Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-18T20:18:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 493365.pdf: 15989179 bytes, checksum: 9e376e8664b10cc5f18148983680b0c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T20:18:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 493365.pdf: 15989179 bytes, checksum: 9e376e8664b10cc5f18148983680b0c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-01-12 / CAPES / A biologia reprodutiva de Formicivora erythronotos (Thamnophilidae), espécie ameaçada e endêmica do sudoeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi estudada em Angra dos Reis e Paraty, entre julho de 1997 e dezembro de 1999. Nada era conhecido sobre sua biologia reprodutiva antes deste estudo. Um total de 31 ninhos foi encontrado. A maioria deles estava posicionada à beira de trilhas e estradas, com circulação frequente de pessoas. O ninho é um pequeno cesto preso a ramos de plantas herbáceas e posicionado próximo ao chão. Ele é composto basicamente de uma fibra vermelha não identificada e pequenas raízes. A postura, que se dá em dias alternados, é de um (raramente) ou dois ovos brancacentos com máculas marrons concentradas principalmente no polo rombo. O monitoramento intensivo de alguns ninhos, totalizando cerca de 337 horas, permitiu determinar os papeis sexuais na reprodução da espécie. Cortejo nupcial, que consiste na oferta de alimento à fêmea pelo companheiro, precedeu a postura dos ovos. A divisão básica dos cuidados no ninho em F. erythronotos concorda com o padrão básico observado na família. Ambos os sexos participam na construção do ninho, alimentação dos ninhegos, incubação e choco diurnos, sendo a contribuição do macho ligeiramente superior nessas três últimas atividades. A incubação e choco noturnos são responsabilidade exclusiva da fêmea. Fora do ninho, cada filhote fica sob os cuidados exclusivos de um dos pais. A duração média das sessões de incubação em F erythronotos é bem inferior à de outras espécies de tamnofilídeos, enquanto a taxa de alimentação dos ninhegos exibe o padrão inverso. Diferenças na exposição do ninho à predação e nas estratégias de forrageio são sugeridas para explicar essas disparidades. O período de incubação e de ninhego é de cerca de 14 dias e 10 dias, respectivamente... / The breeding biology of the Black-hooded Antwren Formicivora erythronotos (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), an endangered species which is endemic to southwestern Rio de Janeiro State, was studied from July 1997 to December 1999 at Angra dos Reis and Paraty. Nothing was known on its breeding biology before. Most of the 31 nests found were placed by the side of trails and roads that were frequently used by people. The species' nest is a small cup made basically of an unidentified reddish fiber and rootlets, and is attached to twigs of herbaceous plants close to the ground. Clutch size is two (rarely one) eggs. These are whitish with brown markings, concentrated at the large end, and are laid on altemate days. An intensive monitoring of some nests, totaling about observation 337 hours, allowed that sexual roles on the species' breeding biology were known. Egg laying was preceded by a nuptial display, in which males offered food to their mates. As in other species of the family, male and female Black-hooded Antwrens build the nest, and also take turns incubating the eggs, and brooding and feeding the young. Male's contribution is slightly greater in the latter three activities, and female alone takes charge of nocturnal incubation and brooding. Each parent takes care exclusively of one fledgling. The average duration of incubation sessions in this species is much smaller than in other species in the family, while the feeding rate of the young was much greater. These differences may be related to different nest exposure to predation as well as to foraging strategies. Incubation lasts 14 days and nestlings stay 10 days in the nest...

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2001-07-06 / CAPES / FUJB / FBPN / Este estudo teve como objetivos testar o monofiletismo do gênero Formicivora, definir os seus limites e formular uma hipótese de relacionamento filogenético entre as espécies que o compõem. Essas questões foram abordadas através de uma análise cladística de caracteres de morfologia externa, morfologia da siringe, vocalizações e história natural. As hipóteses de homologia primária formuladas para 26 táxons terminais (incluindo 25 espécies de Thamnophilidae e uma de Formicariidae) foram codificadas em uma matriz com 56 caracteres, que foi submetida a 10 análises de parcimônia, com diferentes combinações de pesagem, ordenação e inclusão ou exclusão de caracteres. Foram feitas 100 replicações de cada uma das análises, com seqüência de adição ao acaso de táxons, usando o algoritmo heurístico "tree-bisectionand-reconnection branch-swapping" no programa PAUP. Nenhum dos cladogramas obtidos fornece evidência em apoio à hipótese de monofiletismo do gênero Formicivora, tal como tem sido aceito pelos autores modernos. Contudo, um clado com sete espécies, presente em todas as análises, indica a necessidade de uma redefinição do gênero para que corresponda a um grupo monofilético, excluindo-se F. iheringi e incluindo-se Stymphalomis acutirostris, que forma 1im clado junto com F. rufa e F grisea. Este dado é o grupo irmão de outro clado, formado por F. melanogaster, F serrana e F. littoralis. Formicívora erythronotos é a espécie mais basal do gênero. O grupo-irmão de Formicivora não pôde ser inequivocamente postulado. Sugere-se que, até que a posição filogenética de F. iheringi dentro de Thamnophilidae seja esclarecida, essa espécie seja colocada em um gênero monotípico incertae sedis, restaurando-se o nome Neorhopias Hellmayr, 1920 para ele. O monofiletismo do gênero Myrmotherula, que tem sido questionado por outros autores com base em análises moleculares, também não foi corroborado por este estudo. A utilidade de caracteres bioacústicos na reconstrução filogenética de Passeriformes Suboscines é discutida e reafirmada. / A cladistic analysis of extemal morphology, syringeal morphology, vocalizations and natural history characters was conducted to test the monophyly of Fomlicivora, to define its limits and to develop a phy]ogenetic hypothesis for the genus. Primary homologies were hypothesized and coded as 56 characters for 26 terminal taxons that included 251hamnophilid and one formicariid species. Ten parsimony analyses of this data set were perfonned, each with different inclusion or exclusion, weighting and ordering of characters. Each of these analyses comprised 100 replicates with the random addition sequence option in effect using PAUP tree-bisection-andreconnection branch-swapping heuristic algorithm. The monophyly of Formicivora as currently defined is not supported, but in every analysis seven species are grouped in a clade that includes six currently recognized species of Formicivora. To correspond to this monophyletic assemblage, Formicívora must be redefined to include Stymphalornis acutirostris and to exclude F. iheringi. Formicivora erythronotos is the sister group to the other six species of the genus. Stymphalonlis acutirostris, F. nifa and F. grisea fonn a clade that is the sister group to a clade fonned by F. melanogaster, F. serrana and F. littoralis. The sister group to Fomricivora could not be unambiguously hypothesized. While the phylogenetic relationships of F. iheringi are not resolved within Thamnophilidae, this species should be placed in a incertae sedis monotypic genus, for which the name Neorhopias Hellma:yT, 1920 is available. The monophyly of myrmotherula, which has been questioned by previous studies based on molecular analyses, has not been supported by this study either. The utility of vocal characters in reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships of Suboscine Passerines is discussed and reaffirmed.

Group-living sets the scene for complex social behaviours such as cooperative breeding, and exploring the factors that shape group-living is crucial in understanding these behaviours. This thesis explores the ecology of a population of the facultative cooperative breeding southern anteater-chat (Myrmecocichla formicivora), a group-living bird species endemic to southern Africa. It reveals a breeding system based around a breeding pair and up to three auxiliary males. Despite equal numbers of males and females produced as fledglings there was a surplus of adult males, which remained philopatric. Dispersal was strongly female biased. Females dispersed within their first year, they dispersed further than males, and they lost the benefits of the natal site. The sex skew in the population suggested that these factors drive differential mortality, with juvenile females having much lower annual survival than juvenile males. Adult survival was higher, with female survival only slightly lower than male survival. Dispersal distances suggested that males selected the breeding location, nearer to their natal site. There was no evidence of surplus non-breeding females. On the loss of a breeding female there was no replacement until new females entered the population, yet if a breeding male disappeared the female promptly re-paired with a male from another group. There was no indication of birds floating in the population, and if males were orphaned or widowed they joined other groups as unrelated helpers in preference to floating. There was no sign of inter-group or individual aggression among chats, and unrelated helpers were peacefully accepted into groups, suggesting mutual benefits. In fact all birds in a group helped raise offspring of the breeding pair, and groups with more helpers fledged more offspring, which implies that both direct and indirect fitness benefits can be gained through joining a group and helping. There was surprisingly little inheritance of breeding position by auxiliaries, and strikingly low levels of extra-pair paternity. This study suggests that the Southern anteater-chat group structure arises through male philopatry due to a shortage of breeding females, the benefits of remaining on the natal site and helping, and the potentially high costs of living alone.