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Participação da energia fóssil na produção dos fertilizantes industriais nitrogenados com ênfase na uréiaMendes Júnior, Antonio Aparecido [UNESP] 09 December 2011 (has links) (PDF)
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mendesjunior_aa_me_botfca.pdf: 168280 bytes, checksum: aa17dbd6ea25c1fc0bba444440de86a1 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Atualmente, pode-se observar a importância da produção agropecuária e florestal mundial desde o algodão, processado para a fabricação de roupas até o plantio e transformação dos alimentos. A agricultura mundial sofreu uma grande reestruturação no aspecto produtivo, pois, com o aumento da população mundial, o homem foi obrigado a desenvolver novas técnicas de produção, para assim alcançar um aumento na produção e na produtividade de alimentos e matérias-primas. Nesse sentido, tornou-se uma realidade a utilização de grandes quantidades de fertilizantes industriais em agroecossistemas. Nesse estudo, analisou-se a participação de energias fósseis no processo de produção dos fertilizantes industriais nitrogenados, embora sua apresentação na estrutura de dispêndio energético de agroecossistemas nem sempre é distribuída adequadamente. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a participação das fontes de energia empregadas no processo de produção industrial dos fertilizantes nitrogenados, particularmente a uréia. A hipótese que orienta este estudo é que nas análises energéticas de agroecossistemas, no momento da classificação, podem estar subestimando a participação da energia de fonte fóssil em sua matriz. Os resultados orbitam sobre análise do fluxograma de fabricação da uréia levando como base o processo primário com a adição dos insumos não produtivos necessários para a fabricação. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a dependência de energias de fonte fóssil nos processos produtivos de obtenção dos fertilizantes nitrogenados não apenas em suamatéria-prima (amônia), mas também no processo da queima do gás natural para a obtenção da uréia, acarretando problemas de ordem ecológica sócio-econômico, ameaçando assim a sustentabilidade... / Today we can see the importance of global agricultural production and forestry, from raw cotton to manufacture clothing to planting and processing of food. World agriculture has undergone a big restructuring in the productive aspect, because with the increase in the world population human has been forced to develop new production techniques for increased production of food and raw materials for worldwide use. In this sense became a reality the use of large amounts of fertilizer in Industrial agroecosystems. In this study we will analyze the participation of the fossil fuel in the production of nitrogenous fertilizer industry, although its presentation in the structure of expenditure energy agroecosystems is not always distributed so appropriately. O objective of this study is to analyze the participation of energy sources used in the production process industrial nitrogen fertilizers, particularly urea. The hypothesis that guides this study is that, the energy analysis of agroecosystems at the time of classification, may be underestimating the participation fossil energy source in its matrix. Preliminary results turn on in two sides, the former would be the analysis of the urea manufacturing flowchart taking as the basis only of the primary manufacturing process, while the latter would be the analysis of the primary process with the addition of non-productive inputs needed for manufacturing. The results demonstrate the dependence on fossil source of energy in production processes for obtaining nitrogen fertilizers not only in its raw material (ammonia), but also in the process of burning gas to obtain urea... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Habiter les territoires ruraux. Comprendre les dynamiques spatiales et sociales à l'oeuvre, évaluer les perspectives d'évolution des pratiques de mobilité des ménages / Living in rural areas. Understanding the spatial and social households'practices, evaluating the potential for change in their mobility practicesHuyghe, Marie 16 November 2015 (has links)
« Le rural n’existe plus », annoncent certains chercheurs au vu de l’urbanisation généralisée des territoires ou de la disparition des spécificités sociologique ou économique des campagnes. Pourtant, le « rural » est encore présent dans les discours politiques, dans les représentations des ménages, dans la littérature scientifique actuelle. Qu’est-ce que le rural aujourd’hui ? A partir d’une approche compréhensive et inductive, notre recherche analyse les déterminants permettant de comprendre les pratiques spatiales, les relations sociales ou les formes d’appartenance territoriale des ménages ; elle met en évidence l’influence sur les modes d’habiter ruraux du territoire et du profil des ménages. La thèse aborde également la question de l’évolution du dynamisme démographique et économique des territoires ruraux dans un contexte de durcissement probable des conditions de mobilité des ménages. Elle s’intéresse aux marges de manoeuvre des populations rurales, au potentiel d’évolution de leurs pratiques de mobilité vers des pratiques moins dépendantes de la voiture. A partir d’une expérimentation de recherche-action elle met en évidence le rôle du levier « accompagnement personnalisé » et apporte des éléments prescriptifs en faveur de politiques globales de mobilité. / What is rural today? Based on a comprehensive and inductive approach of the rural households’ ways of living, our research shows the influence of the rural area’s features and of the households’ profile (in particular their spatial origin, their seniority in the area and their life project) on their daily practices. They are underlain by easy and cheap car-mobility, which could evolve as a result of three phenomena (rarefaction of fossil energy; stronger injunctions to sustainable development; public policies that incite to develop only the territories that are served by public transport). Our research evaluates the households’ leeway in terms of mobility practices and their potential for transition towards more sustainable practices. Thanks to the analysis of an action-research project we highlight the role of a lever of “personalized accompaniment” in terms of behavioral evolution and propose some prescriptive elements in favor of global mobility policies.
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