Over one million hectares of pocosins and wet flats in the southeastern coastal plain are intensively managed for the production of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. These management activities may have adverse effects on soil physical properties, site hydrology, and overall site productivity. Substantial quantities of wood residues are often left on these sites by timber harvesting operations, and it was hypothesized that the incorporation of this slash into the soil could improve the soil physical properties and site hydrology. One organic pocosin site and one mineral wet flat site were chosen post-harvest for treatment. The wet flat study was organized as an incomplete block design having four blocks and six treatments: (i) conventional bedding, (ii) strip surface mulching with bedding, (iii) strip surface mulching with tillage and bedding, (iv) broadcast mulch without bedding, (v) broadcast mulch with bedding, and (vi) flat planted control. The pocosin study was organized as a randomized complete block design with four blocks and four treatments. The treatments are identical to those of the wet flat site without the broadcast mulch treatments (iv and v). Soil physical property data was analyzed pre- and post-treatment, while post-treatment site hydrology and soil water chemistry data was analyzed periodically for one year. Seedling survival and height data were analyzed after one growing season. The treatments had little effect on soil physical properties, site hydrology, soil water nutrients, or seedling survival on the wet flat study site. Bedding in general significantly increased tree height growth, but mulching had no significant effects. The treatments had little effect on soil physical properties on the pocosin study site except for soil macroporosity, which was significantly increased by bedding. Site hydrology and soil water nutrients were not significantly affected by the treatments, but seedling survival and height growth were significantly increased by bedding. Mulching had no significant effects on any of the parameters studied. / Master of Science

Utilizou-se o modelo hidrológico TOPMODEL, baseado em aspectos físicos e topográficos, em uma das três microbacias do Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal Eng. Agr. Walter Emmerich, do Instituto Florestal/SP. O laboratório localiza-se na Serra do Mar, junto às cabeceiras do rio Paraibuna, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. O modelo usa um índice topográfico que indica as áreas de contribuição para o deflúvio da microbacia e permite simular a vazão e analisar o comportamento hidrológico da microbacia. A primeira parte do trabalho buscou determinar os valores iniciais dos parâmetros de calibração, testar a validade das premissas do modelo, e, principalmente, compreender melhor o funcionamento hidrológico da bacia D. Os resultados indicam uma eficiência maior para as simulações de eventos isolados do que para as de períodos longos. A simulação do comportamento hidrológico em função do corte raso mostrou uma diminuição do tempo de pico e um aumento significativo do volume de vazão simulado: de 17 a 44%, em comparação a bacia D coberta com floresta. Mostram, também, que de 7 a 93% do deflúvio é gerado a partir das áreas variáveis de afluência (A.V.A.). Recomenda-se que o corte raso seja evitado a qualquer custo. Caso seja necessário, as matas ciliares devem ser mantidas; onde elas não existem mais, devem ser recuperadas imediatamente. As áreas com agricultura ou pastagem devem utilizar as melhores técnicas de conservação do solo, de forma que as condições naturais de infiltração não sejam drasticamente alteradas. / A physically based semi-distributed model, TOPMODEL, has been applied to one catchment in Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. The model uses a topographic index which highlights significant hydrological areas within the catchment. The model simulate streamflow and analyse the behaviour of the catchment. The first part of this paper concerns to the first values of calibration parameters, experiments the validity of the premisses of the model, and, mainly, tries to understand how does the hydrology of D catchment works. The results are more efficient on simulation of isolate events than on events of long period. The simulation of hydrology behaviour subject to clear-cutting has showed a diminution of the time of rise and a significant increase of streamflow simulated: from 17 to 44%, in comparaison to D forest catchment. They also show that from 7 to 93% of the streamflow is generated from saturated contributing areas (sources areas). It\'s advisable to avoid clear-cutting. If necessary, the riparian zone has to be preserved; and where they have been destroyed, they have to be recovered urgently. Agricultural lands or grasslands have to use the best management practices, in order to keep the natural conditions of infiltration.

O Eucalyptus é o gênero florestal mais plantado no Brasil (5,6 milhões de hectares) e o Estado de São Paulo apresenta a segunda maior área plantada do país, com pouco mais de 970 mil hectares. O manejo intensivo das florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus, caracterizado pela alta produtividade, rápido crescimento e ciclos curtos de rotação, bem como a expansão do setor florestal, têm causado preocupações em relação aos efeitos desses plantios sobre a quantidade e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Diante desse contexto, esta tese foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de contribuir com o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre os efeitos do manejo de florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus sobre os recursos hídricos. Para tanto, o segundo capítulo sintetiza os resultados de estudos já desenvolvidos no Brasil e que envolveram a mensuração de componentes do balanço hídrico em florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus e em diferentes biomas brasileiros, destacando os resultados dos estudos realizados em microbacias hidrográficas cobertas por florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus. No terceiro capítulo foram avaliados os efeitos da colheita florestal e do crescimento de florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus sobre o regime hidrológico de quatro microbacias hidrográficas e, no quarto capítulo, os efeitos sobre a qualidade da água e a exportação de nutrientes e sólidos suspensos. A revisão demonstrou que existem diferenças entre florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus e vegetação nativa, principalmente em relação aos valores anuais de rendimento hídrico (razão entre deflúvio e precipitação - Q:P), os quais tendem a diminuir, em microbacias hidrográficas, entre o primeiro e sétimo ano de idade das florestas plantadas. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de efeitos do manejo florestal como o aumento do rendimento hídrico (34%), do índice de escoamento base (4%) e do coeficiente de escoamento (21%) no primeiro ano depois da colheita (DC1) em relação ao ano anterior à colheita (AC), e a diminuição em 10%, 7% e 2%, respectivamente, no quarto ano depois da colheita (DC4) em relação ao ano DC1; o aumento da concentração de sólidos suspensos no ano DC1 em relação ao ano AC e a diminuição significativa dessas concentrações no ano DC4 em todas as microbacias estudadas; e o aumento das exportações de nutrientes e sólidos suspensos no ano DC1 acompanhando o aumento do rendimento hídrico e a diminuição das exportações no ano DC4 acompanhando a diminuição do rendimento hídrico. Em todas as escalas de análise do regime hidrológico (anual, sazonal e diária) foram observadas dinâmicas individuais nas microbacias hidrográficas diferentes daquelas observadas nos valores médios, demonstrando que outros fatores como, por exemplo, a precipitação, o tipo de solos e a declividade média, também podem influenciar o regime hidrológico além do manejo florestal. Esses efeitos demonstram que existe relação entre o manejo florestal e os recursos hídricos, mas não é possível afirmar que eles comprometem a quantidade e a qualidade da água. No entanto a conjunção entre fatores climáticos, características locais e as fases do manejo florestal pode agravar ou atenuar os efeitos sobre a quantidade e a qualidade da água, devendo esses aspectos serem observados nos planos de manejo florestal. / Eucalyptus is the most planted forest genus in Brazil (5.6 million hectares) and the State of São Paulo has the second largest planted area in the country, with over 970,000 hectares. The intensive management of forest plantations of Eucalyptus, characterized by high productivity, rapid growth and short rotation cycles, as well as the expansion of the forest sector, have caused concerns about the effects of these plantations on the quantity and quality of water resources. In this context, this thesis has been developed in order to contribute to the deepening of knowledge about the effects of Eucalyptus forest plantations management on water resources. Therefore, the second chapter summarizes the results of studies already developed in Brazil involving the measurement of water balance components in Eucalyptus plantations in different biomes, highlighting the results of studies in catchments covered by Eucalyptus forest plantations. In the third chapter, we evaluated the effects of Eucalyptus plantations harvesting and growth on hydrological regime of four catchments. In the fourth chapter, we evaluate effects on water quality and nutrient and suspended solids exports. The review has shown that there are differences between Eucalyptus forest plantations and native vegetation, especially in relation to annual values of discharge/precipitation ratio, which tend to decrease in catchments, between the first and seventh year on planted forests. The results demonstrated the existence of effects due to forest management such as increase in discharge/precipitation ratio (34%), base flow index (4%) and quick flow/precipitation ratio (21%), in the first year after harvest (DC1) in relation to the previous year before harvest (AC), and decreased by 10%, 7% and 2%, respectively, in the fourth year after harvest (DC4) compared to the DC1 year; concentration of suspended solids in DC1 year in relation to AC year and a significant decrease in these concentrations in DC4 year in all studied catchments; and the increase in nutrient exportation and suspended solids in DC1 year with increase in discharge/precipitation ratio and decrease in exports in the year DC4, accompanied by the decrease in discharge/precipitation ratio. In all scales of hydrological regimes (annual, seasonal and daily), individual dynamics were observed in different catchments from those observed in the mean values, demonstrating thus that other factors such as, for example, precipitation, soil type and the average slope, can also influence hydrological regime beyond forest management. These effects show that there is a relationship between forest management and water resources, but it is not possible to say that they compromise water quantity and quality. However, the conjunction of climatic factors, local conditions and stages of forest management can aggravate or mitigate the effects on water quantity and quality, and thus, such aspects should be observed in forest management plans.

O Eucalyptus é o gênero florestal mais plantado no Brasil (5,6 milhões de hectares) e o Estado de São Paulo apresenta a segunda maior área plantada do país, com pouco mais de 970 mil hectares. O manejo intensivo das florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus, caracterizado pela alta produtividade, rápido crescimento e ciclos curtos de rotação, bem como a expansão do setor florestal, têm causado preocupações em relação aos efeitos desses plantios sobre a quantidade e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Diante desse contexto, esta tese foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de contribuir com o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre os efeitos do manejo de florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus sobre os recursos hídricos. Para tanto, o segundo capítulo sintetiza os resultados de estudos já desenvolvidos no Brasil e que envolveram a mensuração de componentes do balanço hídrico em florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus e em diferentes biomas brasileiros, destacando os resultados dos estudos realizados em microbacias hidrográficas cobertas por florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus. No terceiro capítulo foram avaliados os efeitos da colheita florestal e do crescimento de florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus sobre o regime hidrológico de quatro microbacias hidrográficas e, no quarto capítulo, os efeitos sobre a qualidade da água e a exportação de nutrientes e sólidos suspensos. A revisão demonstrou que existem diferenças entre florestas plantadas de Eucalyptus e vegetação nativa, principalmente em relação aos valores anuais de rendimento hídrico (razão entre deflúvio e precipitação - Q:P), os quais tendem a diminuir, em microbacias hidrográficas, entre o primeiro e sétimo ano de idade das florestas plantadas. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de efeitos do manejo florestal como o aumento do rendimento hídrico (34%), do índice de escoamento base (4%) e do coeficiente de escoamento (21%) no primeiro ano depois da colheita (DC1) em relação ao ano anterior à colheita (AC), e a diminuição em 10%, 7% e 2%, respectivamente, no quarto ano depois da colheita (DC4) em relação ao ano DC1; o aumento da concentração de sólidos suspensos no ano DC1 em relação ao ano AC e a diminuição significativa dessas concentrações no ano DC4 em todas as microbacias estudadas; e o aumento das exportações de nutrientes e sólidos suspensos no ano DC1 acompanhando o aumento do rendimento hídrico e a diminuição das exportações no ano DC4 acompanhando a diminuição do rendimento hídrico. Em todas as escalas de análise do regime hidrológico (anual, sazonal e diária) foram observadas dinâmicas individuais nas microbacias hidrográficas diferentes daquelas observadas nos valores médios, demonstrando que outros fatores como, por exemplo, a precipitação, o tipo de solos e a declividade média, também podem influenciar o regime hidrológico além do manejo florestal. Esses efeitos demonstram que existe relação entre o manejo florestal e os recursos hídricos, mas não é possível afirmar que eles comprometem a quantidade e a qualidade da água. No entanto a conjunção entre fatores climáticos, características locais e as fases do manejo florestal pode agravar ou atenuar os efeitos sobre a quantidade e a qualidade da água, devendo esses aspectos serem observados nos planos de manejo florestal. / Eucalyptus is the most planted forest genus in Brazil (5.6 million hectares) and the State of São Paulo has the second largest planted area in the country, with over 970,000 hectares. The intensive management of forest plantations of Eucalyptus, characterized by high productivity, rapid growth and short rotation cycles, as well as the expansion of the forest sector, have caused concerns about the effects of these plantations on the quantity and quality of water resources. In this context, this thesis has been developed in order to contribute to the deepening of knowledge about the effects of Eucalyptus forest plantations management on water resources. Therefore, the second chapter summarizes the results of studies already developed in Brazil involving the measurement of water balance components in Eucalyptus plantations in different biomes, highlighting the results of studies in catchments covered by Eucalyptus forest plantations. In the third chapter, we evaluated the effects of Eucalyptus plantations harvesting and growth on hydrological regime of four catchments. In the fourth chapter, we evaluate effects on water quality and nutrient and suspended solids exports. The review has shown that there are differences between Eucalyptus forest plantations and native vegetation, especially in relation to annual values of discharge/precipitation ratio, which tend to decrease in catchments, between the first and seventh year on planted forests. The results demonstrated the existence of effects due to forest management such as increase in discharge/precipitation ratio (34%), base flow index (4%) and quick flow/precipitation ratio (21%), in the first year after harvest (DC1) in relation to the previous year before harvest (AC), and decreased by 10%, 7% and 2%, respectively, in the fourth year after harvest (DC4) compared to the DC1 year; concentration of suspended solids in DC1 year in relation to AC year and a significant decrease in these concentrations in DC4 year in all studied catchments; and the increase in nutrient exportation and suspended solids in DC1 year with increase in discharge/precipitation ratio and decrease in exports in the year DC4, accompanied by the decrease in discharge/precipitation ratio. In all scales of hydrological regimes (annual, seasonal and daily), individual dynamics were observed in different catchments from those observed in the mean values, demonstrating thus that other factors such as, for example, precipitation, soil type and the average slope, can also influence hydrological regime beyond forest management. These effects show that there is a relationship between forest management and water resources, but it is not possible to say that they compromise water quantity and quality. However, the conjunction of climatic factors, local conditions and stages of forest management can aggravate or mitigate the effects on water quantity and quality, and thus, such aspects should be observed in forest management plans.

Understanding of the hydrological cycle and processes such as interception span as far back as the times of the Renaissance, when Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) first described it. However, there remains a gap in the knowledge of both canopy and litter interception in South African forest hydrology. Interception is typically considered to constitute only a small portion of total evaporation and in some models is disregarded or merely lumped with total evaporation, and not considered as a separate process. Interception is a threshold process, as a certain amount of water is required before successive processes such as infiltration and runoff can take place. Therefore an error introduced in modelling interception, especially disregarding it, will automatically introduce errors in the calibration of subsequent models/processes. In this study, field experiments to assess these two poorly understood hydrological processes, viz. canopy and litter interception were established for the three main commercial forestry genera in South Africa, namely, Pinus, Acacia and Eucalyptus as well as an indigenous Podocarpus henkelii stand, thus, accounting for interception of “broad leaf”, “compound leaf” and “needle leaf” trees in order to provide further insight into these processes. The study took place at two locations in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands over a period of three years. The first site is the Two Streams catchment, located in the Seven Oaks area, about 70km north-east of Pietermaritzburg where the study on the commercial plantation species took place. The second site was the Podocarpus henkelii stand in Karkloof near Howick, 40km north of Pietermaritzburg. From the field data collected (cf. Chapter 2) it was observed that canopy storage capacity, an important parameter governing interception, was not constant and changed with rainfall intensity, with lower intensity events resulting in a higher storage capacity. Building on these findings, a physically based canopy interception model that is based on the well known Gash model was developed, and is referred to herein as the “variable storage Gash model”. While canopy interception is dependent on many factors including the storage capacity, potential evaporation, rainfall intensity and rainfall duration, the litter interception is largely dependent on the storage capacity due to the evaporative drivers under the canopy such as radiation, temperature and wind speed being moderated by the above canopy. From these finding, a litter interception model based on idealised drying curves from litter samples collected at the study sites was also developed (cf. Chapter 3). From the field data, it was found that the canopy interception for Eucalyptus grandis, Acacia mearnsii and Pinus patula was 14.9, 27.7 and 21.4% of mean annual precipitation (MAP) respectively. The simulated canopy interception using the “variable storage Gash model” was 16.9%, 26.6% and 23.3% for E. grandis, A. mearnsii and P. patula respectively. The litter interception measured for E. grandis, A. mearnsii and P. patula was found to be 8.5, 6.6 and 12.1% of MAP respectively, while the simulated litter interception using the idealised drying curve model corresponded well with the measured results and were 10.1%, 5.4% and 13.4% for E. grandis, A. mearnsii and P. patula respectively. The idealised drying curve model is site and species specific and is therefore not transferable to other locations. Conversely, the “variable storage Gash model” is transferable as it is not site and species specific, and relies on readily measureable and available information. Building on field studies, this was then used to simulate the canopy interception for Eucalyptus, Acacia mearnsii and Pinus in South Africa (including Lesotho and Swaziland) for all quinary catchments in which commercial forestry could be grown, i.e. a mean annual precipitation of greater than 600 mm.year-1 (cf. Chapter 4). It was found that, depending on the location and genus, canopy interception loss can be as high as 100 to 300 mm per year or approximately 10% to 40% of MAP. This relates to a mean interception loss of between 1.0 and 3.0 mm per rainday, highlighting the spatial variability of canopy interception. To further investigate the spatial variability of canopy interception, at various spatial scales, remote sensing technology was applied to estimate leaf area index (LAI) for use in modelling/estimating canopy storage capacity and canopy interception (cf. Chapter 6). The NDVI, SAVI and Vogelmann 1 vegetation indices were used in the estimation of the LAI. It was found the Vogelmann 1 index produced the best results. As models to estimate canopy interception typically require LAI and storage capacity, it was calculated that the ability to estimate these parameters over large areas is valuable for water resources managers and planners. An often neglected consideration of canopy and litter interception is its role in determining the water use efficiency (WUE) of a forest stand (cf. Chapter 5). This component of the study was undertaken in an indigenous Podocarpus henkelii stand as well as a commercial Pinus patula stand in Karkloof in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. The sap flow (transpiration) was measured in both the P. henkelii and P. patula stands using the using the Heat Pulse Velocity (HPV) technique in order to determine the productive green water use. The canopy and litter interception was measured in the P. henkelii site, but was modelled in the P. patula site using the “variable storage Gash” and idealised drying curve models, in order to estimate the non-productive green water use. It was found that the canopy and litter interception for P. henkelii was 29.8% and 6.2% respectively, while the modelled canopy and litter interception for P. patula was 22.1% and 10.7% respectively. If only the productive green water use (transpiration) is considered, then the water use efficiency of P. henkelii and P. patula was found to be 7.14 g.mm-1 and 25.21 g.mm-1 respectively. However, from a water management perspective it is important to consider the total green water use efficiency (transpiration + interception), which reveals a significantly lower water use efficiency of 3.8 g.mm-1 and 18.8 g.mm-1 for P. henkelii and P. patula respectively. To extend the study to a globally relavent issue, the possible impact of climate change on canopy interception was investigated, as forests growth is critically linked to climate (cf. Chapter 7). To achieve this, the CABALA model was used to model LAI and transpiration of Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus patula under 9 different climate change scenarios, including changes in temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO2. The simulated LAI values from the CABALA model for all 9 climate scenarios were then used to simulate canopy interception using the “variable storage Gash model”. Results show that LAI may increase by as much as 24% and transpiration may decrease by as much as 13%, depending on the scenario, location and tree species. However, it was found that canopy interception does not change greatly, leading to the conclusion that under climate change conditions, canopy interception may not become a more dominant component of the hydrological cycle than it currently is as the changes under climate change are likely to be less than the natural variability from year to year. However, canopy interception remains an important consideration for water resources management and planning both currently and in the future. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

The path for the application of the concept sustainable forest management is connected with the proper understanding of the interaction of the planted forest with all other elements of the ecosystem, such as the energy flow, hydrological cycle and the nutrient cycling. However, the studies which elucidate the water yield in a small watershed under the effect of silviculture are in some cases, divergent. This points up a challenge: what is the real effect of the Eucalyptus forest under the hydrological regime of a small watershed in the campanha gaúcha region? Considering that, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the influence of the land use on some parameters of the surface hydrological regime and groundwater. Two small watershed of the city of Rosário do Sul RS were used for the experiment, one of them reforested (MF) with the species of the genus Eucalyptus in 95 ha and the other one (testimony) with natural grassland (MC) in 21 ha. Both small watershed were located in a characteristic Pampa Biome region. In particular, the purposes were: to evaluate the impact of the soil use on the runoff, to quantify the groundwater recharge in unconfined aquifer, to perform the surface and subsurface water balance of the watersheds and to try to obtain an approximate value of the daily use of Eucalyptus under the conditions of the research. Thus, the aim was to monitoring all crucial parameters for a good understanding of the relations and changes involved in a watershed with forest cover and another one with native grassland, like precipitation, interception, runoff and direct recharge of the unconfined aquifer. The surface monitoring began in October 2008 and the subsurface in August 2009, through hydrometric stations and piezometers, properly instrumentalized. The main results were a reduction of 49,8% of the runoff of MF in relation to MC. The MF presented higher direct recharge to groundwater compared to MC. There was also a difference in the underground storage during the period of this study, considering that MF elapsed in a monthly average loss of 1,05 mm at the water table fluctuation. In addition, for the conditions of the research, the MF presented a daily average evapotranspiration of approximately 18,5 Liters/day/water for a space of 6 m2, and this would represent the approximate value of the use of water by a 7 years old eucalyptus tree. / Ao se entender a interatividade da floresta plantada com os demais elementos do ecossistema, como fluxo de energia, ciclo hidrológico e de nutrientes, se estaria no caminho da aplicação do conceito de manejo florestal sustentável. Entretanto, os estudos que elucidam a relação da produção de água em uma microbacia sob efeito da silvicultura são por vezes divergentes. Isso aponta para um desafio: qual o real efeito da floresta de Eucalyptus sobre o regime hidrológico de microbacia na região da campanha gaúcha? Logo, busca-se avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal sobre alguns parâmetros do regime hidrológico superficial e subterrâneo. Utilizou-se de duas microbacias na cidade de Rosário do Sul-RS, uma florestada (MF), com espécie do gênero Eucalyptus com 95 ha e outra (testemunha) com pastagem natural (MC) com 21 ha, situadas em região característica do Bioma Pampa. Mais especificamente, busca-se avaliar o impacto do uso do solo sobre o deflúvio, quantificar a recarga subterrânea em aquífero livre, realizar o balanço superficial e subterrâneo das microbacias e chegar a um valor aproximado de uso diário do eucalipto nas condições da pesquisa. Assim, buscou-se monitorar todos os parâmetros cruciais para um bom entendimento das relações e trocas existentes em uma microbacia com cobertura florestal e outra com pastagem como precipitação, interceptação, deflúvio e recarga direta do aquífero. O monitoramento superficial iniciou-se em outubro de 2008 e o subterrâneo em agosto de 2009, por meio de estações hidrométricas e piezômetros, devidamente instrumentalizadas. Como principais resultados tem-se uma redução de 49,8% do deflúvio da MF em relação à MC. A MF apresentou maior recarga direta subterrânea comparada à MC. Houve também uma diferença no armazenamento subterrâneo durante o período de estudo, sendo que a MF transcorreu em perda mensal média de 1,05 mm no nível do lençol freático. Além disso, para as condições da pesquisa, a MF apresentou uma evapotranspiração média diária de aproximadamente 18,5 Litros/água/dia para um espaço de 6 m2, o que traduziria o valor aproximado de uso de água por uma árvore de eucalipto aos 7 anos.

Submitted by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-11-07T18:33:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BESSI_Debora_2017.pdf: 1353522 bytes, checksum: 5ad9f952fd09c66175d21192226aa1e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-11-07T18:33:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BESSI_Debora_2017.pdf: 1353522 bytes, checksum: 5ad9f952fd09c66175d21192226aa1e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-11-07T18:33:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BESSI_Debora_2017.pdf: 1353522 bytes, checksum: 5ad9f952fd09c66175d21192226aa1e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T18:34:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BESSI_Debora_2017.pdf: 1353522 bytes, checksum: 5ad9f952fd09c66175d21192226aa1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The presence of vegetation cover plays a regulatory role in the water balance through the capture and distribution of rainwater within the compartments of the ecosystem, aiding in the regulation of water flow through the soil, as well as in the process of water supply for the recharge of water bodies. It is possible to say that areas with absence of vegetation and in state of degradation do not present the same effects. Due to the complexity of the biological interactions with the abiotic factors of the environment, the current focus of the environmental recovery is almost exclusive in the biological component, not knowing at what point during the vegetation development, the restoration contributes to the water maintenance, or In what moment and how it will interfere in the water balance of a hydrographic microbasin. The objective of this work was to characterize the behavior of hydrological parameters in forest areas at different stages of restoration by conducting the natural regeneration in order to insert them as a tool to evaluate the restoration. For this purpose, a microbasin was selected within the. (SPP), where three plots of 400 m 2 were demarcated for each treatment, two treatments with different ages of succession (Treatment 1 - 4 years , And Treatment 2 - 10 years) and a fragment without human interference (Treatment 3 - 43 years). The research characterized and evaluated the conditions of natural regeneration through vegetation structure indicators: tree height, trunk diameter, and soil: soil cover by grass and litter, resistance to soil compaction, humidity and Infiltration rate; And luminosity, in addition to the application of diversity and wealth indexes. In each plot, 12 rain gauges were installed and flow through the trunk in all the trees with CAP> 15cm in order to characterize the distribution of the rainfall in the three taratamentos through the hydrological indicators: open precipitation, effective precipitation, internal precipitation, flow through the trunk and interception. The results on vegetation diversity and structure indicated an increasing trend in both number and richness among treatments. It can be said that the species and families present in each treatment are acting in the process of natural succession. The structural characteristics evaluated also demonstrated that the sequence is occurring slowly. Regarding the hydrological parameters, there were significant differences between the three areas studied. It can be noticed that the interception and flow through the trunk have increasing behavior as the natural regeneration progresses, while the internal precipitation and the effective precipitation decrease. These results varied according to the characteristics of the vegetation, for example, the quantity and density of individuals in each plot and species present, besides the climatic characteristics and the precipitations incident on the area. It was possible to observe that with the advancement of the natural succession there was an increase in the vegetal parameters and improvement of the soil parameters, on the other hand, the hydrological parameters showed specific behavior for each treatment, indicating that they are able to respond to the state of maintenance and development of the vegetation. / A presença de cobertura vegetal desempenha função reguladora no balanço hídrico através da captação e distribuição da água da chuva dentro dos compartimentos do ecossistema, auxiliando na regulação do escoamento de água pelo solo, bem como no processo de suprimento de água para a recarga de corpos hídricos. É possível dizer que áreas com ausência de vegetação e em estado de degradação não apresentam os mesmos efeitos. Devido à complexidade das interações biológicas com os fatores abióticos do meio, todo o enfoque atual da recuperação ambiental é quase que exclusivo no componente biológico, não se conhecendo em que momento ao longo do desenvolvimento da vegetação, a restauração contribui para a manutenção hídrica, ou em que momento e como irá interferir no balanço hídrico de uma microbacia hidrográfica. O trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o comportamento de parâmetros hidrológicos em áreas florestais em diferentes estágios de restauração por condução da regeneração natural a fim de inseri-los como ferramenta para avaliação da restauração. Para isso foi selecionada uma microbacia dentro da Reserva Particular de Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Floresta das Águas Perenes, Brotas – SP, onde foram demarcadas três parcelas de 400m² para cada tratamento, sendo dois tratamentos com idades distintas de sucessão (Tratamento 1 – 4 anos, e Tratamento 2 – 10 anos) e um fragmento sem interferência humana (Tratamento 3 – 43 anos). A pesquisa caracterizou e avaliou as condições da condução da regeneração natural, através dos indicadores de estrutura da vegetação: altura dos indivíduos arbóreos, diâmetro do tronco, e do solo: cobertura do solo por gramínea e serapilheira, resistência à compactação do solo, umidade e velocidade de infiltração; e luminosidade, além da aplicação de índices de diversidade e riqueza. Em cada parcela foram instalados 12 pluviômetros e escoamento pelo tronco em todas as árvores com CAP>15cm a fim de caracterizar a distribuição da chuva nos três tratamentos através dos indicadores hidrológicos: precipitação a céu aberto, precipitação efetiva, precipitação interna, escoamento pelo tronco e interceptação. Os resultados sobre diversidade e estrutura da vegetação indicaram tendência de incremento da mesma tanto em número quanto em riqueza entre os tratamentos. Pode-se dizer que as espécies e famílias presentes em cada tratamento estão atuando no processo de sucessão natural. As características estruturais avaliadas também demonstraram que a sucessão está ocorrendo lentamente. Com relação aos parâmetros hidrológicos, houve diferenças significativas entre as três áreas estudadas. Pode-se perceber que a interceptação e o escoamento pelo tronco possuem comportamento crescente conforme o avanço da regeneração natural, ao passo que a precipitação interna e a precipitação efetiva diminuem. Tais resultados variaram conforme as características da vegetação, como por exemplo, a quantidade e densidade de indivíduos em cada parcela e espécies presentes, além das características climáticas e das precipitações incidentes sobre a área. Foi possível observar que com o avanço da sucessão natural houve incremento nos parâmetros vegetais e melhoria dos parâmetros do solo, por outro lado, os parâmetros hidrológicos mostraram comportamento específico para cada tratamento, indicando que são capazes de responderem ao estado de manutenção e desenvolvimento da vegetação. / 23112.000670/2015-59

Utilizou-se o modelo hidrológico TOPMODEL, baseado em aspectos físicos e topográficos, em uma das três microbacias do Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal Eng. Agr. Walter Emmerich, do Instituto Florestal/SP. O laboratório localiza-se na Serra do Mar, junto às cabeceiras do rio Paraibuna, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. O modelo usa um índice topográfico que indica as áreas de contribuição para o deflúvio da microbacia e permite simular a vazão e analisar o comportamento hidrológico da microbacia. A primeira parte do trabalho buscou determinar os valores iniciais dos parâmetros de calibração, testar a validade das premissas do modelo, e, principalmente, compreender melhor o funcionamento hidrológico da bacia D. Os resultados indicam uma eficiência maior para as simulações de eventos isolados do que para as de períodos longos. A simulação do comportamento hidrológico em função do corte raso mostrou uma diminuição do tempo de pico e um aumento significativo do volume de vazão simulado: de 17 a 44%, em comparação a bacia D coberta com floresta. Mostram, também, que de 7 a 93% do deflúvio é gerado a partir das áreas variáveis de afluência (A.V.A.). Recomenda-se que o corte raso seja evitado a qualquer custo. Caso seja necessário, as matas ciliares devem ser mantidas; onde elas não existem mais, devem ser recuperadas imediatamente. As áreas com agricultura ou pastagem devem utilizar as melhores técnicas de conservação do solo, de forma que as condições naturais de infiltração não sejam drasticamente alteradas. / A physically based semi-distributed model, TOPMODEL, has been applied to one catchment in Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. The model uses a topographic index which highlights significant hydrological areas within the catchment. The model simulate streamflow and analyse the behaviour of the catchment. The first part of this paper concerns to the first values of calibration parameters, experiments the validity of the premisses of the model, and, mainly, tries to understand how does the hydrology of D catchment works. The results are more efficient on simulation of isolate events than on events of long period. The simulation of hydrology behaviour subject to clear-cutting has showed a diminution of the time of rise and a significant increase of streamflow simulated: from 17 to 44%, in comparaison to D forest catchment. They also show that from 7 to 93% of the streamflow is generated from saturated contributing areas (sources areas). It\'s advisable to avoid clear-cutting. If necessary, the riparian zone has to be preserved; and where they have been destroyed, they have to be recovered urgently. Agricultural lands or grasslands have to use the best management practices, in order to keep the natural conditions of infiltration.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13180号 / 論農博第2859号 / 新制||農||1061(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5102(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 小杉 緑子, 教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 舟川 晋也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Dans l'objectif d'évaluer l'influence de la forêt sur l'hydrologie des bassins versant, une méthode de modélisation du bilan hydrique en milieu forestier a été développée et validée sur l'hydrosystème de Volvic. Cette méthode, facilement transposable, a permis de simuler l'impact hydrologique de scénarios de gestion forestière.La compréhension du fonctionnement de l'hydrosystème volcanique complexe de Volvic a été améliorée, depuis les processus de recharge jusqu'au fonctionnement des exutoires. La structure géologique complexe du site a été modélisée en utilisant l'ensemble des données disponibles et en mettant en œuvre une approche géologique génétique. Le fonctionnement hydrogéologique détaillé a ensuite pu être étudié dans plusieurs secteurs clés. L'hydrosystème de Volvic a été modélisé en utilisant le code MODCOU. Afin de prendre en compte les processus physiques spécifiques du site, des modules ont été développés et couplés à l'outil existant. Le modèle permet ainsi de simuler le débit à l'exutoire de l'aquifère. La modélisation et l'interprétation de données ont également permis de proposer un nouveau modèle conceptuel de fonctionnement hydrogéologique. La simulation du transport de traceurs tels que le chlorure et le 18O valide la fonction de transfert et les hypothèses retenues quant aux processus de recharge. Le modèle a ensuite été utilisé pour simuler des scénarios d'évolution climatique contrastés.Le modèle de fonctionnement l'hydrosystème de Volvic constitue ainsi un outil de gestion opérationnelle mais surtout un outil pilote permettant d'apporter des réponses à des questions scientifiques d'actualité relatives au rôle hydrologique de la forêt ou à l'impact du changement climatique à l'échelle de petits bassins versants de moyenne montagne. / In order to take account of hydrological forest role at the catchment scale, a method for evapotranspiration computation in forest context has been developed and validated on the Volvic site. This method, easily transposable, allows simulating forest management scenarios impact on hydrosystems recharge.Functioning understanding of the Volvic volcanic hydrosystem has been improved, from recharge processes to outlet functioning. The complex geological structure of the Volvic site has been modeled based on data interpretations and using a geological genetic approach. Detailed hydrogeological functioning was studied in several key sectors. The hydrogeological functioning of the Volvic hydrosystem has been modeled using the MODCOU code. In order to take account of the physical processes observed in Volvic, several modeling units has been developed and coupled to the existing tool. This model allows simulating the Volvic outlet discharge since 1985. This modeling allows suggesting a new conceptualization of hydrogeological functioning. The conservative transport modeling (chloride, 18O) validates the transfer function modeling and the evaluated altitudinal variation of climatic parameters. Then contrasted climate change scenarios were simulated.The Volvic hydrosystem functioning model constitutes an operational tool but also a pilot contributing to scientific progress in forest hydrology or in order to evaluate climate change impact on small mountainous watershed.