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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Análise de dados funcionais aplicada à geração de descritores de assinaturas de dimensão fractal multiescala / Functional Data Analysis Applied to Descriptors Generation of Multiscale Fractal Dimension Signatures.

Florindo, João Batista 19 January 2009 (has links)
Esta dissertação faz um estudo da aplicação da técnica estatística denominada Análise de Dados Funcionais (ADF) à geração de descritores usados em reconhecimento de padrões, mais especificamente, no reconhecimento de objetos de interesse em imagens. Estes objetos podem ser representados por vetores de características, também chamados de assinaturas, obtidos por uma técnica chamada de Dimensão Fractal Multiescala (DFM). Ocorre que estes vetores apresentam alta dimensionalidade (número de elementos), fazendo-se assim necessário o uso de uma abordagem que reduza este número de valores, sem que haja uma grande perda da informação transmitida pela assinatura. Neste contexto, diversas técnicas de extração de um reduzido conjunto de descritores da assinatura são apresentadas pela literatura. Entre estas, as mais populares são Fourier e \\emph, ambas relativamente simples de se apresentar e com resultados satisfatórios. A proposta aqui apresentada é de se utilizar ADF em combinação com DFM na geração de descritores de padrões. Os resultados obtidos com o uso desta abordagem na geração de descritores demostraram que a técnica possibilita bons resultados, mesmo em situações em que não é possível o uso de muitos descritores. Os experimentos demostraram que ADF apresenta um bom potencial para aplicação neste tipo de problema, permitindo que o método de classificação alcance bons resultados mesmo com poucos descritores. São sugeridos trabalhos futuros em que ADF possa ser usada, pesquisando-se por métodos ainda mais eficazes. / This work studies the application of a statistical technique named Functional Data Analysis (FDA) for the generation of descriptors. These descriptors can be used for pattern recognition, more specifically, for the recognition of relevant objects in an image. These objects can be represented by features vectors, also known as signatures, obtained by a technique named Multi-scale Fractal Dimension (MFD). These vectors present a high dimensionality (number of elements), causing to be necessary the use of an approach for the reduction of this number of values, but without a large loss of information carried by the signature. In this context, several techniques for the extraction of a reduced set of signature descriptors are studied in the literature. Among these techniques, the most classic are Fourier and wavelets, both with simple presentation and providing satisfactory results. The proposal presented here is the use of FDA combined with MFD for the generation of pattern descriptors. The results obtained by the use of this approach for the generation of descriptors showed that this technique allows the obtention of good results, even in situations in wich is not possible the use of many descriptors. FDA was also applied to the extraction of descriptors of MFD texture signatures. Also in this case, the results were interesting. The experiments showed the FDA presents a good potential for the application to this type of problem, allowing the obtention of good results even by using a few descriptors. It is suggested future works in which FDA can be used, researching for still more efficient methods.
92

Techniques for indexing large and complex datasets with missing attribute values. / Técnicas de indexação de grandes conjuntos de dados complexos com valores de atributos faltantes.

Brinis, Safia 18 July 2016 (has links)
Due to the increasing amount and complexity of data processed in real world applications, similarity search became a vital task to store and retrieve such data. However, missing attribute values are very frequent and metric access methods (MAMs), designed to support similarity search, do not operate on datasets when attribute values are missing. Currently, the approach to use the existing indexing techniques on datasets with missing attribute values just use an indicator to identify the missing values and employ a traditional indexing technique. Although, this approach can be applied over multidimensional indexing techniques, it is impractical for metric access methods. This dissertation presents the results of a research conducted to identify and deal with the issues related to indexing and querying datasets with missing values in metric spaces. An empirical analysis of the metric access methods when applied on incomplete datasets leads us to identify two main issues: distortion of the internal structure of the index when data are missing at random and skew of the index structure when data are not missing at random. Based on those findings, a new variant of the Slim-tree access method, called Hollow-tree, is presented. It employs new techniques that are capable to handle missing data issues when missingness is ignorable. The first technique includes a set of indexing policies that allow to index objects with missing attribute values and prevent distortions to occur in the internal structure of the indexes. The second technique targets the similarity queries to improve the query performance over incomplete datasets. This technique employs the fractal dimension of the dataset and the local density around the query object to estimate an ideal radius able to achieve an accurate query answer, considering data with missing values as a potential response. Results from experiments with a variety of real and synthetic datasets show that Hollow-tree achieves nearly 100% of precision and recall for Range queries and more than 90% for k Nearest Neighbor queries, while Slim-tree access method deteriorates with the increasing amount of missing values. The results confirm that the indexing technique helps to establish consistency in the index structure and the searching technique achieves a remarkable performance. When combined, the new techniques allow to explore properly all the available data even with high amounts of missing attribute values. As they are independent of the underlying access method, they can be adopted by a broad range of metric access methods, allowing to extend the class of MAMs. / O crescimento em quantidade e complexidade dos dados processados e armazenados torna a busca por similaridade uma tarefa fundamental para tratar esses dados. No entanto, atributos faltantes ocorrem freqüentemente, inviabilizando os métodos de acesso métricos (MAMs) projetados para apoiar a busca por similaridade. Assim, técnicas de tratamento de dados faltantes precisam ser desenvolvidas. A abordagem mais comum para executar as técnicas de indexação existentes sobre conjuntos de dados com valores faltantes é usar um indicador de valores faltantes e usar as técnicas de indexação tradicionais. Embora, esta técnica seja útil para os métodos de indexação multidimensionais, é impraticável para os métodos de acesso métricos. Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada para identificar e lidar com os problemas de indexação e recuperação de dados em espaços métricos com valores faltantes. Uma análise experimental dos MAMs aplicados a conjuntos de dados incompletos identificou dois problemas principais: distorção na estrutura interna do índice quando a falta é aleatória e busca tendenciosa na estrutura do índice quando o processo de falta não é aleatório. Uma variante do MAM Slim-tree, chamada Hollow-tree foi proposta com base nestes resultados. A Hollow-tree usa novas técnicas de indexação e de recuperação de dados com valores faltantes quando o processo de falta é aleatório. A técnica de indexação inclui um conjunto de políticas de indexação que visam a evitar distorções na estrutura interna dos índices. A técnica de recuperação de dados melhora o desempenho das consultas por similaridade sobre bases de dados incompletas. Essas técnicas utilizam o conceito de dimensão fractal do conjunto de dados e a densidade local da região de busca para estimar um raio de busca ideal para obter uma resposta mais correta, considerando os dados com valores faltantes como uma resposta potencial. As técnicas propostas foram avaliadas sobre diversos conjuntos de dados reais e sintéticos. Os resultados mostram que a Hollow-tree atinge quase 100% de precisão e revocação para consultas por abrangência e mais de 90% para k vizinhos mais próximos, enquanto a Slim-tree rapidamente deteriora com o aumento da quantidade de valores faltantes. Tais resultados indicam que a técnica de indexação proposta ajuda a estabelecer a consistência na estrutura do índice e a técnica de busca pode ser realizada com um desempenho notável. As técnicas propostas são independentes do MAM básico usado e podem ser aplicadas em uma grande variedade deles, permitindo estender a classe dos MAMs em geral para tratar dados faltantes.
93

Estudos de métodos de análise de complexidade em imagens / Study of methods of image complexity analysis

Backes, André Ricardo 07 May 2010 (has links)
A complexidade é uma característica de grande importância em processos de reconhecimento de padrões, especialmente naqueles que envolvem imagens biológicas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar métodos que realizam a análise de imagens por meio da análise de sua complexidade. Os métodos a serem estudados foram selecionados com base na similaridade de seus algoritmos e metodologia: dimensão fractal, Caminhada Determinística do Turista e Redes Complexas. Estes métodos permitem realizar a análise e segmentação de formas ou texturas contidas em uma imagem com base na sua variação de complexidade. Dos três métodos considerados, dois deles fazem parte do estado da arte em análise de complexidade, enquanto que a dimensão fractal já é aplicada a mais tempo na análise de formas e texturas. Os trabalhos aqui desenvolvidos visam comparar e analisar os métodos selecionados por meio de experimentos com imagens de forma e texturas, sendo utilizadas texturas naturais e de Brodatz, freqüentemente utilizadas na literatura como benchmark para texturas. Com base no conhecimento adquirido, novas técnicas voltadas para a análise e segmentação de formas e texturas foram desenvolvidas, assim como foram analisadas as deficiências e propostas melhorias às técnicas estudadas. Além disso, diversos experimentos com estas metodologias foram realizados em aplicações de Bioinformática / Complexity is a feature of great importance in pattern recognition processes, especially those involving biological images. This work aims to study methods that perform image analysis by the analysis of its complexity. The methods to be studied were selected based on similarity of their algorithms and methodology: fractal dimension, Deterministic Tourist Walk and Complex Networks. These methods enable us to perform the analysis and segmentation of shapes and textures contained in an image based on the variation of its complexity. Of the three methods considered, two of them are part of the state of the art in complexity analysis, while the fractal dimension is already applied in shapes and textures analysis. The work developed here aims to compare and analyze the selected methods through experiments with shape and texture images, utilizing for this natural and Brodatz textures samples, often used in literature as benchmark for textures analysis. Based on the knowledge acquired, new techniques for analysis and segmentation of shapes and textures were developed, as also were analyzed the deficiencies and proposed improvements to the techniques studied. Moreover, several experiments with these methods were performed in bioinformatics applications
94

Automated Species Classification Methods for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales

LeBien, John 20 December 2017 (has links)
The Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center has collected passive acoustic monitoring data in the northern Gulf of Mexico since 2001. Recordings were made in 2007 near the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that provide a baseline for an extensive study of regional marine mammal populations in response to the disaster. Animal density estimates can be derived from detections of echolocation signals in the acoustic data. Beaked whales are of particular interest as they remain one of the least understood groups of marine mammals, and relatively few abundance estimates exist. Efficient methods for classifying detected echolocation transients are essential for mining long-term passive acoustic data. In this study, three data clustering routines using k-means, self-organizing maps, and spectral clustering were tested with various features of detected echolocation transients. Several methods effectively isolated the echolocation signals of regional beaked whales at the species level. Feedforward neural network classifiers were also evaluated, and performed with high accuracy under various noise conditions. The waveform fractal dimension was tested as a feature for marine biosonar classification and improved the accuracy of the classifiers. [This research was made possible by a grant from The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative. Data are publicly available through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information & Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) at https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org.] [DOIs: 10.7266/N7W094CG, 10.7266/N7QF8R9K]
95

Η θραυσματική διάσταση ως μέτρο αξιολόγησης γεννητριών ψευδοτυχαίων αριθμών

Βενέτη, Αφροδίτη 06 November 2014 (has links)
Η ποιότητα πολλών εκ των αποτελεσμάτων της σύγχρονης έρευνας εξαρτώνται άμεσα από την «ποιότητα» και την ποσότητα των τυχαίων αριθμών που χρησιμοποιούνται. Ειδικότερα σε τομείς όπως η στοχαστική μοντελοποίηση και προσομοίωση προτιμώνται οι ντετερμινιστικές γεννήτριες τυχαίων αριθμών, ή αλλιώς γεννήτριες ψευδοτυχαίων αριθμών λόγω της δυνατότητας αναπαραγωγής των αποτελεσμάτων και της μεταφερσιμότητας τους. Επομένως, μας είναι χρήσιμο να εντοπίσουμε ψευδοτυχαίες γεννήτριες αριθμών με αυξημένη φαινόμενη τυχαιότητα αποτελεσμάτων. Για το λόγο αυτό, στη διπλωματική εργασία προτείνεται και εξετάζεται η καταλληλότητα της θραυσματικής διάστασης (fractal dimension) για την αξιολόγηση ψευδοτυχαίων γεννητριών τυχαίων αριθμών (Pseudorandom Number Generators). Η θραυσματική διάσταση αποτελεί μία μετρική που δύναται να εκφράσει την τυχαιότητα των αποτελεσμάτων μιας γεννήτριας ψευδοτυχαίων αριθμών καθώς «ποσοτικοποιεί» την κατανομή των ψευδοτυχαίων αριθμών στον ευκλείδειο χώρο. Σε πρώτο στάδιο γίνεται μία επισκόπηση των υπαρχουσών μεθοδολογιών παραγωγής τυχαίων αριθμών καθώς και των προσεγγίσεων για την αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης των ψευδοτυχαίων γεννητριών τυχαίων αριθμών. Οι καθιερωμένες τεχνικές που εφαρμόζονται για την αξιολόγηση μιας γεννήτριας εστιάζουν σε στατιστικά χαρακτηριστικά που έχουν ως στόχο να μετρήσουν πόσο απρόβλεπτα είναι τα αποτελέσματά της, ή χαρακτηριστικά όπως η περίοδος μιας γεννήτριας. Ακολούθως, μελετάται η θραυσματική διάσταση και οι προτεινόμενες στη βιβλιογραφία μέθοδοι υπολογισμού της. Στο στάδιο αυτό επιλέγεται η κατάλληλη μέθοδος για τον υπολογισμό της θραυσματικής διάστασης. Στο τελευταίο πειραματικό στάδιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της μέτρησης της μορφοκλασματικής διάστασης. Οι ψευδοτυχαίες γεννήτριες προς αξιολόγηση που μετείχαν στα υπολογιστικά πειράματα ήταν η Γραμμική Αναλογική γεννήτρια, η γεννήτρια Blum-Blum-Shub, η γεννήτρια που βασίζεται στο κρυπτοσύστημα RSA και η γεννήτρια που βασίζεται στο πρόβλημα του διακριτού λογαρίθμου. Τα υπολογιστικά πειράματα επιχειρούν να ανακαλύψουν την απόδοση των εξεταζόμενων γεννητριών αλλά και την ευαισθησία της συμπεριφοράς τους ως προς τις παραμέτρους εισόδου των γεννητριών. / Scientific experimental results are highly dependent on the "quality" and quantity of random numbers used for these experiments. Especially in areas such as stochastic modeling and simulation, deterministic random number generators, known as pseudorandom number generators are preferred because of reproducibility of the results and their portability. Trying to identify pseudorandom number generators sequences which appear to be random, we examine the suitability of Fractal Dimension measurement for assessing Pseudorandom Number Generators. The established techniques that are used to evaluate a generator are focused on statistical features that are designed to detect correlations into generated pseudorandom number sequences. On the other hand, Fractal Dimension is a metric that can express the randomness of the results of a pseudorandom number generator as it "quantifies" the distribution of pseudorandom numbers in Euclidean space. We attempt to evaluate some Pseudorandom Number Generators, like classical Linear Congruential generator, Blum-Blum-Shub generator, the generator based on RSA cryptosystem and the generator based on the Discrete Logarithm problem. The computational experiments presented in our work attempt to assess the performance and the sensitivity of the examined generators.
96

Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Cenozoic Normal Faulting, Graben Basin Sedimentation, and Volcanism around the Snake River Plain, SE Idaho and SW Montana

Davarpanah, Armita 10 May 2014 (has links)
This dissertation analyzes the spatial distribution and kinematics of the Late Cenozoic Basin and Range (BR) and cross normal fault (CF) systems and their related graben basins around the Snake River Plain (SRP), and investigates the spatio-temporal patterns of lavas that were erupted by the migrating Yellowstone hotspot along the SRP, applying a diverse set of GIS-based spatial statistical techniques. The spatial distribution patterns of the normal fault systems, revealed by the Ripley's K-function, display clustered patterns that correlate with a high linear density, maximum azimuthal variation, and high box-counting fractal dimensions of the fault traces. The extension direction for normal faulting is determined along the major axis of the fractal dimension anisotropy ellipse measured by the modified Cantor dust method and the minor axis of the autocorrelation anisotropy ellipse measured by Ordinary Kriging, and across the linear directional mean (LDM) of the fault traces. Trajectories of the LDMs for the cross faults around each caldera define asymmetric sub-parabolic patterns similar to the reported parabolic distribution of the epicenters, and indicate sub-elliptical extension about each caldera that may mark the shape of hotspot’s thermal doming that formed each generation of cross faults. The decrease in the spatial density of the CFs as a function of distance from the axis of the track of the hotspot (SRP) also suggests the role of the hotspot for the formation of the cross faults. The parallelism of the trend of the exposures of the graben filling Sixmile Creek Formation with the LDM of their bounding cross faults indicates that the grabens were filled during or after the CF event. The global and local Moran’s I analyses of Neogene lava in each caldera along the SRP reveal a higher spatial autocorrelation and clustering of rhyolitic lava than the coeval basaltic lava in the same caldera. The alignment of the major axis of the standard deviational ellipses of lavas with the trend of the eastern SRP, and the successive spatial overlap of older lavas by progressively younger mafic lava, indicate the migration of the centers of eruption as the hotspot moved to the northeast.
97

Phase transitions and multifractal properties of random field Ising models

Nowotny, Thomas 28 November 2004 (has links) (PDF)
In dieser Arbeit werden Zufallsfeld-Ising-Modelle mit einem eingefrorenen dichotomen symmetrischen Zufallsfeld für den eindimensionalen Fall und das Bethe-Gitter untersucht. Dabei wird die kanonische Zustandssumme zu der eines einzelnen Spins in einem effektiven Feld umformuliert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden das mulktifraktale Spektrum dieses effektiven Feldes untersucht, Übergänge im Spektrum erklärt und Ungleichungen zwischen lokalen und globalen Dimensionsbegriffen bewiesen, die eine weitgehend vollständige Charakterisierung des multifraktalen Spektrums durch eine Reihe von Schranken erlauben. Ein weiterer Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einer ähnlichen Charakterisierung des Maßes der lokalen Magnetisierung, das aus dem Maß des effektiven Feldes durch Faltung hervorgeht. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Faltung von Multifraktalen in einem allgemeineren Rahmen behandelt und Zusammenhänge zwischen den multifraktalen Eigenschaften der Faltung und denen der gefalteten Maße bewiesen. Im dritten Teil der Dissertation wird der Phasenübergang von Ferro- zu Paramagnetismus im Modell auf dem Bethe Gitter untersucht. Neben verbesserten exakten Schranken für die Eindeutigkeit des paramagnetischen Zustands werden im wesentlichen drei Kriterien für die tatsächliche Lage des Übergangs angegeben und numerisch ausgewertet. Die multifraktalen Eigenschaften des effektiven Felds im Modell auf dem Bethe-Gitter schließlich erweisen sich als trivial, da die interessanten Dimensionen nicht existieren. / In this work random field Ising models with quenched dichotomous symmetric random field are considered for the one-dimensional case and on the Bethe lattice. To this end the canonical partition function is reformulated to the partition function of one spin in an effective field. In the first part of the work the multifractal spectrum of this effective field is investigated, transitions in the spectrum are explained and inequalities between local and global generalized fractal dimensions are proven which allow to characterize the multifractal spectrum bei various bounds. A further part of the work is dedicated to the characterization of the measure of the local magnetization which is obtained by convolution of the measure of the effective field with itself. In this context the convolution of multifractals is investigated in a more general setup and relations between the multifractal properties of the convolution and the multifractal properties of the convoluted measures are proven. The phase transition from ferro- to paramagnetismus for the model on the Bethe lattice is investigated in the third part of the thesis. Apart from improved exact bounds for the uniqueness of the paramagnetic state essentially three criteria for the transition are developped and numerically evaluated to determine the transition line. The multifractal properties of the effective field for the model on the Bethe lattice finally turn out to be trivial because the interesting dimensions do not exist.
98

Metodologias para estimativa da dimensão fractal do crescimento de aglomerados urbanos: uma contribuição ao estudo da expansão urbana da região metropolitana de São Paulo entre 1905 e 2001

Marques, Mara Lúcia [UNESP] 23 May 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-05-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ml_dr_rcla.pdf: 4034507 bytes, checksum: 74bcd4b249cb65dbe434b718494640ab (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como propósito principal aplicar e avaliar metodologias para análise fractal da expansão de espaços urbanos metropolitanos, tendo como caso o aglomerado da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado a partir de mapas temáticos e imagens orbitais relativos ao período 1905-2001, aos quais foram aplicados três métodos para a estimativa da dimensão fractal: densidade de preenchimento (Dd), perímetro-área (DPA) e perímetro-resolução (DPR). A partir da análise fractal dos mapas e imagens, foram avaliados a dinâmica temporal do preenchimento dos vazios urbanos e da expansão multidirecional do perímetro urbano. Os resultados mostraram que o aglomerado urbano como um todo, apresentou no período analisado, valores médios Dd (1,755) ou tendência de preenchimento das áreas centrais e diluição das periféricas; DPA (1,400) ou sinuosidade do perímetro urbano a medida em que estas áreas foram ocupadas e DPR (1,859) ou limitada organização espacial das estruturas urbanas. A análise fractal multidirecional de crescimento foi realizada em oito setores radiais de expansão urbana, cujos valores médios do parâmetro Dd no período 1905-2001 são abaixo mencionados: (I) Cantareira=1,829; (II) Zona Leste=1,898; (III) Mauá=1,848; (IV) Ipiranga=1,852; (V) Billings=1,858; (VI) Santo Amaro/Interlagos=1,848; (VII) Castelo Branco/Anhanguera=1,859 e (VIII) Anhanguera/Bandeirantes=1,863. Dentre os fatores que influenciaram o comportamento fractal destes setores, destaca-se a ocupação fragmentada pela topografia, hidrografia e restrições jurídico-ambientais nos setores I, III, IV, V, VI e VIII e, nos setores II, III, IV, VI e VII a maior densificação foi impulsionada por incentivos públicos e de infra-estrutura, que contribuíram para a concentração industrial e de serviços. / The aim of this research is to evaluate and apply fractal dimension analysis methodologies to study the growing of metropolitan areas, using thematic maps and satellite images of time series. The Sao Paulo metropolitan area it was choose as test area to calculate fractal dimension variability over 96 years time series (1905-2001). Fractal dimension of the metropolitan area as a whole and urban expansion radial sectors it was calculated using the following fractal dimension methods: occupation urban density (Dd); area-perimeter (DPA) and perimeter -scale- (DPR). The study was accomplished to thematic maps and orbital images from 1905 to 2001 that supplied information to estimate fractal dimensions from relations of density (Dd), areaperimeter and perimeter-scale (DPR). Fractal dimension of maps and images were to evaluate the time oscillation of empty urban spaces and the radial growing of urban perimeter. Over period analyzed, urban agglomeration as a whole show means values of Dd = 1.755 - a trend to fill central areas and dilution of occupation density at peripheral ones; DPA = 1.400 - related to tortuous urban boundary at time the urban peripheries were occupied; and DPR = 1.859 related to low spatial organization of urban structures. The radial growing fractal analysis was accomplished to eight urban radial sectors, whose show means values of Dd parameter over 1905-2001, as following:(I) Cantareira =1.829; (II) East Zone =1.898; (III) Máua=1.848; (IV) Ipiranga=1.852; (V) Billings=1.858; (VI) Santo Amaro/Interlagos =1.848; (VII) Castelo Branco /Anhanguera=1.859; e (VIII) Anhanguera/Bandeirantes =1.863. Among determinants factors on fractal behavior of sectors I, III, IV, V, VI e VIII, the results show the topographical, hydrographical and environment-legal constraints influenced the fragmented occupation and; for sectors II, III, IV, VI e VII... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below).
99

Utilização de modelo matemático na busca do manejo sustentável das pastagens naturais / Use of mathematical model in the search of sustainable management of natural grasslands

Martins, Carlos Eduardo Nogueira 28 February 2011 (has links)
The objective was to model on a scale spatiotemporal dynamics of rangeland vegetation types characterized by functional when subjected to different disorders, aiming to predict patterns in the vegetation inventory for future analysis of the fractal dimension associated with the model of cellular automata. So, initially evaluated the use of fractal analysis as a tool to determine patterns in a reduced scale of grazing on natural pastures under different managements. The experiment evaluated the effect of grazing and burning disturbances applied in two relief positions in a natural grassland located in Santa Maria-RS. Another area located in Bagé-RS assesses the improvement of natural grassland with the introduction of ryegrass, white clover and birdsfoot trefoil. The diversity of the pasture was derived by Shannon and Equitabilidade indices. The information fractal dimension was calculated by regression between the Shannon index(ε) and ε natural algorithm, and the slope of the fractal dimension information. The results showed that the fractal dimension can be a tool for determining patterns in plant community in small-scale grazing. The limitation of this technique to small scales is the need for a greater number of repetitions. Secondly, we validated a model is spatially explicit empirical predictive vegetation dynamics of a natural grassland subjected to different disorders based on cellular automata using the approach of plant functional types by comparing the model predictions with actual observations of experiments. The simulations were performed in two temporal and spatial scales, small and large. The temporal resolution of monthly simulation was considered when the spatial dimension was 0.0625 square meters, featuring a reduced scale. A wide range was considered when the temporal resolution was annual and the spatial dimension was 306.25 m². The factors were: grazing, absence and presence, he burns the absence and presence and position of relief, slope and lowland. The model consists of a three-dimensional array, the first being characterized by the temporal dimension and the second and third, representing flat two-dimensional space, each cell being a PFT, which changes with each step in time as the composition of cell itself and the eight neighboring cells. The model evaluated proved to be efficient in predicting the dynamics of natural grassland vegetation can be used to simulate different scenarios. However, the limitation of the model is correct in determining the level of disturbance. Finally, we introduced the fractal dimension to the previously mentioned model and simulated the effect of grazing management of the biennial burns or every three years, with each simulation corresponded to 100 iterations with a spatial resolution of 306.25 m² and temporal equal to one year. The level of disturbance adopted to characterize both the grazing and burning was 0.18. In the treatments with burns, the years when it was used the level of disorder was 0.36, corresponding to the sum of grazing disturbance and burning. The treatments were evaluated in relation to two situations of environmental resources (and with great restraint). The evaluation of fractal dimension in spatially explicit model based on cellular automata has proven to be a viable tool to determine patterns and dynamics of plant communities regardless of scale. The model does not adequately simulated the colonization of species, this being a key topic for future studies that use this approach. The use of only two functional types allowed better visualization of results. The determination of the amount of functional types to be used in the simulation will depend on further investigations. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar em uma escala espaço-temporal a dinâmica vegetacional de pastagens naturais caracterizada por tipos funcionais quando submetidas a diferentes distúrbios, visando predizer padrões na vegetação de inventários futuros pela análise da dimensão fractal associada ao modelo de autômatos celulares. Assim, inicialmente avaliou-se o emprego da análise fractal como ferramenta na determinação de padrões em uma escala reduzida de pastejo sobre pastagens naturais submetidas a diferentes manejos. O experimento avaliou o efeito dos distúrbios pastejo e queima, aplicados em duas posições de relevo, em uma pastagem natural localizada em Santa Maria-RS. Outra área avaliada localizou-se em Bagé-RS onde foram introduzidos azevém, trevo branco e cornichão na pastagem natural. A diversidade da pastagem foi obtida pelos índices de Shannon e Equitabilidade. A informação da dimensão fractal foi calculada pela regressão entre o índice de Shannon(ε) e o algoritmo natural de ε, sendo a inclinação da linha a informação da dimensão fractal. Os resultados demonstraram que a dimensão fractal pode ser uma ferramenta na determinação de padrões na comunidade vegetal na escala reduzida de pastejo. A limitação do emprego desta técnica para escalas reduzidas é a necessidade de um número maior de repetições. Num segundo momento, validou-se um modelo espacialmente explícito empírico e preditivo da dinâmica vegetacional de uma pastagem natural submetida a diferentes distúrbios. Esse foi baseado em autômatos celulares, utilizando a abordagem de tipos funcionais de plantas, através da comparação das predições do modelo com observações reais de experimentos. As simulações foram realizadas em duas escalas temporais e espaciais, reduzida e ampla. A resolução temporal da simulação foi mensal quando a dimensão espacial considerada foi de 0,0625 m², caracterizando a escala reduzida. A escala ampla foi considerada quando a resolução temporal foi anual e a dimensão espacial foi de 306,25 m². Os fatores testados foram: pastejo, ausência e presença; queima, ausência e presença e posição de relevo, encosta e baixada. O modelo é formado por uma matriz representando duas dimensões espaciais planas, sendo cada célula um PFT, a qual se altera a cada passo no tempo conforme a composição da própria célula e de oito células vizinhas. O modelo avaliado demonstrou eficiência na predição da dinâmica da vegetação da pastagem natural podendo ser utilizado para simular diferentes cenários. Entretanto, a limitação do modelo está na correta determinação do nível de distúrbio. Por fim, avaliou-se a dimensão fractal ao modelo citado anteriormente e simulou-se o efeito do pastejo no manejo da queima bianual ou a cada três anos, sendo que cada simulação correspondeu a 100 iterações com resolução espacial de 306,25 m² e temporal igual a um ano. O nível de distúrbio adotado para caracterizar tanto o pastejo como a queima foi de 0,18. Nos tratamentos com queima, nos anos em que ela foi utilizada, o nível de distúrbio foi de 0,36, correspondendo a soma dos distúrbios pastejo e queima. Os tratamentos foram avaliados em relação a duas situações de recurso ambiental (ótimo e com restrição). A avaliação da dimensão fractal em modelo espacialmente explícitos baseados em autômatos celulares demonstrou ser uma ferramenta viável na determinação de padrões e da dinâmica da comunidade vegetal independente da escala. O modelo não simulou adequadamente a colonização de espécies, sendo este um tema fundamental para futuros trabalhos que utilizarem esta abordagem. A utilização de apenas dois tipos funcionais permitiu uma melhor visualização dos resultados. A determinação da quantidade de tipos funcionais a serem utilizados na simulação dependerá de futuras investigações.
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Dimensão fractal de espécies arbóreas de ecossistema nativo na região do Pantanal mato-grossense

Moraes, Tonny Jader de 22 May 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-12T19:13:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T16:25:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T16:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Tonny Jader de Moraes.pdf: 1862734 bytes, checksum: a2ae7eacfbe28db2fbd49b7b10ef1d15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-22 / CAPES / O objetivo desta pesquisa, foi estudar as características estruturais das plantas em nível individual utilizando uma teoria quantitativa para a estrutura e dinâmica das florestas. A teoria usa relações de escala alométrica, baseado no metabolismo e biomecânica, sendo possível estudar propriedades geométricas e dinâmicas de plantas que se dimensionam de forma idêntica. A partir do conhecimento relacionado à Ciência da Complexidade, admite descrições dos fenômenos estudados, de uma forma mais próxima da dinâmica dos sistemas reais do comportamento global de um ecossistema a partir de medidas locais. A área de estudo é a mata da Baia das Pedras em floresta inundável na região do Pantanal. Para analisar as características estruturais como: a dimensão fractal, distribuição dos galhos em função do tamanho, a razão de escala entre os tamanhos das partes da planta, com foco em duas espécies Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Ximbuva) e Palicourea crocea (Erva d’água), para estas e outras plantas foram coletadas as seguintes medidas de plantas tomadas individualmente: diâmetro, comprimento e número de galhos, como também a massa dessas plantas. Os resultados indicam a capacidade do modelo de prever algumas características de auto similaridade referentes a arquitetura estrutural observada pela distribuição dos tamanhos, e razão entre os tamanhos dos galhos, assim como características estruturais idênticas nas plantas analisadas. / The purpose of this research was to study the structural characteristics of plants at the individual level using a quantitative theory for the structure and dynamics of forests. The theory using allometric scaling relations based on the metabolism and biomechanics, it is possible to study geometric and dynamic properties of plants that dimensioning identically. From related to complexity science knowledge, admits descriptions of the phenomena studied, more closely the dynamics of real systems the overall behavior of an ecosystem from local measures. The study area is the forest of Baia das Pedras in floodplain forest in the Pantanal region. To analyze the structural characteristics as the fractal dimension, distribution of branches depending on its size, the ratio of scale between the sizes of the parts of the plant, focusing on two species Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Ximbuva) and Crocea Palicourea (Erva d’água) for these and other plants were harvested plants the following measures taken individually: diameter, length and number of branches, as well as the mass of these plants. The results indicate the model's ability to predict certain characteristics of self similarity concerning structural architecture observed the distribution of sizes, and ratio between the sizes of the branches, as well as structural features identical in the analyzed plants.

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