Corruption in Africa has become more than a mere "cost of doing business" and is an impediment to the development of the state. Neopatrimonialism is the evolution of corruption in Africa, where the ruling elites have shaped the government and its institutions to become a vehicle for corruption. West em governments in an attempt to aid developmentally stalled states, disburse foreign aid to African neopatrimonial states. Through a thorough case study of Kenya and Zimbabwe, it is shown that foreign aid helps rather than reforms the neopatrimonial system.

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This study sought to analyse the role of foreign aid in poverty alleviation and economic development of Ghana from 1957 to 2008. Literature related to the study on foreign aid and economic development was reviewed to get an insight into the views of other writers on the topic under study. The study adopted both primary and secondary sources of data to examine the concept of foreign aid, poverty reduction and economic development in Ghana. The study collected data using qualitative interviews consisting of open- and close-ended questions from the field. Content analysis involving the use of existing materials by researchers and the analyses of data originally collected by others was also relied on as a complement to the primary sources in the study. The study found that donor aid is not well coordinated in Ghana because of the proliferation of donor agencies in the country. Though aid is provided to the Ghanaian economy to address poverty and economic development challenges, the study found that foreign aid did not achieve the set objectives because of poor management of donor resources. This study, therefore, recommends that the informal economy should be promoted with funding from microfinance as an alternative to donor-driven development to effectively harness the natural resources in the country for development. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

世界上以國際援助提升民主化與人權並非是近期的現象。儘管在援助上需要一些微妙的條件，國際組織與已發展中的自由民主仍然經常使用援助來提升良善治理。但在近20年間，援助的重點已經放在民主與人權的原則上。儘管目前已經有研究持續發現國際對民主及人權的援助的效果很低，但是目前為止還沒有找出可被接受的解釋。此研究以感知差異和非傳統援助的能力為基礎，致力於找出更進一步在國際援助上，對於無法有效促進民主及人權的解釋。本研究以甘比亞與歐盟的關係進行個案研究，如果甘比亞與歐盟對於民主與人權的感知有明顯的不同，另外甘比亞也可以接受無條件援助，因此本研究假設歐盟的國際援助對甘比亞將僅有些許的影響。本研究結論是，甘比亞與歐盟對於人權的感知有很大的不同；再者，本研究發現有條件援助在促進民主與人權上的效果，會造成無條件的援助無法發揮其功能。 關鍵字：國際援助、民主化、人權 / The use of foreign aid to promote democracy and human rights around the world is not a recent phenomenon. International organisations and developed liberal democra-cies have often used aid to promote good governance albeit with subtle conditionali-ties. In the last two decades however, there have been emphasis in the conditioning of aid to democracy and human rights principles. Even though studies continue to unrav-el the low effect foreign aid have on democracy and human rights promotion, there is yet no agreeable explanation why this is so. In this research, I seek to advance an ex-planation based on perception difference and availability of other non-traditional do-nors as causal for the low effect of foreign aid on democracy and human rights pro-motion. Using a case study of The Gambia–EU Relations, I hypothesised that EU foreign aid will have little impact, if The Gambia and EU perception of democracy and human rights are significantly different and The Gambia can access aid from other non-conditional donors. The study concludes that while The Gambia and EU have no significant perception difference of democracy, there is important difference of human rights perception. Moreover the study found that conditional aid effect on democracy and human rights promotions is thwarted by non-conditional aid Key words: foreign aid, democracy and human rights

<p> </p><p>Program utvärderingar utgör till stor del grunden till det formella lärandet inom Sida (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency). Utvärderingars syfte är att bistå med kunskap och Utvärderingar ska garantera att insatser är baserade på god förståelse om verkligheten i mottagarländerna. Genom att gynna organisatoriskt lärande förmodas utvärderingar bidra till biståndets effektivitet (Stefan Molund, 2004).</p><p> </p><p>Teorier om den lärande organisationen hävdar att organisationers fall beror på medlemmars tendens att förenkla och misstolka verkligheten. Medvetet eller omedvetet leder detta till att organisationens vision försvagas, medlemmars engagemang försvagas och den verklighet man sökt att förändra förblir den samma (Peter M. Senge, 1994).</p><p> </p><p>Genom att bistå sektorer som hälsa, utbildning och demokrati mm. har det svenska biståndet präglats av en objektiv eller positivistisk syn på verkligheten i utvecklingsländer. Insatser inom hälsa leder onekligen till effektivitet i fattigdomsbekämpningen.</p><p> </p><p>Min uppsats visar hur Sidas strävan efter objektivitet löper risken att försvaga organisationens vision. I de fattigaste och mest socialt komplexa utvecklingsländerna finns inte förutsättningarna[1] för objektiv utvärdering, och resultaten av en utvärdering blir ofta öppna för olika tolkningar. Trots att utvärderingarna skildrar en sann bild av verkligheten så leder detta till frustration hos handläggare. Resultatet blir att utvärderingar görs av program som handläggarna redan har god kunskap om. Mitt resultat visar att denna trend successivt försvagar Sidas vision då insatser ämnade åt att öka effektiviteten i biståndet allokeras från de ”fattigaste länderna” till länder som kommit längre i utvecklingsprocessen.</p><p>[1] De “fattigaste” utvecklingsländerna saknar de institutioner för datainsamling som krävs för objektiv utvärdering. Att skapa förutsättningarna för den kostnadseffektiva objektiva utvärderingen i utvecklingsländer är ett utvecklingsmål som vilket annat som ingår i den övergripande fattigdomsbekämpningen.</p><p> </p> / Presentation har ägt rum

The global emphasis on human rights has generated a surge of studies into what causes regimes to abuse the basic rights of their citizens. Causes of abuse can be internal or external in nature, based on economics, politics or cultures. This study examines the effects of foreign aid and foreign direct investment on three types of human rights: personal integrity, civil and political, and subsistence. I perform ordinary least squares regression analyses with panel-corrected standard errors on a pooled cross-sectional time series design incorporating 127 countries from 1976 to 1996. While my results are not significant, it is important to observe that there is a tendency toward negative relationships for the majority of the analyses.

Out of a total of 2,976 double tax agreements (DTAs), some 60% are signed between a developing and a developed economy. As DTAs shift taxing rights from capital importing to capital exporting countries, the prior would incur a loss. We demonstrate in a theoretical model that in a deal one country does not trump the other, but that the deal must be mutually beneficial. In the case of an asymmetric DTA, this requires compensation from the capital exporting country to the capital importing country. We provide empirical evidence that such compensation is indeed paid, for instance in the form of bilateral official development assistance, which increases on average by six million US$ in the year of the signature of a DTA. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Primary sources were provided by the Kenyan Embassy to the U.S.A., Kenya tourist offices in the U.S.A. and West Germany, the Economics Department at the University of Nairobi, the Ministry of Finance in Kenya, the Institute of South Africa, and the United Nations. The first chapter provides a brief explanation of the historical and economic development Kenya has experienced since independence. Chapter II deals with the historical development of Kenya's economy. Chapter III discusses the major countries' donation of aid to Kenya. Chapter IV focuses upon aid from international organizations. Chapter V develops Kenya's efforts to use foreign aid efficiently. Chapter VI looks into Kenya's prospects for development through foreign aid. Chapter VII is the conclusion.

Foreign aid as an economic policy was previously widely accepted as a way to assist least developed economies to achieve economic growth. Over the years, aid effectiveness has been questioned, whilst aid dependency has continued to rise. To assist in aid reduction, various economists have proposed aid exit strategies that countries could adopt to reduce aid dependency. However, the adoption of these strategies has been rather slow. The purpose of this study was to review and assess the current literature on the different proposed foreign aid exit strategies, in terms of their feasibility and ease of implementation, taking into account the current state of African economies. The analysis focused on the exit strategies recommended by Tandon (2008), Moyo (2009) and Fee (2012). The main finding of this study suggests that the aforementioned exit strategies are feasible, but not necessarily easy to implement, due to the limitations faced by many least developed countries. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)