenção territorial nesse campo de refugiados. A sua jornada ou movimento em busca de um refúgio temporário é paralisada e transformada em espera e contenção. O campo de refugiados de Dadaab, formado em um contexto de “emergência”, transformou-se em um território de exceção, através de uma prática de contenção territorial informal adotada pelo governo queniano. A persistência de suas vidas no campo, em meio a muitas proibições, desenvolveu um processo de reterritorialização precário, mas confrontado por resistências, contornos e permeado por transterritorialidades e encontros. / The following research aims to understand the structural factors of territorial dynamics of the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya. Formed in 1991 by the forced migration of the Somali people, because of the outbreak of civil war in their country, this refugee camp, today, houses 348,000 people of different nationalities and forced displacement contexts. The scale of this phenomenon is not only perceived to be the largest refugee camp in the world, but by complexity of factors involved in their formation. Its origin is related here, from the forced migration process. The suspension of their lives, that to overcome the political borders of their countries, they become refugees, refers not only to the loss of political rights, or their citizenship, but a suspension of "senses" and continuity occasioned by their territorial containment in this refugee camp. Your journey or movement, seeking temporary refuge, is paralyzed and transformed in waiting and containment. The Dadaab refugee camp, formed in a context of "emergency", turned into a territory of exception, through an informal practice of territorial containment adopted by the Kenyan government. The persistence of their lives in this camp, among many bans, developed a process of precarious reterritorialization, but confronted by resistance, contours and permeated by transterritorialities and encounters.

Orientador: Maria Suely Kofes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T00:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EstradaMejia_RafaelIgnacio_D.pdf: 4716661 bytes, checksum: 1eb74c79198ded8de9c553845c53a92a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese visa analisar o processo de desterritorialização geográfico e existencial, experimentado por viajantes forçados colombianos refugiados nas cidades de São Paulo e Barcelona. A minha hipótese é que este fenômeno obedece a estados de guerra prolongados que na Colômbia se manifestam por meio da existência de domínios territoriais, contra-estatais e paraestatais, que disputam a soberania do Estado e conformam ordens de fato com ambições soberanas. Neles se luta por uma dominação territorial, por uma ordem justa, pela submissão de seus moradores e por uma representação soberana, características que levam a concluir que se trata de guerras pela construção da nação. Desse modo, o encontro com a guerra implica um devir-estrangeiro que emerge ao traspassar as fronteiras nacionais, ao ser submetido a controles migratórios, ao ser contrastado com os cidadãos, ao ser alvo de dispositivos discriminatórios como é caso do uso de estigmas ou estereótipos negativos. Não obstante, a desterritorialização tem provocado as mais variadas resistências, desde as reivindicações ao rebusque. As resistências se expressam de forma impetuosa, sutil, visível ou oculta, configurando o que Scott chama de infrapolítica, Certeau de antidisciplina ou Pécaut de savoir-faire ao qual se recorre em caso de necessidade. Baseado na análise micropolítica proposta por Deleuze e Guattari, sugiro um olhar antropológico que privilegia o occursus (encontro, devir) como via de acesso à alteridade / Abstract: This thesis aims to analyze the geographic and existential deterritorialization process experienced by forced Colombian travelers who have taken refuge in the cities of São Paulo and Barcelona. My hypothesis is that this phenomenon obeys prolonged states of war which in Colombia are characterized by the coexistence of parastatal domains and domains that are occupied by opponents of the government. These domains dispute State sovereignty and impose rules to fulfill sovereign ambitions. There is fight for territorial dominance, state of justice, population submission, and sovereign representation. These characteristics lead to the conclusion that this process consists of a war for the construction of a nation. In this sense, encounter the war implies becoming-foreigner that emerges as national borders are trespassed and the individuals are submitted to migration control, are contrasted with citizens, and become the target of discriminatory devices; e.g., use of stigma and negative stereotypes. Notwithstanding, deterritorialization has evoked various types of resistance, ongoing from vindications to rebusque (resourcefulness). Resistance is expressed in an impetuous, subtle, noticeable, or concealed way, constituting what Scott, Certeau, and Pécaut designate infrapolitics, antidiscipline, or savoir-faire, respectively, which individuals resort to in the event of necessity. On the basis of the micropolitical analysis proposed by Deleuze and Guattari, I suggest an anthropological approach that favors the occursus (encounter, becoming) as a means to achieve alterity / Doutorado / Doutor em Antropologia Social

In 1945/46, after the surrender of Germany in the Second World War, approximately twelve million German civilians living in Central and Eastern Europe were expelled (or fled before they received the inevitable expulsion order) mostly to Germany in what R.M. Douglas termed the "largest forced population transfer [...] in human history." Even though these events occurred over sixty years ago, the recollections of these expellees suggest the ongoing immediacy of their experiences. For this phenomenological-historical ethnography, I collected more than eighty life stories and oral histories specifically from ethnic Germans expelled from Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia (Sudeten Germans). Through the lenses of musical practice and musical repertoire, I investigate how these Sudeten Germans used and still continue to use music as a tool for both remembrance and adaptation in their new environments. I seek to understand music's significances for social and political integration in the Sudeten-Germans' "new sounding homeland" in West Germany. Taken one at a time, these recollections disclose the various ways in which music and musical practices retrieve memories of their Bohemian homelands and are able to mitigate both the loss of those homelands and the distressing overall effects of expulsion. Woven together, these recollections reveal how music offers emotional solace and facilitates the building of a new sense of belonging in the face of geographic displacement and material dispossession. I then compare these recollections to memories of Sudeten Germans expelled to the former East Germany as well as to the memories of Germans who were forced to stay in Czechoslovakia. This comparison highlights how the reframing and even silencing of musical practices in these environments affected processes of social identity reconstruction until the 1989 Velvet Revolution. I suggest that the analysis of the Sudeten Germans' individual musical experiences reveals new perspectives of how they used and still use musical practices to negotiate intercultural power relations and rebuild a sense of Heimat (notion of belonging to a place of origin). Broadly speaking, the results of this study facilitate an understanding of the phenomenon of forced migration and how music is able to reflect, reframe, and renegotiate it.

The intersection of forced migration and disability is often overlooked, both in research, public discourse and political action. Building on the emerging literature looking at the situation in host countries and against the backdrop of the increasing focus on employment in both asylum and disability contexts, the thesis explores the access to the labour market for persons with disabilities and forced migration experience in Sweden and Germany. In order to answer the question of how pathways to the labour market for persons with disabilities and forced migration experience look like, the thesis combines a policy document analysis with four semi-structured interviews with organisations working at the intersection in both countries. The selected material and interviews are analysed with a reflexive thematic analysis approach following Braun & Clarke (2006) under an intersectional lens. The policy analysis shows, in addition to the lack of engagement with the intersection, that the respective asylum laws influence the access to the labour market through work permits and through their interplay with the provision of disability services. From the interviews, it appears that in both countries, persons with disabilities and forced migration experience get access to the labour market either through registration with the Employment Agency and their specific programmes for persons with disabilities, through sheltered workplaces in Sweden or sheltered workshops in Germany or personal contacts with diaspora communities or organisations. These different pathways are in both countries furthermore highly dependent on structural and personal prerequisites. Despite experiences of discrimination and ableism, the interviews highlight not only the complexity that comes with the intersection, but also that persons with disabilities and forced migration experience, often with the help of organisations, nevertheless navigate the pathways and find employment.

In February 2022 Russia’s invasion of Ukraine started the war that would lead to the largest refugee crisis in Europe since World War II. In response to the war, SWAN, the Swedish Artists Residency Network, initiated the project Emergency residencies. During 2022, the network’s artist residencies opened up to provide safety for Ukrainian artists fleeing the war. Through an ethnographic case study and in-depth interviews, this thesis explores the experiences of four Ukrainian musicians in times of war and displacement, that took part of the Emergency residencies. It also investigates the function of SWAN’s Emergency residencies for musicians facing forced migration. The purpose is to shed light on the experience of musicians in a refugee position and the residency as a space that may contribute to uphold music-making and musical labour for refugee artists.   This thesis uses a transdisciplinary approach. It draws on notions of music as an emotional resource, music becoming political, and theoretical concepts regarding identity, belonging, and detachment, as well as translocality and transcultural capital. SWAN’s Emergency residencies is shown to provide several benefits for musicians displaced during Russia’s war on Ukraine. It includes the contribution of economic resources, opportunities for artistic practice and development, and promotion of cultural understanding and social inclusion. It also suggests that typical benefits provided by artist residencies gain added value for artists experiencing war and displacement, as it answers to losses typically experienced in forced migration. The war and refugee position are embedded in the daily experience of musicians facing war and displacement. This thesis suggests that musicians can use various strategies to either enforce, dismiss, expand or change the view of their prescribed identity in relation to the war and the refugee position. A Ukrainian identity is enhanced to show pride of their country, create awareness of Ukraine’s situation or foster a sense of belonging. Music can also be used to detach from positions and preconceptions surrounding such labels and connections, either through performing other identities or releasing from all categories. Furthermore, music and music-making can act as an emotional resource that helps regulate emotions or become a vehicle for political mobilisation and support for Ukraine. The politicisation of music is also actualised by the refugee position in itself and public perceptions of such positions. Transcultural capital highlights the capacities and strategies of musicians to create various economic, cultural and social opportunities through links to both their host and home country.