Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / Please refer to the document / University of Limpopo

This study explores the childhood experiences and transitions to adulthood of 39 Romanian care leavers and adoptees, born around 1989 - 1990. In the past, Romania's children in care became known to the world as 'the Romanian orphans' and some of them have been subjects to neurodevelopmental research studies focusing on the setbacks posed by institutionalisation in early life. This research project takes a different angle by: • Using life history approach and therefore capturing the participants' in-depth accounts of how they recall their childhoods and the challenges they encountered in their transition to independent life; • Exploring four different types of placements and how they affect transition to independent life, from a user's perspective. The fact that Romania undertook reform of the child protection system within the timespan of this generation of children provided a research opportunity to collect the users' views on different types of placement that belonged to the unreformed system of the 1990s (large residential care and intercountry adoption) and the new types of placement (small group homes and foster care). For comparison purposes, I also included domestic adoption, a type of placement that was less controversial than the others at the time reforms were being introduced. Thus, the types of placement that are analysed through the research participants' accounts are: • Residential care (institutions and small group homes); • Foster Care; • Domestic Adoption; • Intercountry adoption. The study addressed two research questions: 1. How do Romanian born young people who grew up in care understand and narrate their experiences in different types of placement? 2. What narratives of agency are constructed by Romanian-born adults who grew up in different types of placement when they describe their transition to adulthood? By taking an interpretive stance, this study brings in the academic arena the voices of care leavers and adoptees. By using narrative analysis and focussing on the concept of dignity by employing identity theories, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Capabilities Approach, the study makes an important contribution to knowledge, with implications for further research, policy and practice. While interventions in child protection are influenced in each country by cultural, political and socio-legal factors, understanding the basic needs of children who are not raised by their birth families is important across different child protection systems. Therefore, the relevance of the research findings is not limited to Romania.

Peu de recherches se sont intéressées à la scolarité des enfants confiés à une famille d’accueil. A de rares exceptions près, quand la scolarité est abordée dans les études, elle est analysée sous le versant des difficultés scolaires et de l’échec scolaire mais rarement en termes de réussite. Or, certains enfants confiés à une famille d’accueil s’accrochent à l’école et persévèrent dans leur scolarité jusqu’à l’obtention d’un niveau scolaire équivalent au moins au baccalauréat. Afin de comprendre les raisons de cet accrochage scolaire, nous interrogeons la question de la suppléance familiale en famille d’accueil et comment ce nouvel environnement « offert » à l’enfant redistribue les cartes du déterminisme social. Grâce aux témoignages de quarante personnes (jeunes et familles d’accueil), nous analysons les facteurs de protection qui permettent à ces jeunes de poursuivre leur scolarité malgré la présence de facteurs de risque dans leur parcours de vie. Nous étudions les rapports entre l’enfant confié, sa famille d’accueil et ses éducateurs notamment concernant la façon de gérer la question scolaire. L’accueil familial permet dans certains cas, à certains jeunes, de développer des liens forts avec une figure affective aux yeux de laquelle la scolarité est importante ce qui semble influencer la trajectoire scolaire des jeunes confiés. / Few research works have focussed on the academic achievement of children in foster care families. When the issue is investigated, it is mainly through the analysis of school difficulties and academic underachievement but rarely through academic success although some foster care children manage to do well at school and to carry on studying until they reach the equivalent of at least A-levels. To understand the underlying reasons behind this success, we will explore the question of corporate parenting in foster families, and how this new environment that is “offered” to the child can redistribute the cards of social determinism. Based on the analysis of forty face-to-face interviews with children who were in foster care, we identify some protective factors that will enable them to persevere in school despite adverse life conditions. We study the relationships between foster care children, their foster families, and their social workers, particularly with regards to the way they approach education. The foster care system in some instances allows children to develop strong bonds with an emotional figure, in the eyes of whom education is important, which seems to influence the academic trajectory of children in foster care.

Many children live in foster homes because their biological parents cannot take care of the child's needs. Previous studies have shown that children placed in foster homes have major risks of mental illness. This study examines how children in adulthood talk about their mental health while growing up in foster care and have a relationship with their biologicalparents. The data was collected through five autobiographies with theirown experiences of living in family homes and having a relationship with their biological parents at this time. The mental health of foster carechildren is affected by their foster care parents approach and attitude towards the children's needs. The better adaptation to the child's needs thebetter mental health the child could get. The majority of children from the autobiographies also stated that the relationship with their biological parents was positive for their wellbeing. Consequences in the relationshipto the biological parents were to make it easier to keep contact with otherfamily members and increase the child's understanding of their placementin foster homes. Placements in foster homes can help the child’s development, although the majority of children were stigmatized and bullied at school.