Titel: Intern resursallokering inom franchiseföretag Nivå: C-uppsats i företagsekonomi   Författare: Caroline Lindblom & Emma Sunebäck   Handledare: Lars-Johan Åge   Biträdande handledare: Jens Eklinder Frick   Datum: 2013-08   Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att analysera hur franchiseföretag kombinerar sina resurser internt. Detta gör vi utifrån det teoretiska ramverket 4R. Vi kommer att genomföra studien ur franchiseföretags synvinkel då vi tror att de samarbetar mer kring resurser än företag från olika koncerner. Det gör att en studie av franchiseföretag och deras sätt att kombinera resurser blir intressant. Genom studien vill vi belysa hur resursallokering inom franchiseorganisationen kan påverka resursvärdet som uppnås.   Metod: För att genomföra studien har vi samlat information från artiklar och litteratur samt genomfört intervjuer på två franchiseföretag inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen. Vi har genomfört en komparativ studie genom att intervjua tre franchisetagare samt huvudkontoret på respektive företag.   Slutsats: Vår studie visar att franchiseorganisationens storlek påverkar behovet av ett välutvecklat internt affärssystem. Detta för att på bästa sätt kunna nyttja resurser gemensamt och utbyta erfarenheter. Tidigare forskning visar att det ger ett ökat värde att kombinera resurser gemensamt inom organisationen, något som vår studie stödjer.     Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Framtida studier kan utföras genom en liknande empirisk undersökning. Dock med en studie av andra franchiseorganisationer än fastighetsmäklarföretag. Vidare forskning kan baseras på slutsatsen att organisationens storlek påverkar behovet av ett internt affärssystem genom att studera denna skillnad djupare.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Vi har konstaterat att företagen upplever ett större värde av att kombinera sina resurser gemensamt inom franchiseorganisationen. Möjligheten till detta samarbete minskar om företaget inte är del av ett franchisekoncept.   Nyckelord: Franchise, interna nätverk, 4R, resurser, integration, samarbete och resursvärde. / Title: Internal allocation of resources within franchises Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Author: Caroline Lindblom & Emma Sunebäck Supervisor: Lars-Johan Åge Assistant supervisor: Jens Eklinder Frick Examiner: Aihie Osarenkhoe Date: 2013-08 Purpose: The purpose of our study is to analyze how franchises combine their resources internally. We do this based on the theoretical framework 4R. We have conducted the study from the point of view of franchise companies based on the hypothesis that they are collaborating more on resources than companies from different concerns. The study aims to increase the knowledge of how the allocation of resources within the franchise organization can affect the resource value achieved. Method: To conduct the study, we have collected information from articles and literature, and conducted interviews on two franchises in the real estate brokerage industry. We conducted a comparative study by interviewing three franchisees and head office of the respective companies. Conclusion: The size of the franchise organization affect the need of a well developed internal business system. This is due to the best possible use of collective resources and the exchange of experiences. Previous research shows that combining resources within the organization gives a greater value, which our study supports.   Suggestions for future research: Future studies can research through a similar empirical study. However, a study of other franchise organizations, other than real estate brokerage firms. Further research can be based on the conclusion that the size of the organization affects the need for an internal business system by studying this difference.   Essay submissions: We have found that companies are experiencing a greater value in combining their resources jointly within the franchise organization. The opportunity for this collaboration is reduced if the company is not a part of a franchise concept.   Keywords: Franchise, internal networks, 4R, resources, integration, collaboration and resource value.

Franšizė yra viena iš tarptautinio verslo internacionalizavimo galimybių. Teoretikai ir praktikai pabrėžia šios verslo formos pranašumus prieš alternatyvas eksportą, investicijas ar bendrų kompanijų kūrimą. Tačiau Lietuvos mokslininkų darbuose randame tik fragmentinius šios kontraktinės tarptautinio verslo plėtros formos analizės elementus. Menkai analizuojami valdymo, kontrolės, kultūrinės adaptacijos klausimai. Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti Lietuvos Yamaha muzikos mokyklų valdymo ypatumus, veikiant franšizės pagrindu Lietuvoje. Tyrimo hipotezė: pedagogams ir vadovams yra priimtina Yamaha muzikos mokyklos valdymo koncepcija. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti franšizės vaidmenį tarptautinio verslo kontekste; 2. Įvertinti franšizės teisinius ir vadybinius aspektus; 3. Pateikti Yamaha muzikos mokyklų tinklo veiklos bendruosius aspektus; 4. Ištirti valdymo ypatumus Yamaha muzikos mokyklose Lietuvoje. Atlikus Yamaha muzikos mokyklų pedagogų ir vadovų anketinę apklausą pastebėta, kad Japonijos kompanijos mokyklos valdymo koncepcija pritapo Lietuvoje ir yra realizuojama. Visi respondentai tenkina sutartyje iškeltus kvalifikacinius reikalavimus. Veikla organizuojama remiantis sutarties nuostatomis, kurios iš esmės atitinka LR CK įtvirtintas nuostatas. Skirtingai nei Japonų kultūroje įprasta, pedagogai labiau linkę į individualų darbą, tačiau tai nesudaro esminių problemų realizuojant pagrindinį mokyklos moto: „Mokykis su malonumu“. / A franchise is one of possibilities to global business internationalization. Theorists and practician emphasizes this form of business advantages comparing with export, investment or joint venture. But Lithuanian scientists revive this form of international business doing just fragmentary. Poorly are explored mechanisms of management, control and cultural adaptation. The aim of research is to evaluate peculiarities of Yamaha music school management in Lithuania. Research hypothesis – to educators and school managers is acceptable conception of Yamaha music school. Research tasks: 1. Evaluate role of franchise in context of international business; 2. Evaluate juridical and management dimensions; 3. Represent main aspects of Yamaha music school network worldwide and in Lithuania; 4. Explore peculiarities of Yamaha music schools management in Lithuania. The results of educators and managers interview shows that main concept of Yamaha music school is acceptable and realizable. All respondents pass requirements of qualification. Activity is organized by contract requirements, which essentially pass the main requirements of Civil Code. As distinct from Japanese culture in Lithuania educators prefer individual work with children. But it does not impact to main motto: “Learn with pleasure” implementation.

Santrauka Magistro darbe „Prekių paskirstymo agentavimo, distribucijos bei franšizės sutarčių pagrindu palyginimas:privalumai ir trūkumai“ analizuojamos keturių rūšių sutarčių sąlygos ir pateikiami nacionalinės ir konkurencijos teisių keliami reikalavimai ir jų vertinimas šiomis sutartimis vykdant prekių paskirstymo veiklą. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamas prekių paskirstymas kaip ekonomikos doktrinoje išskiriama verslo vykdymo forma, atskleidžiant galimybę ją įgyvendinti per savarankiškus atstovus prekybos agentus, komisionierius arba nepriklausomus ūkio subjektus, kaip distributoriai ar franšizės gavėjai. Pasitelkus ekonomikos doktriną nurodomi ir pagrindiniai įgyvendinimo būdai ir jų turinio panašumas į tris teisines sutartis- prekybos agento,distribucijos ir franšizės. Lyginamoji minėtų susitarimų analizė pateikiama kitose darbo dalyse pagrindiniu ir esminiu prekių paskirstymo formos pasirinkimo kriterijumi laikant pirmiausia verslo subjektų tikslus, antra rizikos tarp šalių padalijimą ir galiausiai suvaržymus ir garantijas, reglamentuojamas teisės normas. Todėl tais atvejais, kai verslo subjektai pasirenka prekių platinimo veiklą vykdyti per nepriklausomus atstovus, tačiau prekes vartotojams pateikia patys, tinkamiausiu laikomas verslo strategijos įgyvendinimas per prekybos agentus ir komisionierius, sudarant agentavimo sutartis, kuriose atstovaujamasis įpareigojamas prisiimti visą sutarčių vykdymo riziką. Tuo tarpu, kai gamintojai ir tiekėjai stengiasi perduoti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master thesis “Comparison of Aspects of Goods Distribution on Basis of Agency, Distribution and Franchise Agreements:Advantages and Disadvantages” analyses terms of agreements of four different types, introduces and evaluates requirements set forth in national laws and laws on competition when distribution of goods is pursued on the basis of the aforesaid agreements. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of distribution of goods as a form of carrying a business, as described in the economic doctrine, revealing opportunities of implementation of this scheme through independent representatives – sales agents, salesmen, or independent business entities such as distributors or franchisees. With reference to the economic doctrine, there are indicated both the basic implementation means and analogies of their content with that of the four legal agreements, i.e., sales agency, commission, distribution, and franchise agreements. Comparative analysis of the aforesaid agreements is presented in the other parts of the thesis, goals of business entities, distribution of risks between the parties, and, finally, specific restrictions and guaranties regulated by legal norms being the main and fundamental criteria in choosing a particular scheme of goods distribution. Accordingly, in those cases when business entities choose to pursue their activities associated with goods distribution through independent agents but still determine to supply those goods to consumers... [to full text]

The political processes with regards to black economic empowerment creates a very favourable business environment both for start-ups and already established black companies The service industry is the fastest growing industry around the world. In South Africa, the demand for technically skilled technicians in the information and communication industry is huge. III The challenge facing most black start-up is the sustainability of these companies in view of changing economic, political, social.and indeed technological environment. Franchising has been hailed as the best business growth strategy in many countries and particular for black owned small businesses in South Africa. The Franchise Association of South Africa is the authority with regards to franchising in South Africa. The Association has developed detailed and easy to follow guidelines towards franchising. Outsourcing non-core business activities enables a company to focus on its core business. Once a company focuses on its core business, it is then able to save on operational costs, focus on developing new products and offering better services. Both business-format-franchising and outsourcing are not perfectly suitable for Qinos ,and/or sustainable in the long run. The recommended strategic option is outsourcing with a mentoring programmed embedded in the strategy implementation, herein referred to as the hybrid strategy. The hybrid strategy suggests the creation of a network of subcontractors to whom Qinos shall out source some of its activities. The Subcontractors Network shall be a strategic alliance offield service providers in the ICT sector based in KwaZulu-Natal, initiated and mentored by Qinos. Qinos shall manage outsourced operations on behalf of companies that are outsourcing their field maintenance services, in the ICT sector, to these credible SMEs. The Subcontractors Network are small, owner-managed black owned companies that can provide the basic infrastructure for running a field maintenance service in the ICT sector. They have the competencies or are able to acquire the vendor-required competencies within a short period of time not exceeding six months. They provide world-class service quality, are profitable and sustainable. / Thesis (MBA)- University of Kwazulu-Natal, 2004.

The building industry in South Africa especially in the sector of smaller operators in the residential alterations and additions market is subject to poor perception in the market place. The low barriers to entry and the attractiveness of the market make it susceptible to a large number of new entrants. The concomitant extreme rivalry has led to many cost cutting measures, creating an overall impression of lack of quality and poor standards. The ease of exit in this market has often left dissatisfied clients with no recourse or redress in rectifying poor workmanship and subject to an additional cost of hiring another builder to repair problems. As a growth strategy, franchising has shown great potential over various types of industries. However, the building industry, and in particular the residential alterations and additions market has not been explored in this light. The most attractive feature of franchising as a growth option is the lack of capital required for the franchisor. The least attractive option is overcoming the seemingly fixed mindset of the public on price as the overriding factor when considering a contractor. Experience in the industry has shown that advertising in the form of word of mouth is the most effective means of gaining new clients, however with the nature of franchising being more pervasive, it is envisaged that client awareness of the franchise will increase exponentially with each exposure in the form of building contracts. To introduce a standard of quality and excellence in this market in a cost effective manner may be achievable through the introduction of franchising with its benefits of economies of scale, high management standards and, most importantly, the franchisee's will to succeed. This work will investigate fully the ramifications of the franchising option, test the feasibility, acceptability and suitability of the strategy, making a final recommendation on the franchising model to be adopted, should the research validate the strategic option. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Background – The franchising industry in Sweden has experienced a vast growth in the recent years, and it makes up a significant part of the Swedish economy. The restaurant industry accounts for a large amount of the Swedish franchises. Due to the dynamic business environment today, companies need to increasingly strive for improvement in order to sustain their competitive advantage and to enhance their performance. Innovation may be required, and franchises are no exceptions. However, due to the nature of the franchise systems, with the franchisor imposing particular policies on the individual franchisees, the position of innovation in this context is not clear. On one hand, a franchise should act innovatively in order to remain competitive in the marketplace, but on the other hand, the franchisor limits the activities of the franchisee to ensure system uniformity through brand and quality management. The position of innovation in the franchise context is ambiguous, since very little research has been conducted on the topic. Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to examine Swedish franchises within the restaurant industry and to determine the position of innovation in the franchise context from the perspective of the franchisee. Method – A case study with semi-structured interviews with five franchisees in a specific region in Sweden were conducted to gain empirical material on the topic of innovation within restaurant franchises. The obtained data was then analyzed with the help of existing literature on innovation and franchise systems. Conclusion – It was discovered that Swedish franchises within the restaurant industry pursue product and marketing innovation. The innovation is mostly incremental, rather than radical. Several different factors contribute to why franchisees pursue innovation. It was also identified that some Swedish franchisors take an active role in encouraging innovation in the franchises, while other franchisors have a more passive, or even discouraging stance towards franchise innovation.

The increasing globalization of entertainment appears to be having a major impact on the dynamics of the American film industry. The U.S. box office is no longer predominant, meaning that in order to most effectively capitalize on the state of the theatrical market, domestic studios must now more heavily incorporate foreign preferences into production strategy. This study explores the financial nuances of the global box office in relation to sequel-driven film franchises, which have seemingly come to dominate commercial filmmaking as a result of their risk-minimized profitability. We focus on discrepancies between foreign and domestic performance in order to analyze the potential motivations behind the shifts in Hollywood’s output. Using OLS and Probit regression models with a variety of dependent and independent variables, this study finds that sequels tend to perform both relatively and absolutely better overseas, that certain genres are received differently abroad than in the U.S., and that the approval of latter sequels tends to be driven more by foreign revenue generated by previous films within franchises.

The objective of a business valuation arrangement is to reach a reasonable and acceptable opinion of value. Valuing a business entity has become less of a guessing game than before. Business valuations are two thirds science and one third art according to several theorists and practitioners. The result of a valuation is only definite if it can accurately predict the future, and given that it is not possible, there will always be an element of risk that the actual value differs from the expected estimate. There are several reasons why business valuations need to be performed. They can be categorised into three groups, namely transaction-based, tax-based, and litigation-based. Most business entities will require a business valuation at some stage. Business valuations can be categorized into different approaches and methods. The three approaches comprise the income based valuation approach, the market derived valuation approach, as well as the asset based valuation approach. Each one of these approaches has different methods that can be used under them. For the purpose of this research study, the methods used under the income based valuation approach are the discounted economic income valuation method and the direct capitalisation valuation method. The guideline publicly traded business entity valuation method and the merger and acquired business entity valuation method are used under the market derived valuation approach. When performing a business valuation under the asset based valuation approach, the asset accumulation valuation method and the capitalised excess earnings valuation method are used. In this research study a business valuation is going to be performed on a franchised restaurant, namely a Spur Steak Ranch. The particular Spur Steak Ranch that is going to be used is the Tampa Bay Spur. A franchise is a right granted to individuals or groups to market a business entity‟s products or services within a particular location. Franchising is a method of expanding a business entity on less capital than would otherwise be possible. The franchisee pays a capital lump sum to enter the franchise and accepts some of the running costs of its outlet. In addition, the franchise offers the franchisee the use of the franchise name and any goodwill related with it, the use of its business structures and support services, its product or service to sell, as well as management and staff training programmes. Franchising has become a dominant force in the distribution of products and services in several parts of the world. Any facility that prepares separate meals for eating on or off the premises falls under the title „„restaurant.‟‟ Not one restaurant is the same, and by producing meal experiences with unique characteristics, restaurants accommodate the requirements of particular customer categories. A restaurant is as much a financial entity as any other business entity. The most important elements in profitability in restaurants are economy and productivity. The franchised restaurant used in this research study is the Spur Steak Ranch which has been in South Africa for over 40 years. Allen Ambor, the founder and executive chairperson of Spur, is the person who started it all in 1967 when he invested R4,000 to open the Golden Spur in Newlands, Cape Town. Today, Spur restaurants are very popular for having play areas for children, thus, entertaining the whole family, making Spur a very popular fully-licensed franchised restaurant. The particular Spur Steak ranch used in this case study is the Tampa Bay Spur. The Tampa Bay Spur Steak Ranch is a family-oriented franchised restaurant, based on the widely known Spur concepts. The restaurant is owned by Lungisa Financial Administrators and is located in the Time Square Building, Dias Road, in Jeffrey‟s Bay. The restaurant spans in the region of 550m2 and can accommodate up to 180 customers. The Tampa Bay Spur was taken over by new owners in December 2011 and also completed a revamp that ended in March 2011. The research question and objective in this research study is to find out what combination of valuation approaches and methods seems to be the most reliable and accurate to value a franchised restaurant, particularly, a Spur Steak Ranch, and more specific the Tampa Bay Spur. To achieve this objective, five secondary objectives must be carried out. The first objective is to critically evaluate and compare popular valuation approaches and methods with each other. The second objective is to deliberate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods. Thirdly, to point out the uncertainty factors in valuations, for example, to calculate the discount rate by using the WACC or CAPM formula. The fourth objective is to develop an empirical case study based on actual information of a selected Spur (Tampa Bay Spur) and comparing different valuation approaches and methods with the original amount calculated by Spur after performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur. The fifth and last objective is to make recommendations regarding the valuation method used by the Spur. After performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur by using several valuation approaches and methods, calculating an average value from the different approaches and comparing it to the original value that the Spur calculated after performing a valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur, a conclusion can be made that the valuation method used by the Spur is fair and reliable. However, the method used by the Spur does not give enough insight for the buyer and seller to understand how they calculated the final value and needs improvement. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The objective of a business valuation arrangement is to reach a reasonable and acceptable opinion of value. Valuing a business entity has become less of a guessing game than before. Business valuations are two thirds science and one third art according to several theorists and practitioners. The result of a valuation is only definite if it can accurately predict the future, and given that it is not possible, there will always be an element of risk that the actual value differs from the expected estimate. There are several reasons why business valuations need to be performed. They can be categorised into three groups, namely transaction-based, tax-based, and litigation-based. Most business entities will require a business valuation at some stage. Business valuations can be categorized into different approaches and methods. The three approaches comprise the income based valuation approach, the market derived valuation approach, as well as the asset based valuation approach. Each one of these approaches has different methods that can be used under them. For the purpose of this research study, the methods used under the income based valuation approach are the discounted economic income valuation method and the direct capitalisation valuation method. The guideline publicly traded business entity valuation method and the merger and acquired business entity valuation method are used under the market derived valuation approach. When performing a business valuation under the asset based valuation approach, the asset accumulation valuation method and the capitalised excess earnings valuation method are used. In this research study a business valuation is going to be performed on a franchised restaurant, namely a Spur Steak Ranch. The particular Spur Steak Ranch that is going to be used is the Tampa Bay Spur. A franchise is a right granted to individuals or groups to market a business entity‟s products or services within a particular location. Franchising is a method of expanding a business entity on less capital than would otherwise be possible. The franchisee pays a capital lump sum to enter the franchise and accepts some of the running costs of its outlet. In addition, the franchise offers the franchisee the use of the franchise name and any goodwill related with it, the use of its business structures and support services, its product or service to sell, as well as management and staff training programmes. Franchising has become a dominant force in the distribution of products and services in several parts of the world. Any facility that prepares separate meals for eating on or off the premises falls under the title „„restaurant.‟‟ Not one restaurant is the same, and by producing meal experiences with unique characteristics, restaurants accommodate the requirements of particular customer categories. A restaurant is as much a financial entity as any other business entity. The most important elements in profitability in restaurants are economy and productivity. The franchised restaurant used in this research study is the Spur Steak Ranch which has been in South Africa for over 40 years. Allen Ambor, the founder and executive chairperson of Spur, is the person who started it all in 1967 when he invested R4,000 to open the Golden Spur in Newlands, Cape Town. Today, Spur restaurants are very popular for having play areas for children, thus, entertaining the whole family, making Spur a very popular fully-licensed franchised restaurant. The particular Spur Steak ranch used in this case study is the Tampa Bay Spur. The Tampa Bay Spur Steak Ranch is a family-oriented franchised restaurant, based on the widely known Spur concepts. The restaurant is owned by Lungisa Financial Administrators and is located in the Time Square Building, Dias Road, in Jeffrey‟s Bay. The restaurant spans in the region of 550m2 and can accommodate up to 180 customers. The Tampa Bay Spur was taken over by new owners in December 2011 and also completed a revamp that ended in March 2011. The research question and objective in this research study is to find out what combination of valuation approaches and methods seems to be the most reliable and accurate to value a franchised restaurant, particularly, a Spur Steak Ranch, and more specific the Tampa Bay Spur. To achieve this objective, five secondary objectives must be carried out. The first objective is to critically evaluate and compare popular valuation approaches and methods with each other. The second objective is to deliberate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods. Thirdly, to point out the uncertainty factors in valuations, for example, to calculate the discount rate by using the WACC or CAPM formula. The fourth objective is to develop an empirical case study based on actual information of a selected Spur (Tampa Bay Spur) and comparing different valuation approaches and methods with the original amount calculated by Spur after performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur. The fifth and last objective is to make recommendations regarding the valuation method used by the Spur. After performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur by using several valuation approaches and methods, calculating an average value from the different approaches and comparing it to the original value that the Spur calculated after performing a valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur, a conclusion can be made that the valuation method used by the Spur is fair and reliable. However, the method used by the Spur does not give enough insight for the buyer and seller to understand how they calculated the final value and needs improvement. / Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Univ., Diss.-2005--Köln, 2004.