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The purpose of this research was to investigate detect and monitor laser-tissue interactions at threshold and potentially sub-threshold levels of injury. High resolution imaging modalities can provide a deeper understanding of candidate biomarkers disease and injury at the molecular, cellular, and tissue-levels which can be used to identify and diagnose early stages disease and damage. In addition, multi-scale and multi-modal imaging have also been used to identify inherent biomarkers of retinal disease and injury. Monitoring tissue changes can be mapped back to biological changes at the cellular and sub-cellular level. Diseases often alter tissue on the ultra-structural level yet retinal clinical diagnosis often monitor changes in tissue at the organ level. If injury and disease is detected and diagnosed during an “early” stage of development, treatments and drug interventions may prevent further spread of the pathology. Non-invasive imaging is expected to be a valuable tool for in vivo medical research as well as for the diagnosis and management of disease. In addition to developing new imaging tools and techniques to image the retina, the identification of inherent biomarkers of disease and health using diagnostic methods are almost equally as important. Using the inherent optical properties of retinal tissue, we can non- invasively quantify differences in the absorption and reflection of light to gauge the risk for visual disability or worse yet irreversible vision loss as a result of retinal disease and chronic light exposure. The research presented with in this dissertation is three separate studies aimed at identifying light injury and potential biomarkers indicating the risk of light mediated development of disease. / text

Objetivo: Investigar a influência do posicionamento da fóvea em relação à cabeça do nervo óptico (CNO) sobre resultados da perimetria padrão automatizada (PPA) central em pacientes com glaucoma e com defeitos patológicos localizados na rima temporal inferior (DTI) da CNO. Casuística e Métodos: Cinquenta e sete olhos de 35 pacientes com GPAA foram incluídos e divididos em dois grupos: um grupo com DTI (18 olhos) e outro com sem DTI (39 olhos). Três parâmetros diferentes obtidos a partir de uma tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (OCT-SD), ângulo do disco à fóvea (ADF), desvio vertical da fóvea (DVF) da linha média e diferença angular de defeito (DAD) entre borda DTI e ADF, foram correlacionados com quatro setores no programa 10-2: hemicampo superior, borda superior, borda nasal e arco súperonasal. As correlações foram testadas por meio de análises de regressão com modelos de efeitos mistos e interceptações aleatórias. Resultados: Os valores médios (± DP [Desvio padrão]) de ADF, DAD e DVF foram, respectivamente: -5,0 ± 4,4º, 43,3º ± 17,3º e -1346,6 µm ± 1609,0 µm. Comparações múltiplas mostraram que nos olhos com DTI, tanto DVF como DAD, mas não ADF, afetam significativamente os setores do campo visual (CV). As regressões binomiais de ROC demonstraram que apenas os valores de corte do 95º percentil de DVF (- 3264,5 µm) e DAD (70,5º) podem promover mudanças de sensibilidade na borda superior dos setores do programa 10-2 [DVF: AUC = 0,60 (95%CI = 0,50 - 0,71); DAD: AUC = 0,83 (IC 95% = 0,70 - 0,912)]. Conclusões: A localização vertical da fóvea e o seu posicionamento relativo aos limites do DTI interferiram nas alterações de sensibilidade de pontos periféricos do hemicampo superior, no programa 10-2. Como o ADF, isoladamente, não influenciou significativamente nessas alterações, outros ajustes utilizando posicionamento foveal e parâmetro da OCT devem ser considerados na avaliação da PPA central em pacientes com defeitos glaucomatosos localizados na CNO. / Purpose: To investigate the effects of the fóvea positioning relative to the optic disc on the 10-2 visual field (VF) in glaucoma patients with localized inferotemporal optic disc rim defects (ITD). Casuistic and Methods: Fifty-seven eyes of 35 POAG patients were included divided as having ITD (18 eyes) or not (39 eyes). Three different parameters obtained from a spectral domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT) [disc-fovea angle (DFA), fóvea vertical deviation (FVD) from midline, and defect\'s angular difference between ITD border and DFA (DAD)] were correlated to four 10-2 VF sectors: superior hemifield, superior edge, nasal edge, and supero nasal arch. Correlations were tested using regression analyses with mixed effects models and random intercepts. Results: Mean (±SD) values of DFA, DAD, and FVD were respectively: -5,0o ± 4.4o, 43.30o ± 17.33o, and -1346.6 µm ± 1609.0 µm. Multiple comparisons showed that in eyes with localized ITD both FVD and DAD, but not DFA, significantly affect the VF sectors. ROC binomial regressions demonstrated that only the 95th percentile cut-off values of FVD (-3264,5 µm) and DAD (70,5o) may influence changes in one (superior edge sensitivity) of the 10-2 VF sectors [FVD: AUC = 0,60 (95% CI = 0,50 - 0,71); DAD: AUC = 0,83 (95%CI = 0,70 - 0,912)]. Conclusions: The vertical fóvea location and its relative positioning to the limits of the ITD impact peripheral 10-2 VF points in the superior hemifield. As DFA itself did not show significant influences in the 10-2 VF, further adjustments using foveal positioning with OCT parameters should be considered in topographical analyses of the central VF in glaucoma patients with localized ITD.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelBG.pdf: 2393943 bytes, checksum: 45924e13c3c73c1eaaf09dcc478bd70e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / We propose a new approach to reduction and abstraction of visual information for robotics vision applications. Basically, we propose to use a multi-resolution representation in combination with a moving fovea for reducing the amount of information from an image. We introduce the mathematical formalization of the moving fovea approach and mapping functions that help to use this model. Two indexes (resolution and cost) are proposed that can be useful to choose the proposed model variables. With this new theoretical approach, it is possible to apply several filters, to calculate disparity and to obtain motion analysis in real time (less than 33ms to process an image pair at a notebook AMD Turion Dual Core 2GHz). As the main result, most of time, the moving fovea allows the robot not to perform physical motion of its robotics devices to keep a possible region of interest visible in both images. We validate the proposed model with experimental results / N?s propomos uma nova abordagem para reduzir e abstrair informa??es visuais para aplica??es de vis?o rob?tica. Basicamente, usamos uma representa??o emmulti-resolu??o em combina??o com uma f?vea m?vel para reduzir a quantidade de informa??es de uma imagem. Apresentamos a formaliza??o matem?tica do modelo em conjunto com fun??es de mapeamento que auxiliam na utiliza??o do modelo. Propomos dois ?ndices (resolu??o e custo) que visam auxiliar na escolha das vari?veis do modelo proposto. Com essa nova abordagem te?rica, ? poss?vel aplicar diversos filtros, calcular disparidade est?reo e obter an?lise de movimento em tempo real (menos de 33ms para processar um par de imagens em um notebook AMD Turion Dual Core 2GHz). Como principal resultado, na maior parte do tempo, a f?vea m?vel permite ao rob? n?o realizar movimenta??o f?sica de seus dispositivos rob?ticos para manter uma poss?vel regi?o de interesse vis?vel nas duas imagens. Validamos o modelo proposto com resultados experimentais

No / To examine foveal structure in amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Two subject groups were recruited to the study: 85 amblyopes (34 adults, 51 children) and 110 visually normal controls (44 adults, 66 children). METHODS: A detailed eye examination, including an SD-OCT scan, was performed in all participants. A total of 390 eyes of 195 subjects were imaged using a 3-dimensional (3D) macula scan covering a nominal 6 x 6-mm area with a resolution of 256 x 256 (65,536 axial scans). Data from the B-scans bisecting the fovea both horizontally and vertically were fitted with a mathematical model of the fovea to determine a range of foveal parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Foveal thickness, foveal pit depth, and foveal pit slope. RESULTS: Bilateral differences between the eyes of amblyopes compared with visually normal controls were found. The difference between foveal structure in amblyopic participants relative to structure in subjects with normal vision persisted even when variables such as age, ethnicity, axial length, and sex were taken into account. Amblyopes showed increased foveal thickness (+8.31 mum; P = 0.006) and a reduction in pit depth in the horizontal meridian (-10.06 mum; P = 0.005) but not in the vertical meridian (P = 0.082) when compared with subjects with normal vision. Foveal pit slopes were found to be approximately 1 degree flatter in the nasal (P = 0.033) and temporal (P = 0.014) meridians in amblyopes, but differences between amblyopes and controls in the superior (P = 0.061) and inferior (P = 0.087) meridians did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant interocular differences were found in the foveal structure between amblyopic and fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Differences were found in the foveal structure in both eyes of amblyopes compared with subjects with normal vision. These differences consisted of increased foveal thickness, reduced pit depth when measured along the horizontal meridian, and flattening of the nasal and temporal sides of the foveal pit.

Before year 1895, the doctors could only make a probable diagnosis based on what the patient could tell and it was hurt and there was no discernable change to the outside of the body. With X-ray, it was possible to see inside the patient without first cutting it, you can say that the X-ray was the starting point for diagnostic imaging.The further development of X-ray gave CT (Computed Tomography), where X-ray tubes and detectors rotate around the patient while the patient table moves. Besides CT also developed MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and Ultrasound. Common to these methods is that the produced 3D images.In 1990 a completely new approach for diagnostic imaging, OCT (optical coherence tomography), by measuring the phase shift and the intensity of reflected light, it provides real-time and non-destructive measurements (in vivo) a resolution of 1 to 15 microns, much higher than all other standard imaging techniques. You could say that OCT machine can be compared to ultrasound, which uses the reflection of sound waves to interpretation.The first OCT machines were of type TD (Time Domain), these had low resolution and low scanning speed. In 2005 came the SD-OCT, they had higher resolution and scanning speed, SD stands for spectral domain, SD-OCT is sometimes called FD-OCT as Fourier transformed signals and operating in the frequency domain.The development of OCT machines are only in their infancy, resolution, scanning speed and accuracy will increase all the time, this allows new uses and ways to diagnose developed. OCT can be used in such Oncology, MSD (Musculoskeletal disorders), cardiovascular medicine, teeth, nerves, but the largest field is the eye and then the back of the eye called the retina (retina).This thesis is limited to the eye, the purpose is to provide input to those who are likely to purchase an OCT-machine, but also show the measurement data OCT-machines are performing and how to use the OCT-machine more than to see age-related macular degeneration. Another aim is to increase understanding of the physics behind an OCT-machine for ease of understanding the output given.The manufacture/model that have selected for evaluation are Zeiss Cirrus 4000, Topcon 3D OCT-2000 and Heidelberg Spectralis, the reason is that there are only these three on the Swedish market and all are SD-OCT. The way to evaluate OCT-machines is to scan performance and what the various analysis programs can handle. Furthermore, each OCT-machine scans the macula and optic disk on a experimental person/ reference eye, in order to get the output of the precision, or if you want to call it repeatability, which is very important if one wants to follow a solitary disease course.The conclusion of this thesis is to OCT machines are quite similar. When it comes to ease of use when doing scans is the Cirrus is lightened by the use of the extra screen where you always look eye (iris camera), which makes it easy to adjust the sharpness and position of the mouse buttons. Topcon and Heidelberg is not difficult to use but requires more experience of the person making the OCT scans. Most measurement functions in the analysis program is Topcon and Heidelberg and best accuracy/repeatability is Heidelberg, both the macula and RFNL.OCT machine is a good tool to use on the anterior segment, but in the case the precision allows the precision used to monitor RNFL thickness changes in those with glaucoma. / <p>Validerat; 20131029 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>