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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Factors influencing wind damage to Sitka spruce trees

Blackburn, Paul January 1986 (has links)
Windthrow is a major influence on silvicultural practice in the UK. Profitability is reduced by the need to fell plantations prematurely. In recent years there has been much debate on the role of spacing and wide- spacing, or respacing has been advocated as a means of improving stability. This debate has lacked quantitative evidence. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors involved in tree stability and to use the results to. investigate the influence of spacing and stability. Using the approach of Petty and Worrell (1981) stability was first considered as a static model. The factors involved are the within canopy wind profile, the stem and crown weight distribution of the trees, the deflection curves assumed by the tree in response to wind loading and the maximum turning moment causing stem breakage or uprooting. Investigation of the influence of spacing on the resistance of Sitka spruce trees to stem breakage and uprooting showed that the maximum turning moment was positively related to the stem weight, dbh3 and dbh/wt. There was no evidence to suggest that the relationship between the maximum turning moment and the independent variables differed between spacings. Analysis of data from Forestry Commission tree pulling experiments revealed that on sites where stem breakage and uprooting occurred the turning moments causing stem breakage and uprooting were similar. The deflection curves of five Sitka spruce trees, growing on a brown earth site, were measured and compared with the theoretical deflection curves devised by Petty and Worrell (1981). The theoretical curves gave reasonable approximations to the actual curves for small deflections. Most of the experimental work was undertaken at the Forestry Commission's experimental area in Moffat Forest where equipment was installed for the monitoring of airflow above and within the forest canopy and of the tree response. Using Forestry Commission data the within canopy wind profile was obtained. Ten Sitka spruce trees were loaded until failure and the stem deflection curves, stem and crown weight distributions and the turning moments causing soil failure and uprooting were measured. The theoretical stem bending curves gave good approximations to the actual curves until soil breakage occurred. Following soil breakage two samples were released and repulled and, although the maximum resistance and the deflection at this point were unaltered, the initial force per unit deflection was halved. The critical wind speeds to cause uprooting were calculated using measured wind profiles and assuming static loading of the crown. Values obtained greatly exceeded the wind speeds recorded during a gale which caused damage. The damping ratios of the 3 trees bearing accelerometers were measured with and without crown contact. For the 2 dominants canopy contact had less effect on the damping ratio than the sway direction whereas for the subdominant the canopy treatment had the greater effect. Recalculation of the critical wind speeds of the ten tree pulling samples, using the damping ratios estimated for the accelerometer trees, and assuming a resonant response reduced the values to within the range of measured gusts recorded during a gale. Displacements of the 3 accelerometer trees, estimated from accelerometer data, were compared with simultaneous wind speed recordings. Perfect resonance was not observed but very large oscillations were noted to build up over a period of 2-3 cycles. The larger gusts (?10m m s-1) tended to produce a static response and to be responsible for the initial deflection whilst subsequent smaller gusts tended to cause the dynamic responses. In order to predict the critical wind speeds causing damage it is necessary to take this dynamic interaction into account. Theoretical stability calculations for unthinned plantations at spacings of 2.0m, 2.4m and 3.0m showed that for static loading the increase in the resistance to uprooting or breakage as a result of increasing mean tree size outweighed the greater drag force on the crown. The wide spaced stand retained its stability advantage even for resonant wind speeds. However, small changes in the within canopy wind profile and the resistance of the trees to uprooting/breakage removed the advantage gained by the wider spacing. More information is required on the influence of spacing on the dynamic response of trees to wind loading before increasing the spacing can be said to improve stability on wet soils.
2

Restauração da vegetação de Cerrado após silvicultura de Pinus spp. / Cerrado restoration after Pinus spp. silviculture

Haddad, Thaís Mazzafera 07 June 2019 (has links)
Em todo o mundo, a conservação de savanas é menos valorizada que a de florestas. No Cerrado Brasileiro, majoritariamente composto por savanas, a expansão de plantações florestais é uma ameaça à biodiversidade. Entender o impacto dessas plantações na comunidade nativa e como restaurá-las quando os plantios são abandonados é uma demanda relevante. O principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se, em plantações florestais de pinus abandonadas, é possível restaurar a vegetação nativa de savanas ou se há necessidade de manejo após o abandono. Foram avaliadas três práticas recorrentes de restauração em plantações florestais: áreas abandonadas em que as árvores de pinus são mantidas em pé (pinus abandonado), áreas com corte raso de pinus seguido de abandono (restauração passiva) e áreas em que, após o corte raso do pinus, foram plantadas árvores nativas e controladas as gramíneas exóticas (restauração ativa). As práticas foram comparadas entre si e com cerrado típico (savana natural primária) e cerradão (savana adensada pela exclusão do fogo), em duas regiões (Assis e Mogi-Guaçu - SP). Foram avaliados o estrato arbóreo (DAP &#8805; 5 cm) e o arbustivo e arbóreo regenerante (DAP < 5 cm e H &#8805; 50 cm). A densidade de ervas não graminides, a riqueza de ervas graminóides e não graminóides, a cobertura do solo por vegetação nativa e por gramíneas exóticas e a cobertura de dossel foram avaliadas em Assis - SP. As espécies foram classificadas em típicas de savana, florestais e generalistas. O pinus abandonado apresentou menores valores de densidade, área basal e riqueza geral e de espécies típicas de savana para o estrato arbóreo. O estrato arbustivo e arbóreo regenerante não variou em densidade e riqueza em função das técnicas de restauração, embora a densidade tenha sido sempre menor do que a de savanas primárias. Restauração passiva e ativa apresentaram riqueza de espécies típicas de savana, no estrato arbóreo, semelhantes à savana primária. Entretanto, apenas a restauração passiva apresentou densidade semelhante à referência para espécies típicas de savana. Nenhuma prática de restauração foi eficaz para restaurar a comunidade herbácea e todas tiveram alta cobertura de dossel e presença de espécies florestais e generalistas. No decorrer do estudo, o pinus abandonado e a restauração passiva em Mogi-Guaçu - SP sofreram um incêndio e avaliamos o papel do fogo para a restauração do estrato herbáceo, comparando as duas práticas com savanas primárias e com a restauração ativa, que não queimou. Foram avaliadas a riqueza e a similaridade florística do estrato herbáceo e a cobertura do solo por herbáceas nativas e por gramíneas exóticas. Savanas primárias apresentaram composição florística diferente e maior riqueza que as áreas em restauração. A restauração passiva associada à queima resultou em maior cobertura por herbáceas nativas e mais espécies em comum com as savanas primárias do que a restauração ativa sem fogo. Entretanto, ambas as práticas de restauração resultaram em maior cobertura por gramíneas exóticas do que nas savanas primárias. Conclui-se que o corte do pinus seguido de abandono é mais eficaz à restauração da comunidade lenhosa típica de cerrado do que as demais técnicas comparadas. Porém, devido à ausência do fogo, as áreas tenderão a formar fisionomias florestais no futuro, sem a presença da comunidade herbácea nativa. A ocorrência do fogo nas áreas de Mogi-Guaçu reforça a importância das queimas para a restauração da comunidade herbácea típica do Cerrado. / Throughout the world, savanna conservation is less valued than is forest conservation. The Brazilian Cerrado, which is mostly composed by savannas, is having its biodiversity threatened by the expansion of forest plantations. Thus, it is relevant to understand how those plantations affects native communities and how to restore those areas when plantations are abandoned. The main objective of the study was to evaluate whether abandoned pine plantations can restore the native savannas or if there is a need for management for the restoration to take place. Three recurrent restoration practices in forest plantations were evaluated: abandoned pine plantations where pine trees are kept standing (abandoned pine plantation), areas abandoned after pinus harvesting (passive restoration) and areas with native tree seedling plantation and grasses control after pinus harvesting (active restoration). The practices were compared among themselves and to old-growth savanna and cerradão (encroached savanna), in two regions (Assis - SP and Mogi-Guaçu - SP). We evaluated trees (DBH &#8805; 5 cm) and woody natural regeneration (DBH < 5 cm and H &#8805; 50). Nongraminoid species density, richness of grasses and nongraminoid species, ground cover by native vegetation and by exotic grasses, and canopy cover were evaluated in Assis - SP. Surveyed individuals were classified as savanna, forest and generalist species. Abandoned pine plantation had the lowest tree density and general basal area and richness, as well as the lowest richness for savanna tree species. Woody natural regeneration did not vary in density and richness among restoration practices, although density was lower compared to the old-growth savanna. Community richness for savanna tree species was similar among passive and active restorations and old-growth savanna. However, only the passive restoration presented tree density similar to the reference for savanna species. No restoration practice was effective for the restoration of the native herbaceous community, and all practices had high canopy cover and presence of forest and generalist species. During the study, abandoned pine plantation and passive restoration in Mogi-Guaçu - SP burned and we evaluated the role of fire for the restoration of the native herbaceous community. We compared the herbaceous community richness and floristic similarity of the two restoration practices to old-growth savannas and to the active restoration, which did not burn. Ground cover by native herbs and by exotic grasses were also evaluated. The old-growth savannas are floristically different and have a greater richness than restoration sites. The burned passive restoration had more species in common with the old-growth savannas and a higher ground cover by native herbs than active restoration without fire. However, both restoration practices had higher ground cover by exotic grasses than old-growth savannas. We conclude that pine harvesting followed by passive restoration was the most effective practice for the restoration of the Cerrado native woody community. However, due to the lack of fire, areas tend to become forest physiognomies without native herbs in the future. The fire in the Mogi-Guaçu highlighted the importance of fire for the Cerrado native herbaceous community restoration.
3

Resposta da assembleia de aves ao planejamento da paisagem em florestas plantadas / Response of the assembly of birds to the landscape planning in planted forests

Melo, Renata Siqueira 09 March 2017 (has links)
Como ampliar a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos em áreas de produção agrícola tem sido um debate bastante atual, já que as áreas protegidas parecem não serem suficientes para garantir, por exemplo, a conservação da biodiversidade. Dentre as comunidades biológicas afetadas pelas áreas de produção, estão as aves, as quais demonstram rápida resposta às mudanças na paisagem. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como o planejamento da paisagem em áreas de florestas plantadas de rápido crescimento pode influenciar a diversidade funcional da assembleia de aves. Para tanto, áreas com matriz composta por florestas plantadas de eucalipto no Estado do Espírito Santo e sul da Bahia, foram divididas em Unidades de Planejamento da Paisagem (UPP). Dados secundários de levantamentos de aves realizados durante os anos de 2005 a 2010 foram utilizados. As espécies de aves registradas foram caracterizadas por quatro traços funcionais, a guilda trófica, o extrato de forrageio, o habitat e a massa corporal média. A partir de então, foram calculadas três índices independentes para representar a diversidade funcional: riqueza funcional (FRic), equitabilidade funcional (FEve) e divergência funcional (FDiv). Para a obtenção das métricas da paisagem, foi empregado o mapa de uso do solo referente ao ano de 2010, com base no qual calculou-se a diversidade de clones (IDCL) e de idades (IDID) para as áreas de florestas plantadas, e, para as áreas destinadas à conservação, a diversidade de tipologias vegetais (IDNAT), a proporção de áreas destinadas à conservação (IPANP), a densidade de borda (IDBRD), a proporção de área nuclear (IPAC), a proximidade da vegetação nativa (IPNAT) e o valor de importância ecológica (IVAN). Posteriormente, a estes dois grupos de variáveis, diversidade funcional e métricas da paisagem, foram aplicados a análise de correlação e regressão linear simples. Os levantamentos de aves registraram 218 espécies, as quais totalizaram 3455 indivíduos. Os insetívoros foram os indivíduos mais expressivos para a guilda trófica, para o traço estrato de forrageio, os indivíduos que utilizam exclusivamente o dossel foram os mais abundantes e o hábito de vida exclusivamente florestal predominou nas paisagens estudadas. Foi encontrada relação significativa entre os índices de diversidade funcional de aves e, ao menos, uma das métricas da paisagem. Assim, quanto maior o IPAC maior é a diversidade de funções desempenhadas pela assembleia de aves na paisagem (FRic). O IDNAT mostrou-se negativamente correlacionado com FEve, o que indica que uma maior diversidade de áreas destinadas à conservação proporciona uma variedade desproporcional entre funções e abundâncias na assembleia de aves. Ainda, as assembleias de aves são mais divergentes (FDiv), havendo menor competição por recursos, quando os fragmentos florestais estão mais próximos (IPNAT) e possuem maior importância ecológica (IVAN). Dentro desse contexto, os componentes da diversidade funcional da assembleia de aves são influenciados pela estrutura da paisagem com matriz composta por florestas plantadas de rápido crescimento, e, as ações que promovam a diversidade funcional de aves deve se dar na escala da paisagem, de forma que produção e conservação estejam presentes em uma mesma unidade de paisagem complexa. / How to expand the supply of ecosystem services in agricultural production areas has been a very current debate, as protected areas do not seem to be sufficient to ensure, for example, the conservation of biodiversity. Birds, for example, are one of biological communities affected by the production which respond rapidly to changes in the landscape. This study aimed to understand how landscape planning of fast growing planted forests can influence bird assembly functional diversity. Therefore, landscapes composed by eucalyptus plantations located at Espírito Santo and southern Bahia, were organized into Landscape Planning Units (UPP). Secondary data from bird surveys conducted from 2005 to 2010 were used. Bird species were characterized into four functional traits: trophic guild, forage extract, habitat and average body mass. Three independent metrics were then calculated to represent functional diversity: functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv). In order to obtain landscape metrics it was used the 2010 land-use map. Based on this map, the diversity of clones (IDCL) and ages (IDID) of forest plantation were calculated, and, for conservation areas, diversity of vegetation typologies (IDNAT), proportion of areas intended for conservation (IPANP), edge density (IDBRD), proportion of nuclear area (IPAC), proximity to native vegetation (IPNAT) and ecological importance value (IVAN). Subsequently, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were applied to these two groups of variables (functional diversity and landscape metrics). Birds surveys registered 218 species and 3455 individuals. The insectivores were the most expressive individuals for the trophic guild. For the forage stratum trait, canopy individuals were the most abundant and forest habitat birds predominated at studied landscapes. A significant relationship was found between the rates of functional diversity of birds and at least one of the landscape metrics. Thus, IPAC was directly related to diversity of functions performed by the bird assembly in the landscape (FRic). IDNAT was negatively related to FEve, indicating that a greater diversity of conservation areas provides a disproportionate variety of functions and abundances in the bird assembly Also, bird assemblages are more divergent (FDiv), having less competition for resources, when the forest fragments are structured connected (IPNAT) and have greater ecological importance (IVAN). In this context, components of bird assembly functional diversity are influenced by the landscape structure in matrix composed by fast-growing planted forests, and, actions that enhance birds functional diversity should be given at the landscape scale in order to keep production and conservation present in the same complex landscape unit.
4

Resposta da assembleia de aves ao planejamento da paisagem em florestas plantadas / Response of the assembly of birds to the landscape planning in planted forests

Renata Siqueira Melo 09 March 2017 (has links)
Como ampliar a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos em áreas de produção agrícola tem sido um debate bastante atual, já que as áreas protegidas parecem não serem suficientes para garantir, por exemplo, a conservação da biodiversidade. Dentre as comunidades biológicas afetadas pelas áreas de produção, estão as aves, as quais demonstram rápida resposta às mudanças na paisagem. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como o planejamento da paisagem em áreas de florestas plantadas de rápido crescimento pode influenciar a diversidade funcional da assembleia de aves. Para tanto, áreas com matriz composta por florestas plantadas de eucalipto no Estado do Espírito Santo e sul da Bahia, foram divididas em Unidades de Planejamento da Paisagem (UPP). Dados secundários de levantamentos de aves realizados durante os anos de 2005 a 2010 foram utilizados. As espécies de aves registradas foram caracterizadas por quatro traços funcionais, a guilda trófica, o extrato de forrageio, o habitat e a massa corporal média. A partir de então, foram calculadas três índices independentes para representar a diversidade funcional: riqueza funcional (FRic), equitabilidade funcional (FEve) e divergência funcional (FDiv). Para a obtenção das métricas da paisagem, foi empregado o mapa de uso do solo referente ao ano de 2010, com base no qual calculou-se a diversidade de clones (IDCL) e de idades (IDID) para as áreas de florestas plantadas, e, para as áreas destinadas à conservação, a diversidade de tipologias vegetais (IDNAT), a proporção de áreas destinadas à conservação (IPANP), a densidade de borda (IDBRD), a proporção de área nuclear (IPAC), a proximidade da vegetação nativa (IPNAT) e o valor de importância ecológica (IVAN). Posteriormente, a estes dois grupos de variáveis, diversidade funcional e métricas da paisagem, foram aplicados a análise de correlação e regressão linear simples. Os levantamentos de aves registraram 218 espécies, as quais totalizaram 3455 indivíduos. Os insetívoros foram os indivíduos mais expressivos para a guilda trófica, para o traço estrato de forrageio, os indivíduos que utilizam exclusivamente o dossel foram os mais abundantes e o hábito de vida exclusivamente florestal predominou nas paisagens estudadas. Foi encontrada relação significativa entre os índices de diversidade funcional de aves e, ao menos, uma das métricas da paisagem. Assim, quanto maior o IPAC maior é a diversidade de funções desempenhadas pela assembleia de aves na paisagem (FRic). O IDNAT mostrou-se negativamente correlacionado com FEve, o que indica que uma maior diversidade de áreas destinadas à conservação proporciona uma variedade desproporcional entre funções e abundâncias na assembleia de aves. Ainda, as assembleias de aves são mais divergentes (FDiv), havendo menor competição por recursos, quando os fragmentos florestais estão mais próximos (IPNAT) e possuem maior importância ecológica (IVAN). Dentro desse contexto, os componentes da diversidade funcional da assembleia de aves são influenciados pela estrutura da paisagem com matriz composta por florestas plantadas de rápido crescimento, e, as ações que promovam a diversidade funcional de aves deve se dar na escala da paisagem, de forma que produção e conservação estejam presentes em uma mesma unidade de paisagem complexa. / How to expand the supply of ecosystem services in agricultural production areas has been a very current debate, as protected areas do not seem to be sufficient to ensure, for example, the conservation of biodiversity. Birds, for example, are one of biological communities affected by the production which respond rapidly to changes in the landscape. This study aimed to understand how landscape planning of fast growing planted forests can influence bird assembly functional diversity. Therefore, landscapes composed by eucalyptus plantations located at Espírito Santo and southern Bahia, were organized into Landscape Planning Units (UPP). Secondary data from bird surveys conducted from 2005 to 2010 were used. Bird species were characterized into four functional traits: trophic guild, forage extract, habitat and average body mass. Three independent metrics were then calculated to represent functional diversity: functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv). In order to obtain landscape metrics it was used the 2010 land-use map. Based on this map, the diversity of clones (IDCL) and ages (IDID) of forest plantation were calculated, and, for conservation areas, diversity of vegetation typologies (IDNAT), proportion of areas intended for conservation (IPANP), edge density (IDBRD), proportion of nuclear area (IPAC), proximity to native vegetation (IPNAT) and ecological importance value (IVAN). Subsequently, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were applied to these two groups of variables (functional diversity and landscape metrics). Birds surveys registered 218 species and 3455 individuals. The insectivores were the most expressive individuals for the trophic guild. For the forage stratum trait, canopy individuals were the most abundant and forest habitat birds predominated at studied landscapes. A significant relationship was found between the rates of functional diversity of birds and at least one of the landscape metrics. Thus, IPAC was directly related to diversity of functions performed by the bird assembly in the landscape (FRic). IDNAT was negatively related to FEve, indicating that a greater diversity of conservation areas provides a disproportionate variety of functions and abundances in the bird assembly Also, bird assemblages are more divergent (FDiv), having less competition for resources, when the forest fragments are structured connected (IPNAT) and have greater ecological importance (IVAN). In this context, components of bird assembly functional diversity are influenced by the landscape structure in matrix composed by fast-growing planted forests, and, actions that enhance birds functional diversity should be given at the landscape scale in order to keep production and conservation present in the same complex landscape unit.
5

Production de biomasse et quantification des flux d’azote dans une plantation mixte d’Eucalyptus urophylla x grandis et d’Acacia mangium au Congo / Biomass production and nitrogen fluxes quantification at the mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla x grandis and Acacia mangium in Congo

Tchichellé, Sogni Viviane 20 September 2016 (has links)
Les plantations forestières représentent 5% de la surface forestière mondiale mais assurent plus du tiers de l’approvisionnement en bois de la planète. La durabilité de ces systèmes de production repose sur le maintien à long terme de leur fertilité, sans recourir à la fertilisation. L’introduction d’une espèce fixatrice d’azote (N) dans les plantations forestières est une des solutions envisagées pour relever ce défi. L’objectif de la thèse était d’évaluer l’effet de l’introduction de l’Acacia mangium dans une plantation pure d’eucalyptus sur la croissance des arbres, la production de biomasse et la dynamique de N dans le sol. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des inventaires destructifs combinés à une collecte des chutes de litière ainsi qu’un suivi annuel de la minéralisation de N dans le sol, ont été réalisés. Ils ont été associés à l’étude de la fixation symbiotique de N et de l’enrichissement en N de la matière organique particulaire. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence un effet positif de l’acacia sur la croissance des eucalyptus à travers une modification des relations interspécifiques. La relation de facilitation engendrée par la fixation symbiotique de N a été à l’origine d’une augmentation de la croissance des eucalyptus et de la production primaire nette aérienne. Cette augmentation de croissance était liée à l’amélioration du contenu azoté du sol, en particulier dans la fraction grossière de la matière organique particulaire. Une augmentation de la production de N par minéralisation a révélé un recyclage beaucoup plus rapide du N du sol. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives pour une intensification écologique de la sylviculture des plantations tropicales. / Forest plantations represent 5% of the world forest area but provide more than one third of world wood supply. Sustainability of these systems is based on the long-term maintenance of their fertility without using fertilizers. The introduction of nitrogen (N) fixing species in forest plantations is one of the solutions to take-up this challenge. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of the introduction of Acacia mangium in pure stand of eucalypts on tree growth, biomass production and soil nitrogen dynamics. To achieve this goal, destructive inventories combined with quantification of N fluxes in litter fall and annual monitoring of N mineralization in soil, has been done. They were associated with study of the symbiotic fixation of N and N enrichment in particulate organic matter. The study highlighted a positive effect of acacia on the growth of eucalyptus through a modification of interspecific interactions. Facilitating relationship created by the symbiotic nitrogen fixation has been the source of an increase in the growth of eucalyptus and aboveground net primary production. This increased growth was related to improvement of the nitrogen content of the soil, especially in the coarse fraction of the particulate organic matter. An increase in nitrogen mineralization indicated a much faster soil nitrogen cycling. This work opens perspectives for an ecological intensification of tropical plantation forestry.
6

Rôles fonctionnels des racines fines profondes en plantation d’eucalyptus au Brésil sur sols pauvres en nutriments et en situation hydrique limitante. Réponse à une situation hydrique limitante / Functional roles of deep fine roots in brazilian eucalypt plantations on nutrient-poor soils and under water deficiency

Pradier, Céline 16 December 2016 (has links)
Face à une demande mondiale en bois en constante augmentation, les forêts plantées sont en rapide expansion, notamment au Brésil où les plantations d'eucalyptus pourraient couvrir 10 millions d'hectares d'ici 2020. Ces plantations hautement productives soulèvent des questions importantes au niveau (i) de leur durabilité dans un contexte de changement climatique et (i) de leur impact sur l’environnement, en particulier sur les cycles de l'eau, du carbone et des nutriments. La capacité des eucalyptus à développer un système racinaire très profond (<15 m) pour atteindre la nappe phréatique, pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans l’adaptation à des disponibilités plus faible en eau. Cependant, le rôle de ces racines fines profondes dans la nutrition des plantes a jusque-là été extrêmement peu documenté.Dans ce contexte, l'objectif général de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'influence de la profondeur et de la disponibilité de l’eau sur le fonctionnement des racines fines à travers l’étude de la rhizosphère. Pour cela, une plantation clonale d’Eucalyptus grandis de 5 ans a été étudiée au Brésil sous deux régimes hydriques contrastés : un traitement + W, recevant une pluviométrie normale a été comparé à un traitement –W dans lequel 37% des pluviolessivats sont exclus. Des essais ont été réalisés dans le but d'appliquer une technologie de laboratoire innovante au champ : les optodes, permettant la cartographie du pH rhizosphérique notamment. Les rhizodepôts libérés par les racines fines d’eucalyptus interférant avec le signal du capteur optique, nous n’avons pas pu obtenir de résultats interprétables. Cependant, des tests réalisés sur le pin nous laissent confiants quant à la possibilité d'utiliser ce système, en suivant quelques recommandations. Des analyses destructives ont été réalisées sur du sol rhizosphérique et non-rhizosphérique échantillonnés le long d'un profil de 4 m. Au niveau de la nutrition : une accumulation de potassium et de protons au sein de la rhizosphère a été observée, en particulier en dessous d’1 m (x3,0 et x1,1 pour K et H3O+ en + W, resp.) et en condition de réduction des précipitations (x7,0 et x1,4 pour K et H3O+ en –W, resp.). La répétition de ces mesures pendant la saison des pluies a confirmé l'enrichissement de protons et de K dans la rhizosphère, ce qui suggère que ces processus se produisent tout au long de l'année. Cependant, l’absence d’effet traitement durant la saison des pluies laisse suggérer une bonne résilience potentielle du système. La quantité de K amenée à la surface des racines fines par flux de masse, estimée à 2 kg de K ha-1 an-1, ne permet pas d’expliquer la quantité de potassium absorbé par les arbres, estimée à 17,5 kg de K ha-1 an-1, ni l'accumulation observée dans la rhizosphère. Une explication plus probable est l'altération des minéraux potassiques induite par le fonctionnement racinaire, et notamment l’acidification. La preuve de la possibilité d’association ectomycorhiziennes jusqu'à 4 m de profondeur renforce l'hypothèse d'un rôle clé des racines fines profondes dans la nutrition des plantes. Une concentration élevée en Al3+ a aussi été mesurée au sein de la rhizosphère (jusqu'à 12 mg kg-1). Au niveau du stockage du carbone : malgré la diminution exponentielle attendue de la concentration en C et N avec la profondeur (de 0,72 à 0,12 ‰ entre 0 et 4 m), nos résultats ont montré que plus de la moitié du stock de carbone contenu dans le sol non rhizosphérique était situé en dessous d’1 m. Une accumulation de C dans la rhizosphère a été mesurée, en particulier en profondeur (x1,4 en dessous d’1 m en + W) et en condition de réduction des pluies (x3,0 à 4 m en –W). Les mêmes tendances ont été observées pour N. L’effet rhizosphérique a été conservé pendant la saison des pluies, mais pas l'effet du traitement. Ce travail a confirmé que les racines fines profondes jouent un rôle clé, pour la nutrition des plantes et le stockage de carbone, en contexte de changement climatique particulièrement. / Due to the constant increase of the world demand for wood, the planted forests are in fast expansion notably in tropical countries such as Brazil where plantations of eucalypts, the most productive and spread out planted species, may reach 10 million ha by 2020. The expansion of these plantations on less fertile sites, combined with the context of climate change lead to important issues about (i) the sustainability of these plantations under more frequent and intense drought events and (i) the impact on the environment of these highly productive plantations with very short rotations (6 yr), particularly for nutrient, water and carbon cycles. Eucalypt trees are able to develop very deep root system (<15 m) to reach the water table, and this may play a key role to cope with decreasing soil water availability. However, the role of these deep fine roots in plant nutrition is dramatically under-documented. In this context, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of soil depth combined with water availability on fine root functioning through characterization of the rhizosphere properties. For this purpose, a 5-yr-old clonal Eucalyptus grandis plantation was studied in Brazil in two contrasted water regimes: the +W treatment, receiving normal rainfall was compared with the –W treatment where 37% of the throughfall were excluded in order to mimick the future climate forecasted in the region. Exploratory tests were carried out for the introduction of an innovative lab technology under field conditions: the optodes, which allow mapping rhizosphere pH. The rhizodeposition of eucalypt fine roots interfered with the optical sensor signal and prevented us to get interpretable results. However, some tests on pine trees let us confident of the possibility of using our system for field studies at depth, using some recommendations. Destructive analyses of rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected along a 4-m deep soil profile showed an effect of depth and rainfall reduction on rhizosphere pH, potassium concentration, rhizodeposition pattern and carbon storage capacity. Concerning nutrition issues, we found an accumulation of potassium and protons within the rhizosphere, especially below 1-m depth (x3.0 and x1.1 for K and H3O+ in +W, respectively) and in reduced rainfall conditions (x7.0 and x1.4 for K and H3O+ in –W, respectively). Repeating these measurements during rainy season confirmed the enrichment of protons and potassium within the rhizosphere, suggesting that these processes may occur all along the year but no treatment effect was observed anymore, pointing to a potential good resilience of the system. The amount of K brought to fine roots by mass flow was estimated to 2.0 kg K ha-1 yr-1 and could not explain the amount of potassium taken up by trees estimated to 17.5 kg K ha-1 yr-1 and the observed accumulation in the rhizosphere. A more likely explanation was the root-induced weathering of K-bearing minerals, partly related to rhizosphere acidification. Proof of ectomycorrhizal association down to 4-m depth further supported the hypothesis of a key role of deep fine roots in plant nutrition. High exchangeable Al3+ concentration was found within the rhizosphere (up to 12.0 mg kg-1). Concerning the carbon storage issue, despite an expected exponential decrease of C and N concentrations within the bulk soil with depth (0.72‰ to 0.12‰ from top soil to 4-m depth), our results showed that more than half of soil C stock within the bulk soil occurred below the first meter. An accumulation of C within the rhizosphere was found, especially at depth (x1.4 below 1 m in +W) and in reduced rainfall conditions (x3.0 at 4-m depth in –W). The same trends were found for N. The rhizosphere effect was conserved during rainy season but not the treatment effect. This work confirmed that deep fine roots play a key role, especially in the context of climate change, for plant nutrition and carbon storage.
7

Avaliação do crescimento e da qualidade do lenho de árvores de Cariniana legalis (Martius) O. Kuntze submetidas a diferentes espaçamentos / Evaluation of growth and wood quality of Cariniana legalis (Martius) O. Kuntze trees under different spacings

Oliveira, Ivanka Rosada de 23 January 2015 (has links)
O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade do lenho das árvores de Cariniana legalis submetidas a diferentes espaçamentos (3x1,5; 3x2; 3x2,5 m). O experimento localiza-se na Estação Experimental de Luiz Antônio-SP, do Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas 30 árvores de jequitibá rosa (10 árvores/tratamento) e seccionados discos na base, DAP e a cada 5m do tronco até a altura comercial das árvores. Foram realizadas as análises (i) anatômicas, com a descrição macro e microscópica do lenho com ênfase aos anéis de crescimento e (ii) dendrocronológicas, para a comprovação da anuidade da formação dos anéis de crescimento; (iii) densitometria de raios X, para obtenção do perfil longitudinal - radial de densidade aparente do lenho e imagem digital do lenho; (iv) dendroclimatologia, para verificar a influência dos fatores climáticos, como a precipitação e temperatura na formação dos anéis de crescimento e da (v) influência do espaçamento no crescimento radial acumulado/médio anual do tronco e no volume das árvores/ha. Os resultados indicaram que as árvores de C. legalis apresentam anéis de crescimento distintos, com a dendrocronologia confirmando a idade das árvores (38 anos) e a anuidade da formação dos anéis de crescimento. A densidade aparente do lenho decresce da base até a região intermediária, tendendo a aumentar próximo ao topo do tronco das árvores, com o maior valor no maior e menor espaçamento. As imagens digitais do lenho indicaram um decréscimo da densidade aparente do lenho no sentido medula - casca. Nos três espaçamentos, a análise dendroclimatológica indicou uma influência significativa das variáveis climáticas no crescimento radial do tronco das árvores de Cariniana legalis. Os meses do ano que influenciaram o crescimento radial do tronco das árvores foram distintos entre os tratamentos sendo que, entretanto, verifica-se um padrão de crescimento do tronco semelhante e relacionado com a precipitação mensal acumulada. O espaçamento entre árvores influenciou diretamente no ritmo de crescimento do tronco das árvores, sendo que as do maior espaçamento apresentaram a maior produção volumétrica do lenho, e as do menor espaçamento, o maior volume de madeira/ha. Conclui-se que a área do espaço vital (espaçamento) influencia significativamente o desenvolvimento das árvores de Cariniana legalis. / The present study aims to assess growth and wood quality of Cariniana legalis trees in forest plantations under different espacements (1.5x3, 3x2, 3x2.5 m). The experiment is located in Luiz Antônio, São Paulo, at the Experimental Station belonging to the Forest Institute of São Paulo. It was selected 30 trees of \"jequitibá rosa\" (10 per treatment) and sectioned discs were removed at the base, DBH and every 5m to commercial height. With these samples 5 different analyzis were performed: (i) anatomical, by means of wood macroscopic and microscopic description with a view to growth rings, (ii) dendrochronological, to prove growth rings annuality; (iii) X-ray densitometry and digital X-rays to obtain the radial density profile in the longitudinal and radial direction; (iv) dendroclimatological, for checking the influence of climatic factors (monthly precipitation and average annual temperature) in growth rings formation and (v) verification of espacement influence on cumulative and annual radial growth, volume per tree and per hectare. Wood description indicates C. legalis trees have distinct growth rings. Dendrochronology confirmed annuity formation of growth rings as the number of rings found matches with the age of plantation, 38 years old. Apparent density decreases from the base to the middle region of the stem and tends to increase near the top, with higher average values in both widest and closest espacements. The analysis of digital images indicated a decrease in apparent density in pith-bark direction. Dendroclimatology indicated there was significant influence of climatic variables on radial growth of Cariniana legalis trees. The months influencing radial growth were different between treatments, however there is a similar pattern of growth related to monthly precipitation. The espacements used influenced directly the growth rate of the trees. The ones inserted in widest espacements had the highest volumetric production, on the other hand the largest volume per hectare occurred in the closest espacements. The conclusion was that size of living space influences significantly the development of C. legalis trees.
8

Emprego do geoprocessamento no estudo da relação entre potencial produtivo de um povoamento de eucalipto e atributos do solo e do relevo. / Geoprocessing applied to the study of the relationship between productive potential of eucalypt and attributes of soil and relief.

Ortiz, Jonas Luís 17 October 2003 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a aplicação de uma metodologia, empregando técnicas de estatística clássica, geoestatística e geoprocessamento, para o mapeamento da variabilidade espacial do potencial produtivo em um talhão com clones de Eucalypt us grandis, aos 6,3 anos de idade, e analisar sua relação com atributos do solo e do relevo, dentro de uma abordagem denominada Silvicultura de Precisão. A investigação foi conduzida numa área de 8,4 ha, com relevo acidentado, pertencente à Suzano Bahia Sul Celulose, em Paraibuna, SP. Foi instalada, na área experimental, uma grade irregular totalizando 41 pontos amostrais, nos quais foram coletados dados referentes às suas coordenadas planas, para georreferenciamento da área de estudo; cotas altimétricas; atributos da planta, mais especificamente DAP e altura total; e amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20cm, para análises químicas, físicas e de umidade. Inicialmente foram realizados o resumo estatístico e a análise exploratória do conjunto de dados de cada variável, utilizando-se os pacotes estatísticos Excel, SAS e Statistica. Posteriormente foram ajustados, no GS+ e no Geoeas, semivariogramas para as variáveis, definindo-se os parâmetros necessários para a krigagem. Após isso, foi avaliado o número ideal de vizinhos para a krigagem e o erro da estimativa por meio da validação cruzada, utilizando-se as funções disponíveis no Geoeas. Por fim, foram gerados, no Surfer, os mapas de contorno e de superfície contínua (MDT e MDE) das variáveis em estudo. De posse dos modelos digitais das variáveis, foram determinadas estatisticamente, no SIG Idrisi, por meio de análise de correlação e regressão espacial entre mapas (regressão pixel-a-pixel), as correlações e relações entre potencial produtivo (IS) e atributos do solo e do relevo, assim como o ajuste de modelos estatísticos capazes de predizer o valor do índice de sítio por meio dos valores dos atributos do solo e do relevo. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor modelo de regressão linear múltipla espacial ajustado explicou 79% das variações do IS. Todas as variáveis apresentaram dependência espacial, exceto B e MO, sendo que o modelo esférico apresentou o melhor ajuste para os semivariogramas. Também foram determinadas estatisticamente, no Statistica e SAS, por meio de análise de correlação e regressão linear simples, que não leva em consideração a posição espacial dos dados, as correlações e relações entre IS e atributos do solo e do relevo. A partir da análise de regressão linear múltipla (métodos "todas as regressões possíveis" e "passo-a-passo") foram ajustados modelos estatísticos capazes de predizer o valor de IS por meio dos valores dos atributos do solo e relevo. O melhor modelo de regressão linear múltipla ajustado explicou 65% das variações do IS. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar os atributos que influenciam no potencial produtivo do talhão, com destaque para: cotas e alumínio, de forma indireta; e umidade, argila total, areia total, areia muito grossa, manganês e soma de bases, de forma direta. Foram identificadas relações entre a variabilidade dos atributos estudados na área experimental, com destaque para a relação entre a distribuição de cotas, areia total, argila total e alumínio com a do Índice de Sítio; e entre a de cotas, areia total, argila total, areia muito grossa e umidade. No geral as áreas de maior potencial produtivo apresentaram menores teores de alumínio, argila total e umidade; maiores teores de manganês, soma de bases, areia total e areia muito grossa; além de ocuparem posição menos elevada no relevo, ou seja, cotas mais baixas. Este cenário determina maior porosidade e permeabilidade ao solo, beneficiando a aeração, penetração e crescimento do sistema radicular, favorecendo a absorção de nutrientes e água pelas raízes, assim como a exploração de reservas hídricas e de nutrientes das camadas subsuperfíciais do solo. / The main purpose of this work was the application of a methodology, using classic statistics, geostatistics and geoprocessing techniques, to the mapping of the spatial variability of productive potential in a stand with clones of 6.3 year-old Eucalyptus grandis, and to analyze its relationship with attributes of soil and relief, by an approach denominated Precision Forestry. The investigation was carried out in an area of 8.4 ha, with hilly topography, belonging to the Suzano Bahia Sul Celulose, in Paraibuna, SP. It was installed, in the experimental area, an irregular grid totaling 41 sampling points, where data were collected related to their plane coordinates, for georreferencing of the study area; as well as altimetric data; attributes of plant, more specifically DBH and total height; and soil samples at the depht of 0-20cm, for chemical, physical and moisture analysis. Initially the statistical summary and the exploratory analysis of the data of each variable were accomplished, being used the statistical packages Excel, SAS and Statistica. Afterwards, the semivariograms for the variables were adjusted, in GS+ and in Geoeas, being defined the parameters needed for the kriging. After that, the ideal number of neighbors was evaluated for the kriging and the error of estimate by cross validation, being used the available functions in Geoeas. Finally, the contour maps and the continuous surfaces (DTM and DEM) of the studied variables were generated, in the software Surfer. With the digital models of the variables, were determined, in the GIS Idrisi, by correlation analysis and spatial regression among maps (regression pixel-by-pixel), the correlations and relationships among productive potential (SI) and attributes of soil and relief, as well as the adjustment of statistical models capable to predict the value of the site index by values of the attributes of soil and relief. The results showed that the best model of adjusted spatial multiple linear regression explained 79% of the variations in the SI. All the variables presented spatial dependence, except B and OM, and the spherical model presented the best adjustment for the semivariograms. Also, the correlations and relationships between SI and attributes of soil and relief were statistically determined, in Statistica and SAS, by correlation analysis and simple linear regression, that do not take into consideration the spatial location of the data. Starting from the analysis of multiple linear regression (methods "all possible regressions" and "stepwise"), statistical models were adjusted, being capable to predict the value of SI by values of the attributes of soil and relief. The best model of adjusted multiple linear regression explained 65% of the variations in the SI. The obtained results allowed identifying the attributes that influence the productive potential of the stand, mainly: altimetric levels and aluminum, in an indirect way; and moisture, total clay, total sand, very coarse sand, manganese and sum of bases, in a direct way. Relationships were identified among the variability of the studied attributes in the experimental area, mainly the relationship among the distribution of altimetric levels, total sand, total clay and aluminum with the Site Index; and among the altimetric levels, total sand, total clay, very coarse sand and moisture. In general, areas with a higher productive potential presented lower contents of aluminum, total clay and moisture; higher contents of manganese, sum of bases, total sand and very coarse sand. They are at the lowest locations in the relief, in other words, lower altimetric levels. This scenery determines higher porosity and permeability to the soil, allowing better aeration, penetration and growth of the root system, favoring the absorption of nutrients and water by the roots, as well as the exploration of water and nutrients reserves in the subsuperficial soil layer.
9

Emprego do geoprocessamento no estudo da relação entre potencial produtivo de um povoamento de eucalipto e atributos do solo e do relevo. / Geoprocessing applied to the study of the relationship between productive potential of eucalypt and attributes of soil and relief.

Jonas Luís Ortiz 17 October 2003 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a aplicação de uma metodologia, empregando técnicas de estatística clássica, geoestatística e geoprocessamento, para o mapeamento da variabilidade espacial do potencial produtivo em um talhão com clones de Eucalypt us grandis, aos 6,3 anos de idade, e analisar sua relação com atributos do solo e do relevo, dentro de uma abordagem denominada Silvicultura de Precisão. A investigação foi conduzida numa área de 8,4 ha, com relevo acidentado, pertencente à Suzano Bahia Sul Celulose, em Paraibuna, SP. Foi instalada, na área experimental, uma grade irregular totalizando 41 pontos amostrais, nos quais foram coletados dados referentes às suas coordenadas planas, para georreferenciamento da área de estudo; cotas altimétricas; atributos da planta, mais especificamente DAP e altura total; e amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20cm, para análises químicas, físicas e de umidade. Inicialmente foram realizados o resumo estatístico e a análise exploratória do conjunto de dados de cada variável, utilizando-se os pacotes estatísticos Excel, SAS e Statistica. Posteriormente foram ajustados, no GS+ e no Geoeas, semivariogramas para as variáveis, definindo-se os parâmetros necessários para a krigagem. Após isso, foi avaliado o número ideal de vizinhos para a krigagem e o erro da estimativa por meio da validação cruzada, utilizando-se as funções disponíveis no Geoeas. Por fim, foram gerados, no Surfer, os mapas de contorno e de superfície contínua (MDT e MDE) das variáveis em estudo. De posse dos modelos digitais das variáveis, foram determinadas estatisticamente, no SIG Idrisi, por meio de análise de correlação e regressão espacial entre mapas (regressão pixel-a-pixel), as correlações e relações entre potencial produtivo (IS) e atributos do solo e do relevo, assim como o ajuste de modelos estatísticos capazes de predizer o valor do índice de sítio por meio dos valores dos atributos do solo e do relevo. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor modelo de regressão linear múltipla espacial ajustado explicou 79% das variações do IS. Todas as variáveis apresentaram dependência espacial, exceto B e MO, sendo que o modelo esférico apresentou o melhor ajuste para os semivariogramas. Também foram determinadas estatisticamente, no Statistica e SAS, por meio de análise de correlação e regressão linear simples, que não leva em consideração a posição espacial dos dados, as correlações e relações entre IS e atributos do solo e do relevo. A partir da análise de regressão linear múltipla (métodos "todas as regressões possíveis" e "passo-a-passo") foram ajustados modelos estatísticos capazes de predizer o valor de IS por meio dos valores dos atributos do solo e relevo. O melhor modelo de regressão linear múltipla ajustado explicou 65% das variações do IS. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar os atributos que influenciam no potencial produtivo do talhão, com destaque para: cotas e alumínio, de forma indireta; e umidade, argila total, areia total, areia muito grossa, manganês e soma de bases, de forma direta. Foram identificadas relações entre a variabilidade dos atributos estudados na área experimental, com destaque para a relação entre a distribuição de cotas, areia total, argila total e alumínio com a do Índice de Sítio; e entre a de cotas, areia total, argila total, areia muito grossa e umidade. No geral as áreas de maior potencial produtivo apresentaram menores teores de alumínio, argila total e umidade; maiores teores de manganês, soma de bases, areia total e areia muito grossa; além de ocuparem posição menos elevada no relevo, ou seja, cotas mais baixas. Este cenário determina maior porosidade e permeabilidade ao solo, beneficiando a aeração, penetração e crescimento do sistema radicular, favorecendo a absorção de nutrientes e água pelas raízes, assim como a exploração de reservas hídricas e de nutrientes das camadas subsuperfíciais do solo. / The main purpose of this work was the application of a methodology, using classic statistics, geostatistics and geoprocessing techniques, to the mapping of the spatial variability of productive potential in a stand with clones of 6.3 year-old Eucalyptus grandis, and to analyze its relationship with attributes of soil and relief, by an approach denominated Precision Forestry. The investigation was carried out in an area of 8.4 ha, with hilly topography, belonging to the Suzano Bahia Sul Celulose, in Paraibuna, SP. It was installed, in the experimental area, an irregular grid totaling 41 sampling points, where data were collected related to their plane coordinates, for georreferencing of the study area; as well as altimetric data; attributes of plant, more specifically DBH and total height; and soil samples at the depht of 0-20cm, for chemical, physical and moisture analysis. Initially the statistical summary and the exploratory analysis of the data of each variable were accomplished, being used the statistical packages Excel, SAS and Statistica. Afterwards, the semivariograms for the variables were adjusted, in GS+ and in Geoeas, being defined the parameters needed for the kriging. After that, the ideal number of neighbors was evaluated for the kriging and the error of estimate by cross validation, being used the available functions in Geoeas. Finally, the contour maps and the continuous surfaces (DTM and DEM) of the studied variables were generated, in the software Surfer. With the digital models of the variables, were determined, in the GIS Idrisi, by correlation analysis and spatial regression among maps (regression pixel-by-pixel), the correlations and relationships among productive potential (SI) and attributes of soil and relief, as well as the adjustment of statistical models capable to predict the value of the site index by values of the attributes of soil and relief. The results showed that the best model of adjusted spatial multiple linear regression explained 79% of the variations in the SI. All the variables presented spatial dependence, except B and OM, and the spherical model presented the best adjustment for the semivariograms. Also, the correlations and relationships between SI and attributes of soil and relief were statistically determined, in Statistica and SAS, by correlation analysis and simple linear regression, that do not take into consideration the spatial location of the data. Starting from the analysis of multiple linear regression (methods "all possible regressions" and "stepwise"), statistical models were adjusted, being capable to predict the value of SI by values of the attributes of soil and relief. The best model of adjusted multiple linear regression explained 65% of the variations in the SI. The obtained results allowed identifying the attributes that influence the productive potential of the stand, mainly: altimetric levels and aluminum, in an indirect way; and moisture, total clay, total sand, very coarse sand, manganese and sum of bases, in a direct way. Relationships were identified among the variability of the studied attributes in the experimental area, mainly the relationship among the distribution of altimetric levels, total sand, total clay and aluminum with the Site Index; and among the altimetric levels, total sand, total clay, very coarse sand and moisture. In general, areas with a higher productive potential presented lower contents of aluminum, total clay and moisture; higher contents of manganese, sum of bases, total sand and very coarse sand. They are at the lowest locations in the relief, in other words, lower altimetric levels. This scenery determines higher porosity and permeability to the soil, allowing better aeration, penetration and growth of the root system, favoring the absorption of nutrients and water by the roots, as well as the exploration of water and nutrients reserves in the subsuperficial soil layer.
10

Avaliação do crescimento e da qualidade do lenho de árvores de Cariniana legalis (Martius) O. Kuntze submetidas a diferentes espaçamentos / Evaluation of growth and wood quality of Cariniana legalis (Martius) O. Kuntze trees under different spacings

Ivanka Rosada de Oliveira 23 January 2015 (has links)
O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade do lenho das árvores de Cariniana legalis submetidas a diferentes espaçamentos (3x1,5; 3x2; 3x2,5 m). O experimento localiza-se na Estação Experimental de Luiz Antônio-SP, do Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas 30 árvores de jequitibá rosa (10 árvores/tratamento) e seccionados discos na base, DAP e a cada 5m do tronco até a altura comercial das árvores. Foram realizadas as análises (i) anatômicas, com a descrição macro e microscópica do lenho com ênfase aos anéis de crescimento e (ii) dendrocronológicas, para a comprovação da anuidade da formação dos anéis de crescimento; (iii) densitometria de raios X, para obtenção do perfil longitudinal - radial de densidade aparente do lenho e imagem digital do lenho; (iv) dendroclimatologia, para verificar a influência dos fatores climáticos, como a precipitação e temperatura na formação dos anéis de crescimento e da (v) influência do espaçamento no crescimento radial acumulado/médio anual do tronco e no volume das árvores/ha. Os resultados indicaram que as árvores de C. legalis apresentam anéis de crescimento distintos, com a dendrocronologia confirmando a idade das árvores (38 anos) e a anuidade da formação dos anéis de crescimento. A densidade aparente do lenho decresce da base até a região intermediária, tendendo a aumentar próximo ao topo do tronco das árvores, com o maior valor no maior e menor espaçamento. As imagens digitais do lenho indicaram um decréscimo da densidade aparente do lenho no sentido medula - casca. Nos três espaçamentos, a análise dendroclimatológica indicou uma influência significativa das variáveis climáticas no crescimento radial do tronco das árvores de Cariniana legalis. Os meses do ano que influenciaram o crescimento radial do tronco das árvores foram distintos entre os tratamentos sendo que, entretanto, verifica-se um padrão de crescimento do tronco semelhante e relacionado com a precipitação mensal acumulada. O espaçamento entre árvores influenciou diretamente no ritmo de crescimento do tronco das árvores, sendo que as do maior espaçamento apresentaram a maior produção volumétrica do lenho, e as do menor espaçamento, o maior volume de madeira/ha. Conclui-se que a área do espaço vital (espaçamento) influencia significativamente o desenvolvimento das árvores de Cariniana legalis. / The present study aims to assess growth and wood quality of Cariniana legalis trees in forest plantations under different espacements (1.5x3, 3x2, 3x2.5 m). The experiment is located in Luiz Antônio, São Paulo, at the Experimental Station belonging to the Forest Institute of São Paulo. It was selected 30 trees of \"jequitibá rosa\" (10 per treatment) and sectioned discs were removed at the base, DBH and every 5m to commercial height. With these samples 5 different analyzis were performed: (i) anatomical, by means of wood macroscopic and microscopic description with a view to growth rings, (ii) dendrochronological, to prove growth rings annuality; (iii) X-ray densitometry and digital X-rays to obtain the radial density profile in the longitudinal and radial direction; (iv) dendroclimatological, for checking the influence of climatic factors (monthly precipitation and average annual temperature) in growth rings formation and (v) verification of espacement influence on cumulative and annual radial growth, volume per tree and per hectare. Wood description indicates C. legalis trees have distinct growth rings. Dendrochronology confirmed annuity formation of growth rings as the number of rings found matches with the age of plantation, 38 years old. Apparent density decreases from the base to the middle region of the stem and tends to increase near the top, with higher average values in both widest and closest espacements. The analysis of digital images indicated a decrease in apparent density in pith-bark direction. Dendroclimatology indicated there was significant influence of climatic variables on radial growth of Cariniana legalis trees. The months influencing radial growth were different between treatments, however there is a similar pattern of growth related to monthly precipitation. The espacements used influenced directly the growth rate of the trees. The ones inserted in widest espacements had the highest volumetric production, on the other hand the largest volume per hectare occurred in the closest espacements. The conclusion was that size of living space influences significantly the development of C. legalis trees.

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