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Assignment (MFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ongoing environmental destruction that results from the continuous use of the woodland resources for economic purposes has caused extensive changes in the original vegetation of Goba area of southern Mozambique. Developing alternative sources of income for communities can reduce their dependence on the production of charcoal, building materials and wood carvings. The lack of infrastructure and remoteness of these localities from the markets make alternatives economically unfeasible and thus unsustainable for rural development. Ineffective policy planning that does not address the problem in a holistic way causes the dilemma of local people in remote areas. The challenge at Goba is to develop alternative livelihoods that are economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. Nature-based tourism has been identified as such an alternative to realize this goal. However, this development requires incentives for sustainable resource use, which can be created either by expanding the benefits accruing from the efficient use of the resource or by changing the distribution of the benefits and cost in favor of the users. In many cases, local communities have developed tourism initiatives in ecologically fragile, remote areas, without sound planning based on detailed ecological and socio-economic information. Uncontrolled flows of tourists in unplanned tourist destinations degrade these areas. These destinations lose their aesthetic appeal; tourism flow decreases and consequently new attractions are opened. This study is of a land use planning nature and follows a combination of existing framework tools. The primary aim of this study was to develop simple guidelines for nature-based tourism that contribute to the conservation and management of the rural woodland areas as well as to the improved socio-economic welfare of rural communities in the Goba area. The study used baseline information for planning, focusing on the tourism market and on the ecological and socia-economical aspects of the siudy area. Two strategies were used to obtain the information, namely market research and attraction resources analysis. The market research in the southern part of Mozambique shows that: International tourist flows are at present from Southern African countries mostly South Africa (more than 50%), North America, Europe and Australia or Asia. Mozambique is perceived mainly as a sunny beach destination for vacations and weekends though most of the tourists were engaged in multi-destination itineraries that included safari, wildernesses, bird watching, touring and curiosity. There was no evidence from any tourist that nature tourism was the reason to visit Mozambique, but many of them said that they would visit ecotourism and nature tourism destinations if available. The average daily expenditure per tourist was found to be US$47. Tourists from long-haul distances had higher disposable expenditures and stayed longer in both attraction assets and in the country. Sixty nine per cent (69%) of surveyed tourists were over 50 years of age and they were mostly males (57%). The results show clearly that many issues must be taken into consideration where the development of ecotourism and nature-based tourism, especially in rural areas, is concerned. Such considerations should include (i) careful planning of the destinations based on the local developmental policy; (ii) developing saleable tourist products and packages and (iii), promotional strategies to expand the market to capture tourists with high average daily expenditure. The rural communities can then have a chance to develop nature-based tourism that uses outstanding natural resources. The resources analysis study results revealed that: The rugged topographic, climatic conditions of Goba water catchment area and the distance from settlements have naturally preserved local forest resources from human utilization. The area has well conserved and differentiated natural scenic landscape. These scenic landscapes have recreational values as well as environmental contrast, scientific discovery potential and retention of vanishing biological species. To preserve or improve the management of these landscapes, it is essential to consider recreation use in relation to all other potential values. Few existing landscapes showed a relative ability to absorb impacts produced by facility development with a minimum negative effect on the visual and ecological quality of the landscape. The majority of the landscapes have some potential for primitive and sensitive recreational spectrum. All these results are consistent with results from similar studies on watershed and water catchment ecology. Given the constraints on the environmental settings of the Goba landscapes, it is recommended that the basic and logic framework development should attract tourists interested in the more primitive portion of the recreational spectrum and should have fewer facilities of small-scale building. These facilities should be rustic in character with less service and more emphasis on self-reliance. Improved management of the Goba ecosystem is needed to maintain the ecological functions of the catchment and local culture and rurality. In conclusion, this study suggests that, if on these remote fragile ecosystems local communities can protect and market attractive quality-of-life-amenities, maintain a relatively low cost of living, and offer serviceable links to global telecommunication infrastructures in order to attract tourists and retirees, these communities can survive and may even thrive as local economies. An incentive planning method and sustained extension outreach effort in rural development, which focuses on nourishing local action at the grassroots level, will complement such a policy strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Omvattende verandering van die natuurlike plantegroei in die Goba area van suiderlike Mosambiek is teweeg gebring deur die deurlopende bentting van die omgewing deur die misbruik van die natuurlike hulpbronne vir ekonomiese wins. Die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe inkomstebronne vir plaaslike gemeenskap kan hul afhanklikheid van hout vir die produksie van houtskool, boumateriaal en houtsneewerk verminder. Die gebrek aan infrastruktuur en die groot afstande na markte maak die verkoop van die houtprodukte in stedelike gebiede onprakties en dus nie 'n volhoubare oplossing vir landelike ontwikkeling nie. Oneffektiewe beleidsbeplanning wat die probleem nie holisites benader nie veroorsaak 'n dilemma vir inwoners in afgeleë gebiede. Die uitdaging in Goba is om alternatiewe bronne van inkomste te ontwikkel wat ekonomies, sosiaal en ekologies volhoubaar is. Natuurgebaseerde toerisme is geïdentifiseer as 'n moontlike alternatief wat aan die doel kan beantwoord. Die ontwikkeling van eko-toerisme sal egter net slaag indien die plaaslike bevolking genoegsaam aangemoedig word om die natuurlike hulpbronne op 'n volhoubare basis te benut. Dit kan gedoen word óf deur winste terug te ploeg in die omgewing en so die toerisme basis te vergroot óf deur winsdeling op 'n gebruikersgunstige voordele- en kostebasis te behartig. In baie gevalle het plaaslike gemeenskappe toerisme inisiatiewe in sensitiewe, afgeleë gebiede ontwikkel, sonder deeglike beplanning wat op uitgebreide ekologiese en sosio-ekonomiese inligting berus. Die onbeheerde toeriste aanloop na onbeplande areas lei tot die stelselmatige vernietiging daarvan. Hierdie bestemmings verloor hul estetiese waarde en het tot gevolg dat toeriste ander ongerepte areas gaan soek. Hierdie studie handeloor die beplanning van grondgebruik en volg 'n kombinasie van bestaande raamwerk prosedure. Die primêre doel van hierdie ondersoek is om eenvoudige riglyne vir natuurgebaseede eko-toerisme te ontwikkel wat 'n bydra kan lewer tot die bewaring en bestuur van die natuurlike wonde en wat die sosioekonomiese welvaart van die plaaslike bevolking van Goba sal bevorder. Die studie maak gebruik van basiese inligting vir beplanning, en fokus op die toeristemark sowel as op die ekologiese en sosioekonomiese aspekte van die studie-area. Die twee strategieë wat gevolg is om inligting in te win is marknavorsing en die analise van toeriste-attraksie hulpbronne. Marknavorsing in die suide van Mosambiek toon dat die meerderheid internasionale besoekers aan Mosambiek afkomstig is van lande in Suidelike Afrika (Suid-Afrika alleen 50%), en daarna uit Noord- Amerika, Europa and Australië/Asië. Mosambiek word hoofsaaklik as 'n sonnige strandoord-bestemming vir vakansies en naweke beskou, hoewel die meeste toeriste 'n multi-bestemming reisplan volg wat safaris, ornitologie, reis en besoeke aan besienswaardighede insluit. Daar is geen bewys gevind dat enige toeris Mosambiek besoek het met eko-toerisme as doel nie, maar baie sou belangstelom dit te doen indien ekoen natuurgebaseerde toeriste-betemmings beskikbaar was. Die gemiddelde daaglikse uitgawe per toeris was US$47. Toeriste wat groot afstande moes aflê om hul bestemming te bereik het meer beskikbare fondse en bly langer, beide in die land en by verskillende attraksies. Van die toeriste by wie die opname gemaak is 69% ouer as 50 jaar en die meerderheid (57%) was mans. Die resultate toon dat daar talle faktore is om in ag te neem by die ontwikkeling van 'n landelike area vir natuurgebaseede en eko-toerisme. Daar moet aandag gegee word aan (i) deeglike beplanning van die bestemming gebaseer op die plaaslike ontwikkelingsbeleid; (ii) die ontwikkeling van verkoopbare toeriste produkte en pakkette;en (iii), promosie strategieë om die mark uit te brei om toeriste wat meer spandeer te lok. Die landelike gemeenskappe word sodoende die geleentheid gebied om hul besondere natuurlike hulpbronne te ontwikkel vir natuurgebaseerde toerisme. Die hulpbron-analise toon dat die afgeleë en bergagtige topografie en die klimaatsomstandighede van Goba se wateropvangsgebied as natuurlike beskerming vir inheense woude teen die benutting deur die plaaslike bevolking gedien het. Die area is goed bewaar met skouspelagtige natuurtonele. Die skouspelagtige landskap beskik oor rekreasiewaarde sowel as omgewingskontras, potensiaal vir wetenskaplike ontdekkings en vir bewaring van seldsame fauna en flora. Om hierdie landskap te bewaar of die bestuur daarvan te verbeter, moet gebruik vir rekreasie in verhouding tot die ander potensiële waardes beskou word. Daar is beperkte areas wat die vermoë besit om ontwikkeling te absorbeer en waar die verbouing van fasiliteite slegs 'n minimale negatiewe effek op die visuele en ekologiese kwaliteit sal hê. Die potensiaal bestaan egter vir alle areas om op 'n beperkte skaalontwikkel te word vir die primitiewe en sensitiewe sektor van die rekreasie spektrum. Die resultate van die vavorsing stem ooreen met soortgelyke studies van waterskeiding- en wateropvangsgebied-ekologie en ontwikkeling. Vir die gegewe omgewingsbeperkings van Goba word dit aanbeveel dat ontwikkeling op 'n basiese vlak geskied om daadie proporsie van die toeriste te lok wat in die sogenaamde wildernis-ervaring belangstel. Geboue en beperkte fasiliteite moet slegs op klein skaal opgerig word. Die fasiliteite moet by die omgewing inpas en die klem moet op selfvoorsiening eerder as op dienstelewering val. Die bestuur van die Goba ekosisteem moet egter verbeter om die ekologiese funksie en die plaaslike kultuur en landelikeid te behou. Die bevinding van die studie is dat indien ver-afgeleë en sensitiewe ekosisteme deur die plaaslike bevolking bestuur en beskerm word, dit tot ekonomiese welvaart van die landelike gebiede kan lei. Hierdie areas moet bestuur word sodat die landelike karakter as toeriste aantreklikheid behou word, dat die lewenskoste relatief laag bly en dat verbindings met die buitewêreld op telekommunikasie vlak ingestel word. Beplanning moet op 'n aansporingsbasis gegrond wees met uitreikingsprogramme met landelike ontwikkeling as doel. Aanmoediging van plaaslike aksie op grondvlak behoort so 'n beleidstrategie te versterk.

British Columbia brought a tremendous natural forest endowment into the Canadian Confederation in the 1870s. The Fulton Commission estimated there to be between 200 and 240 billion board feet of accessible timber in the province at the time. Total volume by 1937 was estimated to be 254.5 billion board feet. When British Columbia's Land Act of 1896 carefully defined Crown timberland and reserved more than 91% of such lands from sale, a public-sector model had been adopted for the development of this resource. The dissertation uses a historic approach to examine the magnitude and tempo of change in public forest policy development in the province. It proposes that the magnitude of change—especially with respect to economic value of the resource—along with a narrow focus by the public landowner on exploitation, discouraged the development of links between forest exploitation and the standard of living of the province's residents especially in rural resource based communities. This study also contends that the evolution of a scientific and technical foundation for the development of coastal forests and forest resources may also have suffered because of the focus of the public-land owner. The impact of government interventions and further changes in forest policy intensified in the 1990s. Measures like the Timber Supply Review from 1992–1996; changes in the target rate of timber pricing to finance the creation of Forest Renewal BC; and the implementation of the Forest Practice Code in 1994, were serious public sector interventions in the forest economy. They resulted in severe economic shocks to the provincial forest economy. The structure of the coastal forest responded. Companies like Weldwood left the coast, the shareholders of MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. divided and sold the company to Weyerhaeuser Canada and Pacifica Papers while Fletcher Challenge Canada was purchased by Norse Skog after it had spun off solid wood operations to a new company named TimberWest. TimberWest subsequently bought Pacific Forest Products. With the consent of the Minister of Forests, Pacific's Crown tenures were transferred to Western Forest Products. These changes negatively impacted many coastal communities. Especially vulnerable were the “instant” resource-dependent towns like Ucluelet, Gold River, Port Alice and Port McNeill on Vancouver Island. These towns had been created during the late 1960s through the early 1970s and are tied, in an economic sense, very closely to the health of the company or companies controlling the timber tenures in their area. As the financial fortunes of many coastal companies declined, so did socio-economic conditions in these forest dependent communities. Using a case study of the Kingcome Timber Supply Area, the dissertation examines the flow of economic forest values associated with the depletion of the mature forest. An outflow of resource values from the sub-regional to the provincial and national economies linked directly forest tenure, pricing and tax policy is identified. To compensate the sub-region for forest depletion, the idea of a timber income stabilization fund is developed. It is suggested that the present value of the timber income stabilization fund be used as a basis for capitalizing a regional community model forest. / Graduate

This PhD by Publication traces through 13 of my publications on economic incentives for forest management and conservation in tropical countries (with a regional bias towards Latin America), including several papers focused on participatory forest management or community-based conservation. The papers show how my thinking has evolved from a focus on market and nonmarket incentives, to an increasing emphasis on governance and regulatory incentives in explaining stakeholder behaviour to the forest resource, as well as the equity impacts. They reveal that positive incentives and win-win (environmental and poverty reduction) outcomes will only emerge when the underlying market, policy and institutional failures are tackled. Because of their public good values, the survival of tropical forests is contingent on the actions of the international community and governments. Sustainable forestry, therefore, depends on a combination of domestic governance progress to control illegal logging and the rent-seeking powers of vested interest groups, global governance regulations which create markets for environmental services, secure property rights for resident stakeholders and extra-sectoral policies that moderate land use opportunity costs. The current main hope for tropical forests is 'avoided deforestation' since this will need to tackle the forest governance problems and underlying multi-sectoral drivers of deforestation if it is to be successful. It represents a balanced market (payments for ecosystem services) and supply-side (improved governance) response to what is essentially a 'public goods' management problem, but will need to overcome some major political economy challenges.

Muitos dos severos impactos causados ao ambiente nos dias atuais estão intimamente relacionados com a total ou parcial retirada da cobertura vegetal nativa do solo. Com o crescimento acelerado da população humana, a vegetação nativa bem como outros recursos naturais está sofrendo uma crescente pressão. Esta, por sua vez, influencia diretamente a perda e fragmentação de habitats, repercutindo em danos significativos na biodiversidade local e regional. Nestas condições, a sub-bacia hidrográfica do arroio Retiro, localizada nos municípios de Veranópolis, Vila Flores, Cotiporã e Nova Prata, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, apresenta grande fragmentação florestal, principalmente em função do elevado nível de desmatamento para fins agropecuários e para a silvicultura. O arroio Retiro possui grande importância devido ao seu potencial hídrico, sendo ele o maior fornecedor de água potável para os municípios do entorno. A sub-bacia hidrográfica está inserida em sua totalidade no Bioma Mata Atlântica, mais especificamente na região fitoecológica denominada Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM). Desta forma, este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar temporalmente a estrutura da paisagem da sub-bacia do Arroio Retiro e identificar as áreas prioritárias à conservação, por meio de análise multicritério enfocando características ideais para o incremento da biodiversidade local e regional. Para a análise da estrutura da paisagem foram utilizadas séries temporais do satélite Landsat 5 e 8, além de índices de ecologia de paisagem. Para a identificação de áreas prioritárias foi utilizada a abordagem multicriterial, através do Método de Média Ponderada Ordenada, para a combinação dos fatores. Os fatores utilizados são: proximidade a cobertura florestal; proximidade aos fragmentos de maior área nuclear; proximidade à rede hidrográfica; distância aos centros urbanos; distância a malha viária e distância aos processos de mineração existentes. Os mapas de prioridades foram reclassificados de maneira a apresentar cinco classes de prioridades: muito baixa, baixa, média, alta e muito alta. Em relação à fragmentação, a sub-bacia apresentou melhoras entre os anos de 1990 para 2005, com diminuição de fragmentos e acréscimo de áreas para os já existentes. Após 2005, houve um intenso processo de fragmentação, onde novos pequenos fragmentos foram criados e alguns fragmentos maiores obtiveram incremento de áreas. Este dado é comprovado pelo aumento de 11,61 km² na classe de mata nativa e pelo surgimento de 119 fragmentos a mais que em 1990. Em relação ao maior fragmento da paisagem, este contava com 3275 há em 1990 e passou para 5003 há em 2016. A área nuclear deste fragmento também teve incremento, estando com 2473.47 há em 1990 e passando para 3745.62 há em 2016. A maior parte das áreas de maior prioridade foram escolhidas simultaneamente próximas aos melhores fragmentos em relação as suas áreas nucleares e além de estarem próximos a rede hidrográfica. O mapa de áreas prioritárias para conservação que mais se adaptou a área foi o de risco alto, devido as suas características. Desta forma, a abordagem multicriterial bem como o método da média ponderada ordenada, foi eficiente para a definição de áreas prioritárias para a conservação, utilizando pesos de compensação e ordenação. / Many of the severe impacts on the environment nowadays are closely related to the total or partial remove of native ground vegetation. With the accelerated growth of human population, the native vegetation as other natural resources are suffering increasing pressure. And this, in turn, directly influences the lost and fragmentation of habitats, reflecting in significant damages to local and regional biodiversity. In this conditions, the hydrographic mycro-basin of the Arroio Retiro, located in the cities of Veranópolis, Vila Flores, Cotiporã and Nova Prata, at Rio Grande do Sul State, has a big forest fragmentation, mainly in function of the high level of deforestation for agriculture and sylviculture. Arroio Retiro has a big value due to its water potencial, being the biggest drinking water provider to the cities surrounding. The hydrographic mycro-basin is included in its totality at Mata Atlântica Biome, more specifically in the phytoecological region called Mixed Rain Forest (MRF). By this way, this search has the purpose of analyze temporally the landscape structure from Arroio Retiro mycro-basin and identify priority areas for conservation using the multicriteria analysis focusing ideal characteristics for the local and regional biodiversity development. For landscape structure analysis were used time series from Landsat 5 and 8 satellite, as well as landscape ecology rates. For the identification of priority areas was used multicriteria approach through the ordered weighted average method for the combination of factors. The factors used are: forest cover proximity; largest nuclear area fragments proximity; hydrographical network proximity; distance to urban centers; road distance and minig process distance. The maps of priorities were reclassified in order to present five priority groups: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Related to fragmentation, the mycro-basin showed progess between the years 1990 to 2005, with fragments reduction and areas addition to the already existing. After 2005, there was na intense process of fragmentation, where small new fragments were created and some larger fragments got area increase. This fact is evidenced by the increase of 11,61km2 of native forest and the appearance of 119 fragments more than in 1990. About the biggest landscape fragmente, that it has 3275ha in 1990, now it passed to 5003ha in 2006. The nuclear area of this fragment also had increase, in 1990 it had 2473.47ha and now, in 2016 it has 3745.62ha. The most part of the areas with big priority were chosen close to the best fragments for its nuclear areas in addition to be next to hydrographic net. The map of priority areas for conservation that best adapted to the area was high risk, due to their characteristics. Therefore, this multicriteria approach and the ordered weighted average method, was eficient for the definition of priority areas for conservation, using compensation and ordering weights.

Submitted by Julien Marius Reis Thevenin null (julienreis@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T22:57:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_A Natureza nos Caminhos da Ayahuasca_Thevenin_Versão Final.pdf: 17560972 bytes, checksum: 0f1db4155bb4e9d528fda96c5e0375da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T18:37:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thevenin_jmr_dr_prud.pdf: 17560972 bytes, checksum: 0f1db4155bb4e9d528fda96c5e0375da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T18:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thevenin_jmr_dr_prud.pdf: 17560972 bytes, checksum: 0f1db4155bb4e9d528fda96c5e0375da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A relação que os grupos sociais estabelecem com a natureza está permeada pelos sistemas de representações e ideias, principalmente, os religiosos e filosóficos. Contudo a trajetória percorrida pela sociedade urbano industrial, baseada no lucro, tem conduzido a sérios problemas ambientais, dentre eles o desflorestamento da Amazônia. É na busca por relações que atribuam valores não econômicos à natureza que se inicia esta tese, desse modo, analisamos aqui a formação dos territórios religiosos de organizações que utilizam o chá Ayahuasca em seus rituais, no estado de Rondônia – BR, com enfoque na interação homem-natureza. Também conhecidas como religiões da floresta, pois surgiram nas primeiras décadas do século XX, em meio à floresta Amazônica, essas religiões foram fundadas por seringueiros nas suas três vertentes originais: Santo Daime; Barquinha; e UDV. A pesquisa sobre esses arranjos institucionais apresentou resultados que indicaram relações de êxito na conservação florestal associados a um processo crescente de ressacralização da natureza. A expansão territorial ayahuasqueira está relacionada ao crescimento e manutenção de áreas florestadas associadas aos plantios das espécies Banisteriopsis caapi e Psychotria viridis, que compõe o chá Ayahuasca, em sistemas agroflorestais e com predomínio da agricultura orgânica. Nas 24 propriedades rurais mapeadas, a partir de classificação orientada a objeto e imagens de alta resolução espacial, 96,6% de todo o território permanece com cobertura arbórea em estágio inicial, intermediário a avançado de sucessão, sendo que na maioria dos casos as taxas de cobertura foram superiores às exigidas para Reserva Legal. Na paisagem, muitas dessas propriedades se destacam como verdadeiras ilhas de floresta em meio a extensas áreas desmatadas para pastagens. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos estiveram, na maioria das propriedades, dentro da normalidade, para as regiões fitoecológicas em que se encontram inseridas, exceto em algumas propriedades suscetíveis a fortes efeitos de borda. O crescimento desses territórios também mostrou estar associado a práticas de reflorestamento (seja para recuperação de áreas degradadas ou no adensamento florestal), com a presença de espécies ameaçadas de extinção em 67,9 %, do total de 53 propriedades analisadas (entre urbanas e rurais), e ao respeito e zelo pela Natureza com a valorização de seus aspectos espirituais. / The relationship that social groups establish with nature is based upon representation and idea systems, mainly religious and philosophical. However, the urban and industrial society path, based on gains, has been leading to serious environmental problems, among them, the Amazon deforestation. It is in search for relations that attribute non-economic values to nature that this thesis initiates. Therefore, the formation of religious territories of organizations that make use of the tea Ayahuasca in their rituals in the state of Rondônia- BR is analyzed, with emphasis on men-nature interaction. Also known as religions of the forest, since they emerged in the first decades of the 20th century in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, these religions were founded by rubber tappers in three original branches: Santo Daime; Barquinha; and União Do Vegetal. The research on these institutional arrangements presented results that indicated success relations on forest conservation associated with a growing process of resacralization of nature. The Ayahuasca territorial expansion is related with the growth and maintenance of forests area for the planting of the species Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which compose the tea Ayahuasca, in agroforestry systems and with the predominance of organic agriculture. In the 24 rural properties that were mapped, in oriented classification with high spatial resolution objects and images, 96,6% of the whole territory remains with arboreal coverage in early, intermediate to advanced stage of succession, being that in most cases, the coverage rates were higher than the rates required by Legal Reservation. In the landscape, many of these properties stand out as true forest islands in the middle of extensive areas that were deforested for pasture. The phytosociological parameters were, in most properties within normality, to the phytoecological regions in which they are inserted, except for some properties that are more susceptible to strong border effects. The growth of these territories also have shown to be associated with reforestation practices (either for the recovery of degraded areas or forest densification), with the presence of endangered species in 67,9%, from a total of 53 analyzed properties (among urban and rural), and with the respect and care for Nature along with the valorization of its spiritual aspects. / FAPESP: 2013/02207-1

Muitos dos severos impactos causados ao ambiente nos dias atuais estão intimamente relacionados com a total ou parcial retirada da cobertura vegetal nativa do solo. Com o crescimento acelerado da população humana, a vegetação nativa bem como outros recursos naturais está sofrendo uma crescente pressão. Esta, por sua vez, influencia diretamente a perda e fragmentação de habitats, repercutindo em danos significativos na biodiversidade local e regional. Nestas condições, a sub-bacia hidrográfica do arroio Retiro, localizada nos municípios de Veranópolis, Vila Flores, Cotiporã e Nova Prata, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, apresenta grande fragmentação florestal, principalmente em função do elevado nível de desmatamento para fins agropecuários e para a silvicultura. O arroio Retiro possui grande importância devido ao seu potencial hídrico, sendo ele o maior fornecedor de água potável para os municípios do entorno. A sub-bacia hidrográfica está inserida em sua totalidade no Bioma Mata Atlântica, mais especificamente na região fitoecológica denominada Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM). Desta forma, este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar temporalmente a estrutura da paisagem da sub-bacia do Arroio Retiro e identificar as áreas prioritárias à conservação, por meio de análise multicritério enfocando características ideais para o incremento da biodiversidade local e regional. Para a análise da estrutura da paisagem foram utilizadas séries temporais do satélite Landsat 5 e 8, além de índices de ecologia de paisagem. Para a identificação de áreas prioritárias foi utilizada a abordagem multicriterial, através do Método de Média Ponderada Ordenada, para a combinação dos fatores. Os fatores utilizados são: proximidade a cobertura florestal; proximidade aos fragmentos de maior área nuclear; proximidade à rede hidrográfica; distância aos centros urbanos; distância a malha viária e distância aos processos de mineração existentes. Os mapas de prioridades foram reclassificados de maneira a apresentar cinco classes de prioridades: muito baixa, baixa, média, alta e muito alta. Em relação à fragmentação, a sub-bacia apresentou melhoras entre os anos de 1990 para 2005, com diminuição de fragmentos e acréscimo de áreas para os já existentes. Após 2005, houve um intenso processo de fragmentação, onde novos pequenos fragmentos foram criados e alguns fragmentos maiores obtiveram incremento de áreas. Este dado é comprovado pelo aumento de 11,61 km² na classe de mata nativa e pelo surgimento de 119 fragmentos a mais que em 1990. Em relação ao maior fragmento da paisagem, este contava com 3275 há em 1990 e passou para 5003 há em 2016. A área nuclear deste fragmento também teve incremento, estando com 2473.47 há em 1990 e passando para 3745.62 há em 2016. A maior parte das áreas de maior prioridade foram escolhidas simultaneamente próximas aos melhores fragmentos em relação as suas áreas nucleares e além de estarem próximos a rede hidrográfica. O mapa de áreas prioritárias para conservação que mais se adaptou a área foi o de risco alto, devido as suas características. Desta forma, a abordagem multicriterial bem como o método da média ponderada ordenada, foi eficiente para a definição de áreas prioritárias para a conservação, utilizando pesos de compensação e ordenação. / Many of the severe impacts on the environment nowadays are closely related to the total or partial remove of native ground vegetation. With the accelerated growth of human population, the native vegetation as other natural resources are suffering increasing pressure. And this, in turn, directly influences the lost and fragmentation of habitats, reflecting in significant damages to local and regional biodiversity. In this conditions, the hydrographic mycro-basin of the Arroio Retiro, located in the cities of Veranópolis, Vila Flores, Cotiporã and Nova Prata, at Rio Grande do Sul State, has a big forest fragmentation, mainly in function of the high level of deforestation for agriculture and sylviculture. Arroio Retiro has a big value due to its water potencial, being the biggest drinking water provider to the cities surrounding. The hydrographic mycro-basin is included in its totality at Mata Atlântica Biome, more specifically in the phytoecological region called Mixed Rain Forest (MRF). By this way, this search has the purpose of analyze temporally the landscape structure from Arroio Retiro mycro-basin and identify priority areas for conservation using the multicriteria analysis focusing ideal characteristics for the local and regional biodiversity development. For landscape structure analysis were used time series from Landsat 5 and 8 satellite, as well as landscape ecology rates. For the identification of priority areas was used multicriteria approach through the ordered weighted average method for the combination of factors. The factors used are: forest cover proximity; largest nuclear area fragments proximity; hydrographical network proximity; distance to urban centers; road distance and minig process distance. The maps of priorities were reclassified in order to present five priority groups: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Related to fragmentation, the mycro-basin showed progess between the years 1990 to 2005, with fragments reduction and areas addition to the already existing. After 2005, there was na intense process of fragmentation, where small new fragments were created and some larger fragments got area increase. This fact is evidenced by the increase of 11,61km2 of native forest and the appearance of 119 fragments more than in 1990. About the biggest landscape fragmente, that it has 3275ha in 1990, now it passed to 5003ha in 2006. The nuclear area of this fragment also had increase, in 1990 it had 2473.47ha and now, in 2016 it has 3745.62ha. The most part of the areas with big priority were chosen close to the best fragments for its nuclear areas in addition to be next to hydrographic net. The map of priority areas for conservation that best adapted to the area was high risk, due to their characteristics. Therefore, this multicriteria approach and the ordered weighted average method, was eficient for the definition of priority areas for conservation, using compensation and ordering weights.

Orientador: Emilia Pietrafesa de Godoi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:43:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luna_MarisaBarbosaAraujo_D.pdf: 4601306 bytes, checksum: 16f6b15567fdd6eee9c752928be7e167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nesta tese tomo por objeto alegações de domínio sobre territórios e recursos naturais na Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá, localizada no oeste do estado do Acre e na Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombo de Praia Grande, no Vale do Ribeira, estado de São Paulo. Aproximo os dois contextos, remodelados pelo reconhecimento e pela institucionalização de direitos coletivos - ambientais e étnicos. As duas situações têm em comum o reconhecimento de uma territorialidade específica, que serve de base para a titulação coletiva da terra. Como reflexos da ingerência de políticas públicas em áreas de uso comum, ocorrem transformações nas lógicas de apropriação, de domínio e de uso do território, que legitimam direitos em casos específicos / Abstract: In this dissertation I examine claims over territories and natural resources in the Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve, in the western state of Acre, and the descent of Quilombo Community of Praia Grande, in the Ribeira Valley, state of São Paulo. In both situation the meaning of land claim have been reconfigured in order to accommodate the institutionalization of collective rights - environmental and ethnic - and the shared fact that recognition of a specific territoriality is the basis for collective land legal recognition. As result of inflections of public policies of common land, occur transformations in the logics that underlie legitimacy of ownership rights, in specific cases / Doutorado / Antropologia Social / Doutora em Antropologia Social

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