Au vue de la concurrence internationale qui s’est accrue avec l’évolution des pays émergents, les chaînes de production des FMN suivent des schémas de plus en plus complexes. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les stratégies de SIPP opérées par les FMN. Le chapitre 1 établie les manquements des travaux relatifs à la fragmentation internationale des processus de production qui sont en majorité des études ‘pays’ et ne sont plus en accord avec les changements relatifs au monde industriel actuel. La SIPP y est définie. Dans le chapitre 2, nous construisons un modèle d’équilibre partiel à une seule firme afin de trouver les principaux éléments qui déterminent la SIPP et de montrer les différentes stratégies par lesquelles les FMN segmentent leur processus de production. Dans le chapitre 3, nous construisons quatre nouveaux indices de mesure de la SIPP et faisons des études descriptives relatives. Le chapitre 4 vérifie et complète les résultats obtenus dans les chapitres précédents via une étude économétrique. Il ressort que la SIPP allie les théories traditionnelles et les nouvelles logiques relatives à la fragmentation internationale ; les contraintes ou avantages liés conjointement à la firme et aux pays déterminent le choix de segmenter ou pas son processus de production via des stratégies mixtes et/ou verticales. La SIPP ne se résume plus seulement à l’association des FMN occidentales donneuses d’ordre à des fournisseurs de pays à faible coûts de main d’œuvre. L’accès à des marchés étrangers et à des savoirs et compétences spécifiques est de plus en plus ciblé. Les stratégies ont beaucoup évolué et le niveau des pays aussi. / In a context of rude international competition with the rise of emerging countries, the production chain of MNCs becomes more complex. The objective of this thesis is to study the strategies of ISPP carried out by the MNCs. The first chapter establishes the shortcomings of works on the international fragmentation of production processes, which are mostly ‘country’ based studies and are no longer in line with changes of the current industrial world. In this chapter, the ISPP is defined. In Chapter 2, we build a partial equilibrium model to a single firm (the MNC) in order to find the main elements that determine ISPP and to show the different strategies by which MNCs segment their production process. In Chapter 3, we construct four new ISPP measurement indices and conduct relative descriptive studies. Chapter 4 verifies and complements the results obtained in the previous chapters, using two econometric models based on the French MNCs data and those relating to the countries where they have production activities. It appears that the ISPP combines the traditional theories and the new logics relating to international fragmentation; the constraints or advantages related to the firm and countries determine the choice of the firm to segment or not its production process via mixed or/and vertical strategies. Today, international fragmentation of production is no longer just a matter of the association of western multinational companies with suppliers of countries with low labor costs. Access to foreign markets, to a specific knowledge and skills are increasingly targeted. The strategies have evolved greatly and the level of countries too.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Como uma medida sintética do grau de fragmentação da produção, muitos estudos recentes tem se empenhado em coletar evidências da especialização vertical para as economias desenvolvidas, mas pouca atenção tem sido aplicada às economias em desenvolvimento e, em particular, para o Brasil. A contribuição chave desta dissertação é prover estimativas comparáveis da especialização vertical refletidas no conteúdo importado das exportações do Brasil. Com base nas matrizes de insumo-produto (MIP) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de 1990 a 1996 e nas mais recentes 2000 e 2005, foi estimado que o conteúdo importado das exportações brasileiras é em média 10,4% de 1990 a 1996 e 15% para 2000 e 2005. Estimativas do conteúdo importado desagregadas por atividades também foram obtidas para os anos 1990, 1995, 2000 e 2005. / As a summary measure of the degree of production fragmentation, many recent studies has been engaged in collecting evidence of vertical specialization for developed economies, but little attention has been applied to developing economies and, in particular, to Brazil. The key contribution of this thesis is to provide comparable estimates of vertical specialization reflected in the import content of exports from Brazil. Based on the input-output matrices (MIP) of the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics from 1990 to 1996 and the latest 2000 and 2005, it was estimated that the import content of Brazilian exports is on average 10.4% from 1990 to 1996 and 15% for 2000 and 2005. Estimates of imported content disaggregated activities were also obtained for the years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.

La présente thèse contribue au renouveau de la littérature empirique en commerce international en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à la fragmentation internationale de la production et aux coûts au commerce non-traditionnels. Dans le chapitre 1, je quantifie les conséquences de l'évolution de l’utilisation d’inputs étrangers sur le contenu factoriel du commerce en tirant profit des nouvelles caractéristiques des tableaux entrées-sorties mondiaux. Les variations du contenu factoriel du commerce sont conditionnées par la place des pays dans les chaînes de production mondiales. Le chapitre 2 analyse les liens entre les relations diplomatiques et le commerce à la lumière de l'interdépendance croissante entre pays découlant de l’internationalisation des chaînes de production. Conjointement avec Julian Hinz, nous montrons, grâce à une nouvelle mesure d’un choc diplomatique, que l’impact de ce choc sur le commerce dépend crucialement du type de bien considéré. Enfin, dans le chapitre 3 co-écrit avec Julian Hinz, nous introduisons une nouvelle mesure empirique des langues parlées à l’aide des données de Twitter. Nous l’utilisons ensuite pour évaluer l’incidence de la diversité des langues sur le commerce et le revenu réel en Europe. / In this dissertation, I contribute to the thriving empirical literature in international trade by looking specifically at the international fragmentation of production and non-traditional trade costs. In chapter 1, using the new features of global input-output tables, I quantify the impact of the recent changes in foreign input use on the factor content of trade. I found that the changes in the factor content of trade are driven by each country position in the global supply chains. The chapter 2 analyzes the links between political relations and trade in light of the growing interdependency between countries. In this joint work with Julian Hinz, using a new proxy fora negative shock to political relations between countries, we show that the impact of such a negative shock is crucially heterogeneous across traded goods. Finally, in chapter 3 co-authored with Julian Hinz, we introduce a new measure for spoken languages based on Twitter data. We then use this measure to evaluate the effect of changes in language diversity on trade and real income in different locations in Europe.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Como uma medida sintética do grau de fragmentação da produção, muitos estudos recentes tem se empenhado em coletar evidências da especialização vertical para as economias desenvolvidas, mas pouca atenção tem sido aplicada às economias em desenvolvimento e, em particular, para o Brasil. A contribuição chave desta dissertação é prover estimativas comparáveis da especialização vertical refletidas no conteúdo importado das exportações do Brasil. Com base nas matrizes de insumo-produto (MIP) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de 1990 a 1996 e nas mais recentes 2000 e 2005, foi estimado que o conteúdo importado das exportações brasileiras é em média 10,4% de 1990 a 1996 e 15% para 2000 e 2005. Estimativas do conteúdo importado desagregadas por atividades também foram obtidas para os anos 1990, 1995, 2000 e 2005. / As a summary measure of the degree of production fragmentation, many recent studies has been engaged in collecting evidence of vertical specialization for developed economies, but little attention has been applied to developing economies and, in particular, to Brazil. The key contribution of this thesis is to provide comparable estimates of vertical specialization reflected in the import content of exports from Brazil. Based on the input-output matrices (MIP) of the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics from 1990 to 1996 and the latest 2000 and 2005, it was estimated that the import content of Brazilian exports is on average 10.4% from 1990 to 1996 and 15% for 2000 and 2005. Estimates of imported content disaggregated activities were also obtained for the years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-07-23T11:50:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 inaciofernandesdearaujojunior.pdf: 3989534 bytes, checksum: efdd8fd98640b17dd2720d5074098e7c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:18:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 inaciofernandesdearaujojunior.pdf: 3989534 bytes, checksum: efdd8fd98640b17dd2720d5074098e7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 inaciofernandesdearaujojunior.pdf: 3989534 bytes, checksum: efdd8fd98640b17dd2720d5074098e7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-22 / A intensificação da fragmentação internacional das cadeias de produção alterou a estrutura do comércio bilateral nas últimas décadas. A terceirização internacional e a especialização dos países nas cadeias de produção verticalmente integradas são determinantes dessa fragmentação. A terceirização internacional está relacionada à decisão das empresas em realizar parte dos estágios produtivos no exterior. A especialização vertical é definida pela interconexão dos processos de produção em uma cadeia de comércio vertical e sequencial, que se estendem por diferentes países especializados em estágios específicos da produção. No cenário de especialização vertical torna-se necessário diferenciar o comércio bruto e o comércio de valor adicionado para identificar a contribuição de cada país na produção global. Nesse contexto, a tese de doutorado investigou os determinantes da fragmentação internacional em relação à posição que as indústrias ocupam nas cadeias de produção e às medidas não-tarifárias de restrição de acesso aos mercados. O estudo usou uma base de dados construída a partir das matrizes inter-regionais de insumo-produto no âmbito global. A análise de insumo-produto mensurou o valor adicionado estrangeiro na produção e identificou a extensão geográfica das cadeias globais de valor. As medidas de especialização vertical, calculadas na abordagem de insumo-produto, rastrearam todos os encadeamentos produtivos por meio da estrutura de interdependência industrial. Desse modo, essa análise contabilizou a participação direta e indireta de cada país na produção global, considerando todos os estágios das cadeias globais. O estudo possibilitou compreender a inserção nas cadeias de valor em diferentes dimensões das redes globais de produção. Os principais resultados também mostram que as medidas nãotarifárias representam restrições importantes ao comércio de valor adicionado. Assim, embora a economia global tenha intensificado a fragmentação internacional das cadeias de produção, impulsionada dentre outros fatores pela redução tarifária, a adoção de medidas não-tarifárias dificulta a inserção dos países em estágios específicos dessas cadeias globais de produção. / The intensification of international fragmentation of production chains has altered the structure of bilateral trade in recent decades. The outsourcing and the specialization of countries in vertically integrated production chains determine this fragmentation. Outsourcing is related to the companies decision to carry out stages of the production abroad. Vertical specialization is defined by the interconnection of the production in a vertical and sequential chain of trade, which extends itself across different countries that specialize in specific stages of the production. In the vertical specialization scenario, it is necessary to differentiate the gross and value-added trade to identify the contribution of each country in the global production. In this context, the doctoral thesis investigated the determinants of international fragmentation by the position of industries in the production chains and the non-tariff measures restricting access to markets. The study used a database built from interregional input-output tables at global level. The input-output analysis measured foreign value added in production and identified the geographic extent of the global value chains. Vertical specialization measures, calculated in the input-output approach, tracked all productive linkages through the structure of industrial interdependence. Thus, this analysis counted the direct and indirect participation of each country in the global production, considering all the stages of the global chains. The study made it possible to understand the insertion in the value chains in different dimensions of the global production networks. The main results also show that the non-tariff measures are restrictions on the trade in value added. Therefore, the global economy has intensified the international fragmentation of production chains, driven, among other factors, by the reduction of tariffs, but the adoption of the non-tariff measures has made it difficult for countries to enter specific stages of these global production chains.