Vigilantism has a long history in the United States stretching back to the Regulator movement in South Carolina in 1767. These extralegal movements are distinguished from spontaneous and ephemeral mob activity by their regular organization and limited life-span. The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 was the largest vigilante movement in American history. After a summer of vigilantism that included four hangings, the committee turned to politics and formed the People’s Party which dominated San Francisco's city government for the next decade. The 1856 committee is generally considered the great exemplar of American vigilantism and has received considerable attention from scholars. San Francisco’s 1856 vigilance committee regarded itself as a reorganization of that city's 1851 Committee of Vigilance. Like its more illustrious offspring, the 1851 committee hanged four men and banished many others. The vigilantes of 1851 did not, however, form a political party. Because of this some scholars have considered the work of the 1851 committee to be incomplete and have deemed it less worthy of attention than the committee of 1856. But in attempting to understand the intellectual grounding of San Francisco's vigilantes, this view is incorrect. The vigilantes in 1856 felt they were carrying on the work of the 1851 committee. Thus, to comprehend the events of 1856 it is necessary to understand the inspiration for the 1851 vigilance committee. The key to vigilantism in San Francisco lies in 1851. An understanding of the spirit which animates vigilantism is valuable because of what it reveals about American concepts of self-government. Vigilantes conceive of their their authority as springing from the same source as does that of the government: the people. San Francisco provides an extraordinary case for the study of notions about popular sovereignty in antebellum America. In order to make sense of what happened in San Francisco in 1851 this thesis first analyzes the political thought and philosophy that had developed in America to that time. It also examines the changing social ethos that came to emphasize equality. The two vigilance committees of San Francisco were a consummation of the political and social developments of antebellum America. I have relied on the extensive secondary literature for my interpretation. San Francisco in 1851 was in the midst of a singular episode in American history: the gold rush. The promise of riches made California the reification of the ideals of equality and opportunity that matured during the antebellum era. For the exploration of California and San Francisco I have used secondary sources and some primary sources, especially the Alta California, one of San Francisco’s newspapers. This reliance on the Alta was in part due to its availability. The attitudes toward vigilantism expressed by the 표L후르 were similar to other California newspapers. All of them supported the vigilantes in 1851. The episode of vigilantism in 1851 was a formative experience for the city of San Francisco. It served as an example of popular action and helped to define the limits of such action for the city's residents. The relationship between popular action and government was illuminated in San Francisco. Because of the way in which the people were endowed with power, they could create government and later defy that same government without destroying their creation.

Millennial length temperature and precipitation reconstructions from tree rings are developed for the northern Arizona region and applied to questions regarding the nature of the cultural-environmental interface in the northern Southwest, the role of explosive volcanism as a forcing mechanism in temperature variability, and the state of late 20th century climate compared to the range of natural variability of the past. A 2660-year long bristlecone pine tree-ring chronology from high elevation in the San Francisco Peaks of northern Arizona is calibrated with instrumental annual mean-maximum temperature data to reconstruct temperature. Three 1400-year long lower elevation tree-ring chronologies, developed from both living trees and wood from archaeological sites on the Colorado Plateau, are calibrated with instrumental precipitation data (October-July) to reconstruct precipitation. The juxtaposition of these two reconstructions yields paleoclimatic insights unobtainable from either record alone. Results include the identification of wet, dry, cool, and warm intervals and the identification of periods of high and low variance in temperature and precipitation. Population movement into the Flagstaff area in the second half of the 11th century is attributed to relatively warm wet conditions. The role of temperature decline in the 13th century merits additional consideration in the prehistoric regional abandonment of the Four Corners area. Many of the reconstructed cold periods are linked to explosive volcanism. The second half of the 20th century is the warmest in the period of record, and extremely warm/wet conditions have persisted since 1976.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-309).

Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-24T19:27:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Adson Freitas de Melo.pdf: 1473056 bytes, checksum: bd29175819fef637001b666dd52076a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-25T17:34:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Adson Freitas de Melo.pdf: 1473056 bytes, checksum: bd29175819fef637001b666dd52076a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T17:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Adson Freitas de Melo.pdf: 1473056 bytes, checksum: bd29175819fef637001b666dd52076a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / FACEPE / Esta pesquisa analisou, por meio da elaboração de dois artigos, o processo de certificação agrícola dos produtores de manga e uva do Vale do São Francisco. Além de um levantamento sobre o processo de certificação na região, foi realizada uma comparação através do método de pareamento por escore de propensão, no sentido de avaliar o impacto na renda dos produtores que aderiram a certificação. O primeiro artigo, intitulado Ensaio sobre a Certificação no Vale do São Francisco: Evidências para os Produtores de Manga e Uva, analisou, por meio de um apanhado na literatura, os fundamentos da certificação de produtos agrícola, com ênfase na certificação dos produtores de manga e uva do Vale do São Francisco. Verificou-se que a certificação, de um modo geral, requer investimentos financeiros e estruturais que oneram os custos da produção, tornando-se um entrave para a adesão de pequenos e médios produtores ao processo de exportação. Mesmo que a demanda internacional pressione o mercado para novos manejos produtivos, os produtores de manga e uva no Vale ainda destinam parcela significativa de sua produção para o mercado interno. Dessa forma, a escolha por certificação requer do produtor uma análise minuciosa, que leve em consideração essencialmente as perspectivas futuras de escoamento e todo o planejamento estratégico da propriedade, para que a certificação proporcione os retornos financeiros esperados. O segundo artigo, intitulado Impacto da Certificação sobre a Renda dos Produtores de Manga e Uva do Vale do São Francisco: Uma Análise por meio do Método Propensity Score Matching, verificou o impacto da certificação sobre renda obtida pelos produtores que optaram pela exportação. A metodologia utilizada permite comparar um grupo de produtores que optaram pela certificação (grupo de tratamento) a um grupo de produtores que não optaram pela certificação (grupo de controle) e obter a diferença na renda dos dois grupos. A partir de um recorte, utilizando a renda média da renda dos produtores como parâmetro, observou-se que o grupo de produtores certificados possui maior percentual de produtores com renda superior à renda média, cerca de 17% a mais, quando comparado com o grupo de produtores não certificados. Em uma análise conjugada, os dois resultados apontam para a necessidade de políticas públicas e estratégias para tornar o processo de certificação mais acessível e menos oneroso ao pequeno e médio produtor. Observa-se também que o mercado interno ainda não se mostra disposto a pagar a mais pelo produto certificado, contudo já consegue diferenciar o produto elaborado com “boas práticas” ecológicas do alimento convencional. Os incentivos, portanto, podem surgir sob três perspectivas básicas: o incentivo à praticas produtivas menos agressivas ao meio ambiente com produção de alimentos mais saudáveis, a promoção de estratégias para conscientização do consumidor em questões relacionada a produção de alimentos saudáveis, e, os investimentos que incentivem a venda direta ao consumidor, sem a participação de atravessadores. / This research analyzed, by means of the elaboration of two articles, the process of agricultural certification of the producers of mango and grape of the valley of the San Francisco. Aside from a lifting about the process of certification in the region, was fulfilled a comparison through of method of matching by score of propensity, in the sense of evaluate the variation in the income of the producers what adhered the certification. The first article, entitled Essay about the Certification in the Valley of the San Francisco: Evidences for the Producers of Mango and Grape, analyzed, by means of a caught in the literature, the fundamentals of the certification of agricultural products, with emphasis on certification of producers of mango and grape of Valley of the San Francisco. It was verified what certification, of a general way, requires financial and structural investments what overtax the costs of production, becoming a hindrance for the adhesion of small and medium producers to the process of export. Same what the international demand press the market for new productive management, the producers of mango and grape in the Valley yet destine significant portion of their production for the internal market. Of this form, the choice by certification requires of producer a detail analysis which takes in consideration essentially the future prospects of outflow and all strategic property planning, for what the certification provides the expected financial returns. The second article, entitled Impact of Certification on Producers Income of Mango and Grape of Valley of the San Francisco: An Analysis by means of the method Propensity Score Matching, checked the impact of certification on income obtained by producers what opted for export. The methodology used allows to compare a group of producers what opted for certification (treatment group) the group of producers what not opted for certification (control group) and obtain the difference in the income of the two groups. From a cut-off, using the average income of producers as a parameter, it was observed that the group of certified producers has a higher percentage of producers with income above average income, about 17% more when compared to the group Producers. In a conjugated analysis, the two results point to the need of public policies and strategies to return the certification process more accessible and less onerous to small and medium producers. It is also observed that the internal market yet does not show willing to pay the more by certified product however already can differentiate product elaborated with "good practices" ecological of conventional food. The incentives, therefore, can arise under three basic perspectives: the incentive to productive practices less aggressive the environment with of food production healthier, the promotion the strategies for awareness of the consumer in questions related to healthy foods production and, the investments that encourage the direct sale to the consumer, without the participation of middleman.

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O cinturão Mineiro corresponde a um extenso terreno juvenil composto por metagranitoides e sequências supracrustais que compõem a orogenia acrescionária Minas na porção meridional do cráton do São Francisco. A produção da crosta continental ocorreu a partir de 3 arcos magmáticos desde 2,47 Ga, com duração de ca. 380 Ma. Sendo que o arco mais jovem (2,17-2,10 Ga) causou a remobilização de boa parte do antepaís arqueano, conforme dados da literatura. Esta Tese apresenta e interpreta novos dados obtidos em rochas plutônicas (idades U/Pb em zircão - SHRIMP e LA-ICPMS, isótopos de Nd-Sr-Hf e dados geoquímicos) com intuito de melhor caracterizar o ambiente tectônico e as fontes dessas rochas no contexto da evolução crustal. O principal mecanismo atuante foi a fusão da crosta oceânica em subducção com variável contribuição da crosta continental. O ortognaisse Cassiterita, mais antigo identificado no cinturão Mineiro, possui idades U/Pb em zircão entre 2472-2414 Ma com o superimposição metamórfica datada em 2,16-2,04 Ma. Os elementos maiores e menores indicam que o ortognaisse possui afinidade TTG de alto Al2O3 , enquanto que os elementos traços sugerem que o principal mecanismo da diferenciação magmática é a fusão parcial. Como tal, este conjunto de rochas seria produto do desenvolvimento de um arco oceânico. Parâmetros petrológicos (e.g., εNd(t) : +5,2 e +1,3 e 87Sr/86Sri : 0,700-0,702) destas rochas são consistentes com uma derivação a partir da fusão de metabasaltos toleíticos (MORB). Significantes variações nos valores de εHft (em zircão) bem como a assinatura geoquímica (e.g., ausência de anomalias de Eu e Sr, altos valores de Sr e Sr/YN e baixo conteúdo de Y) sugerem que o magma gerador do plúton Cassiterita foi produto de uma fonte máfica com granada, com possível envolvimento de material derivado da crosta continental. Um magmatismo mais jovem, mas ainda associado ao evento tectônico gerador do ortognaisse Cassiterita é representado pelo ortognaisse Resende Costa e a suíte Lagoa Dourada (2356-2317 Ma). Os dados geoquímicos (TTG, metaluminoso, alto Al2O3) e isotópicos (εHft negativos e εNdt positivos) indicam gênese similar entre estes corpos, compatível com ambiente intra-oceânico. O segundo evento tectono-magmático gerou as rochas das suítes Serrinha (2227-2211 Ma) e Tiradentes (2217-2204) e do ortognaisse Nazareno (2161 Ma). Os valores de εNd(t) : -0,5 a +1,8 e 87Sr/86Sri : 0,701-0,706 e os dados geoquímicos (cálcio-alcalino, metaluminosa a peraluminosa, tipo I) são amplamente correlacionáveis e apontam uma fonte máfica heterogênea ou com contaminação crustal. O terceiro evento tectono-magmático é representado por um largo pico de idades, que variam entre 2174-2109 Ma representando a cristalização de diferentes batólitos. Os dados geológicos e relações de campo indicam que os batólitos Macuco de Minas (2174-2106 Ma), o Represa de Camargos (2173-2114 Ma) e o Ritápolis (2149-2121 Ma) apresentam idades variantes que ilustram a geração por intrusões múltiplas. As características químicas e isotópicas são consistentes com a derivação destes corpos a partir da fusão da crosta oceânica envolvendo crosta continental e inferior e manto litosférico subcontinental, em ambiente de arco continental. A distribuição de elementos incompatíveis e as características geoquímicas (cálcio-alcalina, tipo I, metaluminosa a levemente peraluminosa) favorecem uma origem através da fusão de uma fonte máfica de modo a gerar uma variação composicional entre dioritos e granitos. Isto pode ser explicado pelo fracionamento da hornblenda, epidoto e apatita. Em termos paleotectônicos os novos dados indicam que o regime acrescionário que construiu o cinturão Mineiro envolveu proeminente encurtamento crustal e da litosfera oceânica. O desenvolvimento progressivo de arcos continentais e oceânicos com posterior colagem ao antepaís arqueano resultou na formação do paleocontinente São Francisco-Oeste Congo. Correlações geológicas e tectônicas entre os arcos Mantiqueira, Juiz de Fora e Mineiro, além dos Cinturões Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá, Eburnian (Oeste da África) indicam uma escala intercontinental para este processo. O cenário paleotectônico é consistente com o crescimento global das placas litosféricas durante o Paleoproterozoico, quando o núcleo do supercontinente Columbia foi formado, corroborado por unidades orogênicas identificadas em outros continentes. / The Mineiro belt is a large juvenile terrane composed of plutonic rocks and supracrustal sequences, making up the Minas accretionary orogeny in the south of São Francisco craton. The juvenile continental crust of this Belt was produced during 3 successive magmatic arcs initiating at ca. 2.47 Ga and lasting about 380 Ma. Wherein the younger arc (2.17-2.10 Ga) caused remobilization of the Archean foreland as supported by published information. This Thesis presents and interprets new data performed in plutonic rocks by means of U-Pb analyses in zircon (SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS), Nd-Sr-Hf isotopes, and geochemical data. The objective of our work is to achieve the better characterization of the tectonic environment, as well as the sources of the rocks in the context of the crustal evolution. This set of data shows that many granitoids derive from the melt of heterogeneous sources. The main active mechanism of crustal growth was the melt of the subducted oceanic crust with variable contribution of the continental crust. The Cassiterita pluton, highlighted by the Orthogneiss, is the oldest identified so far in the Mineiro belt. It has U/Pb ages in zircon of 2472-2414 Ma, with its metamorphism dated at 2.16-2.04 Ma. The major and minor elements indicate that the orthogneiss has high Al2O3 TTG affinity, while the trace elements suggest the main mechanism of magmatic differentiation is the partial melting. As such, these rocks would be the product of an oceanic arc. Petrologic parameters (e.g., εNd(t) : +5.2 and +1.3 and 87Sr/86Sri : 0.700-0.702) of these rocks are consistent with partial melting of MORB-like metabasaltic rocks. Significant variations in zircon εHf(t) values, as geochemical signatutes (e.g., absence of Eu-Sr anomalies, high Sr and Sr/YN and low Y contents) suggest that the magma Cassiterita pluton were the product of a mafic source with garnet. However minor contribution of older continental material was involved in the magma genesis. A younger magmatism, but yet associated to the tectonic event of the Cassiterita orthogenesis is represented by the Resende Costa orthogneiss and Lagoa Dourada suite (2356-2317 Ma). Geochemical (TTG, metaluminous, high Al2O3 ) and isotopic (negative εHft and positive ε Ndt ) data indicate that the genesis and the tectonic environment of these bodies are similar, and akin to an oceanic arc setting. The second tectonic-magmatic event produced the Serrinha (2227-2211 Ma) and Tiradentes (2217-2204 Ma) suites, and of Nazareno orthogneiss (2161 Ma), according to our data. The values of εNd(t) : -0.5 to +1.8 and 87Sr/86Sri : 0.701-0.706, and the geochemical data (calcium-alkaline, metaluminous to peraluminous, I type) are broadly correlative among the three bodies, and indicate that they derived from a mafic source with some sort of crustal contamination. The third tectonic-magmatic event defines a granitoid age peaks and varies between 2174-2106 Ma, given by the crystallization in different batholiths. Our data and field relations indicate that the Macuco de Minas (2174-2109 Ma), Represa de Camargos (2173-2114 Ma) and Ritápolis (2149-2121 Ma) batholiths present varying ages, which illustrate a generation by multiple intrusions. The isotopic and chemical characteristics are consistent with melting of oceanic crust, involving continental crustal, lower crust and sublithospheric continental mantle in a continental arc setting. Immobile trace and REE distributions and some geochemical characteristics (calc-alkaline, I-type, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous) favor an origin of the rocks through melting of a mafic source with compositional variation from diorite to granite, what can be explained by increasing fractionation of hornblende, epidote and apatite. In paleotectonic terms, the new data and regional geologic-correlations indicate that the accretionary regime that set up the Mineiro belt involved prominent crustal shortening of the oceanic lithosphere. The progressive development of the continental and oceanic arcs and eventual docking with Archean foreland resulted in the São Francisco-West Congo paleocontinent. Geologic and tectonic correlations among the Mantiqueira, Juiz de Fora and Mineiro arcs, the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá, Eburnian (West Africa) belts, highlight an intercontinental scale for this process. The paleotectonic scenery is consistent with the global growing of the lithospheric plate during early Paleoproterozoic times, when the core Columbia was formed, what is corroborated by the tectonic units with rougly similar U-Pb ages in other continents.

The aim of our study is to understand Chinese attitudes towards occupational prestige in order to be able to counsel families and youth in career goals, and to maximize potentials and enhance life chances. Our purpose is.to arrive first at an occupational ranking or rating since there is none to be found in the literature/on which more specific studies could later be compared. Another purpose is to see whether there I were major differences between traditional and modern Chinese, and find what traits were associated with differences in attitudes and expectations, as further indices of appropriate approaches to social services.

El presente trabajo se convierte en una contribución a los estudios de religiosidad andina ya que a través de una aproximación a la imagen de la Virgen de Copacabana posibilita a una lectura a este espacio sagrado desde época pre-colombina hasta nuestros días resultando la figura postergada del artista inca Francisco Tito Yupanqui. A nivel teórico, la historia de la mirada propuesto por Regis Debra, a permitido situar a la imagen de la Virgen de Copacabana en tres dimensiones: la imagen de las crónicas coloniales que permiten reencontrar al escultor Inca Francisco Tito Yupanqui: la imagen de los elementos contenidos en el símbolo, que en lo fundamental nos remiten a las antiguas deidades prehispanicas del sitio sagrado y finalmente a la mirada que las personas actualmente identifican a través de narraciones hacia los atributos sagrados de la Virgen de Copacabana. Estas tres dimenciones de la mirada de la imagen de la Virgen de Copacabana recuperadas a través de la historiografía, la etnografía y la historia oral, han develado algunos indicios de continuidad y ruptura relacionada a la proyección de los roles de género en los Andes en la memoria colectiva. El análisis logrado en función al tema y la metodología, permite situar al trabajo como un aporte para el conocimiento local donde es posible ver como la historia de un símbolo sagrado, alimenta la construcción de las identidades, en este caso las de género, a través de diversas proyecciones contenidas en la mirada, constando de esta forma la importancia de la historia en la construcción y consolidación de las identidades.