Uppsatsen beskriver omfattningen av svenska skogsinvesteringar i Estland, Lettland och Litauen. Studien kartlägger även de största aktörerna, investeringsmotiv och signifikanta skillnader i skogliga förutsättningar i de olika länderna. Eftersom vi inte har funnit tidigare studier av svenska skogsinvesteringar i något av dessa länder, har studien baserats på officiell statistik och faktauppgifter, litteraturstudier, intervjuer, e-postkommunikation, samt information från webbplatser. Vi har även genomfört intervjuer i form av en enkät med utvalda skogsägare. Resultat och analys innehåller en beskrivning av de skogliga parametrarna för respektive land, en sammanställning av enkätsvar, samt uppgifter om skogsmarkspriser i Baltikum. Baserat på vår uppskattning omfattar de svenska skogsinvesteringarna i Baltikum ca 300 000 ha, varav 150 - 200 000 ha i Lettland, ca 100 000 ha i Estland och ca 30 000 ha i Litauen. Detta motsvarar ca 4 % av skogsarealen i Baltikum. Bland skogsbolagen är de största aktörerna Bergvik Skog, Södra Skogsägarna, Tornator och Skogssällskapet som totalt äger 115 000 ha. Bland investeringsfonderna är SPP & Storebrand och Europeiska Skogsfonden störst och bland privatpersoner/företag är t.ex. Custos, Realfond, Koberg Gåsevadsholms Godsförvaltning och Bockasjö Skogar stora investerare. Över 1 500 privata svenska skogsägare äger skog i Estland, huvudsakligen av familjemässiga skäl. Investeringsmotiv är framtida värdestegring med en investeringshorisont på ca 10 år. För privata skogsägare i Estland kan även andra faktorer vara viktiga. De skogliga skillnaderna mellan länderna är främst att Lettland har den största skogsarealen och den största avverkningen i förhållande till tillväxt, samt en avsevärt lägre barrskogsandel i privatägda skogar och en medelareal på 10,3 ha per skogsfastighet. Estland har den största andelen privatägd skog, den största andelen mark avsatt för naturskydd och en medelareal på 9,1 ha per skogsfastighet. Litauen har den minsta andelen skogsmark och följaktligen en hög andel åkermark, samt den lägsta avverkningen i förhållande till tillväxt. I jämförelse med Estland och Lettland har Litauen den största andelen statligt ägd skog där ca 260 000 ha skall privatiseras, en mycket liten avverkningsvolym för privata skogsägare och en medelareal på 3,5 ha per skogsfastighet. Lettland svarade 2010 för 39 % av Sveriges virkesimport av skogsråvara, jämfört med 14 % för Estland och 5 % för Litauen. Skogslagstiftningen i Estland har relativt sett minst restriktioner, medan Litauen har de striktaste kraven. Lagstiftningen har likheter med den svenska men den innebär en starkare detaljstyrning med bl.a. anmälningspliktiga eller tillståndspliktiga skogsåtgärder. Lägsta tillåtna slutavverkningsålder är markant högre än i Sverige. I Lettland och Litauen sker utländskt ägande genom inhemska bolag, medan Estland även tillåter utländska privatpersoner att äga skog. / This thesis examines the extent of Swedish forest investments in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The study is also surveying the largest investors, investment motives and forestry differences between the countries. Since we did not find any previous studies of Swedish forest investments in any of the countries, we have based the thesis on official statistics and facts, literature, interviews, e-mail correspondence, and information from web pages. We have also carried out an in-depth study with selected Swedish forest owners in the Baltic countries. The chapter "Result and analysis" includes plotting forestry parameters for each country, a summary of the in-depth study of forest owners and data on forest land prices. Based on our estimates, the Swedish forest investments in the Baltic countries comprise approximately 300 000 ha, whereof 150 – 200 000 ha in Latvia, about 100 000 ha in Estonia and 30 000 ha in Lithuania. This corresponds to about 4% of the forest land in the Baltic countries. Among the forestry companies the largest are Bergvik Skog, Södra, Tornator and Skogssällskapet, jointly with 115 000 ha. Amongst forest investment funds SPP & Storebrand and Europeiska Skogsfonden are the largest, amongst private/company forest owners the largest are Custos, Realfond, Koberg and Gåsevadsholms Godsförvaltning and Bockasjö Skogar. More than 1 500 Swedish private individual owns forest in Estonia, mainly of family reasons. The investment objective is appreciation with a 10 year deadline. Individual forest owners in Estonia, may have further reasons. The forestry differences between the countries are mainly that Latvia has the largest forest area, the largest felling compared to growth, a considerably lower quota of softwood in private forests, and an average forest area of 10.3 ha per forest property. Estonia has the largest share of privately owned forests, the largest share of nature protected forest land, and an average forest property area of 9.1 ha. Lithuania has the smallest share of forest land of all land and the largest share of arable land, the smallest felling compared to growth, the largest share of state owned forests with plans for privatization of 260 000 ha, a minor felling volume for private forest owners and an average forest property area of 3.5 ha. Latvia accounted 2010 for 39 % of the Swedish import of forest raw material, compared to 14 % for Estonia and 5 % for Lithuania. The forest legislation in Estonia has relatively the least restrictions, while Lithuania has the most. The legislation resembles the corresponding in Sweden, but has a stricter and a more detailed control, including notification or licensing for forest actions. The minimum rotation age is considerably higher than in Sweden. In Latvia and Lithuania foreign investments can only be accomplished by domestic companies, while individual foreigners may buy and own forest land in Estonia.

La forêt ivoirienne connait une dégradation très avancée. Pour la préserver, la Côte d’Ivoire a élaboré la loi n° 65-425 du 20 Décembre 1965 portant code forestier et ses textes d’application. Mais ce premier instrument juridique de protection n’a pas eu l’efficacité escomptée. En effet, de portée sectorielle, la loi forestière ne peut régir tout le domaine forestier. D’autres légalisations sectorielles telles la loi de 1965 sur la chasse, le code de l’eau, la loi de 1998 sur le droit foncier rural devront intervenir pour combler le déficit législatif du code forestier. Il en résulte une législation relative à la forêt et ses ressources non coordonnée et non intégrée dont les conséquences sont les risques évidents de chevauchements de compétence, sources de conflits et de blocage et les doubles emplois. Pour assurer un cadre juridique idoine à la protection de la forêt ivoirienne, cette intégration juridique doit pouvoir prendre en compte toutes les dimensions sociopolitiques et conomiques des forêts, assurer la participation de tous les acteurs, permettre l’intégration du contenu des textes et requérir unecoopération des structures de gestion / The Ivorian forest is facing advanced degradation. To preserve it, Côte d’Ivoire has drafted Law No. 65 - 425 dated 20 december 1965 on the Forest Code and its implementing regulations. But first legal instrument of protection was not as effective as expected. Indeed, sectoral scope , forest law can govern the entire forest area. Other sectoral legalization as the 1965 Law on hunting, the Water Code, the 1998 Law on rural land law will step in to fill the legislative gap in the forestry code. The result is a law on the forest and its uncoordinated and non-integrated resources, the consequences are obvious risks of overlapping jurisdiction, sources of conflict and blocking and duplication. To ensure appropriate legal framework for the protection of the Ivorian forest, this legal integration must take into account all socio-political and economic dimensions of forests, ensuring the participation of all stakeholders, allow the integration of text content and require a cooperation of management structures

In the last two decades, a concern on how federal forests in the United States are managed has provoked concerns among different stakeholders, including NGOs. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of NGO influence on forest management legislation. Eight aspects were selected and compared in different study cases referring to legislative proposals dealing with forest management in order to define success criteria for a legislative initiative. The study indicates that the following criteria are particularly important to fulfill in order to influence forest management legislation: - The issue to address should be on the political agenda and have high public interest. - Environmental and social aspects should not be at the expense of economic aspects. - The legislative initiative should be prepared in multi-stakeholder processes, including local government and organizations. - The supporters of the initiative should take part in all decision-making processes and advise the Government in aspects related to their areas of expertise. NGOs would likely improve their chances of influencing forest management legislation if they hold a flexible position regarding legislative proposals containing similar or even less strict measures than their own initiatives, look at market oriented schemes as alternatives to legislation, and maintain good relationships with other major stakeholders.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-29T18:21:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005 - ?lvaro Freire da Motta.pdf: 4216645 bytes, checksum: 8b71082db76942e3cb61ca73c1dc6c87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T18:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005 - ?lvaro Freire da Motta.pdf: 4216645 bytes, checksum: 8b71082db76942e3cb61ca73c1dc6c87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-12 / The present work makes an analysis of the forest and environmental legislation with focus in the Atlantic forest, and it evaluates the effects of that legislation in the maintenance of a remaining space of that bioma. The objectives of the work were: a) to survey and to discuss the legislation with focus in the Atlantic forest; b) to analyze the forest covering evolution and land use occurred among 1984-99 of a Atlantic forest remaining fragment in the state of Rio de Janeiro; c) to evaluate the effects of the forest and environmental legislation in fragment maintenance. A forest and environmental legislation survey was accomplished in the Commission of Defense of the environment of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ), through the environmental legislation program ISIGLA2000, besides search in ALERJ library and in legislation research internet sites; it was carried out a Atlantic forest remaining fragment mapping, using base maps supplied by the Division of Environmental Information of the Clerkship of environment of the City of Rio de Janeiro (SMAC) and from the Instituto Pereira Passos (IPP), were generated maps in the scale of 1:40.000 and information of forest covering and land use, in seven thematic classes, for five moments, in a 15 year-old period; finally, the pertinent legislation was confronted to the study area with the data resultants of the mapping classes. This analysis revealed that before the Forest Code of 1934 there was a concern with the forest conservation, even so in character strictly commercial; in the period between the codes: 1934-65 the published legal acts are linked fundamentally to the Forest Code, highlighting the creation of the Protecting Forests; starting from the New Forest Code the legislation is revealed liberal and consistent; pos-constitution of 1988 can stand out the alterations introduced in the Forest Code, the creation of IBAMA and the specific regulation of the use of the Atlantic forest. The analysis of the thematic mapping revealed a relative loss of forest in the studied area of 28% (2.337,1 ha), in 15 years, and a relative increment of 857% of the urbanization (5,1 ha). Confronting legislation with the mapping it reveals that previously to 1984 several legal acts had already been published; the legislation appeared in the period of 1984- 88 was unable to contain a loss of the forest covering of 505,6 ha; among 1988-92 the loss of the forest covering was of 99,1 ha; among 1992-96 the loss of the forests was worsened (838,9 ha), nevertheless the published legal acts; the same happened among 1996-99 (893,6 ha), being explained partly by a public distrust of the efficiency of the legislation. The main conclusions were: in the elapsed country history, six were the marked legal acts: the Forest Code (1934), the effective Forest Code (1965), the Law of the National Politics of the environment (1981), the Constitution of 1988, the Law of Environmental Crimes (1998) and the Law of the National System of Conservation of the Nature; it was effective the inclusion of the Atlantic forest as National Patrimony, in the Constitution of 1988; the studied Atlantic forest remaining fragment revealed a relative loss of 28% of the forest covering among 1984-99, and an extraordinary growth of 857% and 256% of urban and urban areas consolidated, respectively; the expressive number of legal acts published in the period 1984-99 was insufficient to maintain the forest covering in the studied Atlantic forest remaining fragment. / O presente trabalho faz uma an?lise da legisla??o florestal e ambiental com enfoque na Mata Atl?ntica, e avalia os efeitos dessa legisla??o na manuten??o de um trecho remanescente desse bioma. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: a) levantar e discutir a legisla??o com enfoque na Mata Atl?ntica; b) analisar a evolu??o da cobertura florestal e uso da terra ocorrida entre 1984-99 em um trecho remanescente da Mata Atl?ntica no estado do Rio de Janeiro; c) avaliar os efeitos da legisla??o florestal e ambiental na manuten??o desse trecho. Foi realizado um levantamento da legisla??o florestal e ambiental na Comiss?o de Defesa do Meio Ambiente da Assembl?ia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ), atrav?s do programa ISIGLA2000 de legisla??o ambiental, al?m de busca na biblioteca da ALERJ e em sites de pesquisa de legisla??o; procedeu-se ao mapeamento de um trecho remanescente da Mata Atl?ntica do estado, tomando-se como base mapas fornecidos pela Divis?o de Informa??es Ambientais da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (SMAC) e pelo Instituto Pereira Passos (IPP), gerando-se mapas na escala de 1:150.000 e informa??es de cobertura florestal e uso da terra, em sete classes tem?ticas, para cinco momentos, num per?odo de 15 anos; finalmente, confrontou-se a legisla??o pertinente ? ?rea de estudo com os dados resultantes das classes de mapeamento. Esta an?lise revelou que antes do C?digo Florestal de 1934 havia uma preocupa??o com a conserva??o florestal, por?m em car?ter estritamente comercial; no per?odo interc?digos: 1934-65 os atos legais editados vinculam-se fundamentalmente ao C?digo Florestal, destacando a cria??o das Florestas Protetoras; a partir do Novo C?digo Florestal a legisla??o revela-se mais pr?diga e consistente; p?s-constitui??o de 1988 pode-se destacar as altera??es introduzidas no C?digo Florestal, a cria??o do IBAMA e a regulamenta??o espec?fica do uso da Mata Atl?ntica. Na an?lise dos mapeamentos tem?ticos revelou uma perda relativa de floresta na ?rea estudada de 28% (2.337,1ha), em 15 anos, e um acr?scimo relativo de 857% da urbaniza??o (5,1ha). O confronto da legisla??o com o mapeamento revelou que anteriormente a 1984 v?rios atos legais j? haviam sido editados; a legisla??o surgida no per?odo de 1984-88 foi incapaz de conter uma perda da cobertura florestal de 505,6ha; entre 1988- 92 a perda da cobertura florestal foi de 99,1ha; entre 1992-96 a perda das florestas foi agravada (838,9ha), n?o obstante os atos legais editados; o mesmo ocorreu entre 1996-99 (893,6ha), sendo explicado em parte por uma desconfian?a p?blica da efici?ncia da legisla??o. As principais conclus?es foram: no decorrer da hist?ria do pa?s, seis foram os atos legais marcantes: o C?digo Florestal (1934), o C?digo Florestal vigente (1965), a Lei da Pol?tica Nacional do Meio Ambiente (1981), a Constitui??o de 1988, a Lei de Crimes Ambientais (1998) e a Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conserva??o ? SNUC (2000); foi tamb?m marcante a inclus?o da Mata Atl?ntica como Patrim?nio Nacional, na Constitui??o de 1988; o trecho remanescente da Mata Atl?ntica estudado revelou uma perda relativa de 28% da cobertura florestal entre 1984-99, e um extraordin?rio crescimento de 857% e 256% das ?reas urbana e urbana n?o consolidada, respectivamente; o expressivo n?mero de atos legais editados no per?odo 1984-99 revelou-se insuficiente para manter a cobertura florestal no trecho remanescente da Mata Atl?ntica estudado.

Export-oriented illegal logging has been recognized as a major global problem in environmental, social, and economic terms. It has been argued that export-oriented illegal logging does not benefit the community or government that should be benefited by its own natural resources. The emergence of policy initiatives targeting illegal logging could have the potential to increase the competitiveness of legally sourced timber products by removing illegal products from the market of the consuming country. The US Lacey Act amendments of 2008 set a precedent for the global trade in plants and plant products by putting in place incentives for US wood products importing companies to demand legally sourced and traded wood. This research addresses how the 2008 Lacey Act amendments have impacted the US wood industry, and how those affected by the amendments view the future of environmental policy and global illegal logging as impacted by the amendments. The majority of respondents in this study agree that steps should be taken to decrease global illegal logging, but some aren't convinced that the Lacey Act amendments will ultimately have the desired effect. According to this research, most US wood importers have made small changes to their operational practices. This study indicates the possibility that though US wood importers feel the responsibility to ensure their companies are compliant with legislation, they are not sure the 2008 Lacey Act amendments will ultimately hinder global illegal logging. Included in this study are also suggestions from US wood importers regarding policy implementation. These suggestions include an increase in communication between the US government and US wood products companies, an increase in future research, and the possibility of focusing the Lacey Act on certain high-risk regions. / Graduation date: 2012