La présente étude vise à décrire les représentations sociales que des jeunes francophones en santé au Nouveau-Brunswick ont à l’égard du diabète. Cette étude découle d’un partenariat, initié entre l’Université de Moncton et divers organismes et collèges communautaires du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui ont identifié l’importance d’intervenir auprès des jeunes francophones en milieu scolaire pour prévenir le diabète. La théorie des représentations sociales est le cadre théorique utilisé pour décrire la vision que les jeunes ont du diabète, de son origine et des facteurs associés à sa prévention. À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à examiner le concept du diabète chez des adolescents non atteints de diabète. Hypothèse principale: étant donné que l’expérience que les adolescents ont du diabète est limitée à leur environnement social et qu’ils ont de la difficulté à définir les concepts de santé et de maladie, ils ne seront pas capables de décrire le diabète en profondeur. Pour ce faire, des groupes de discussion, incluant une technique d’association libre, ont été réalisés, entre novembre et décembre 2005, auprès d’adolescents de 5e, 8e et 10e année recrutés dans quatre écoles francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick (Districts 1 et 11). Les réponses des élèves aux groupes de discussion et à l’association libre ont été classées dans des catégories et sous-catégories (analyse de contenu), et des tests de Khi-deux et de «Fisher» ont permis de déterminer les différences entre les sexes et les niveaux scolaires. Cent-trente adolescents (70 filles et 60 garçons) de 5e (n=44), 8e (n=46) et 10e année (n=40) ont participé à 19 groupes de discussion. Lors de l’activité d’association libre, les catégories les plus fréquemment mentionnées étaient : sucre (cité par 66% des participants), traitement (48%), nature du diabète (45%), nutrition (41%), sang (38%), complications (18%), manifestations physiologiques (11%), obésité (6%) et activité physique (6%). Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les sexes mais les élèves de 10e année ont cité plus fréquemment les catégories «traitement», «sang» et «obésité». Lors des groupes de discussion, les adolescents ont décrit le diabète comme une maladie (13/19 groupes) reliée au sucre (15/19 groupes) et au sang (13/19 groupes). Cependant, seulement quelques groupes ont discuté en profondeur de la nature du diabète (ex.: rôle de l’insuline et pancréas), des types de diabète (types 1 et 2) et des symptômes et des complications. Ils ont aussi cité ce que les gens atteints de diabète devaient faire pour traiter leur diabète (ex.: manger bien: 18 groupes; se piquer: 17 groupes; prendre des pilules: 5 groupes; et faire de l’activité physique: 5 groupes), mais ils n’ont pas discuté des stratégies à entreprendre pour y arriver. Les représentations de l’origine du diabète incluaient l’hérédité et l’âge (13/19 groupes), l’obésité et l’alimentation (12/19 groupes) et l’activité physique (13/19 groupes). Dans la moitié des groupes, les adolescents ont mentionné se sentir à risque de diabète; les filles plus que les garçons. Treize groupes ont fait référence aux comportements observés chez des diabétiques connus, ce qui démontre l’importance de l’environnement social sur les représentations. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’hypothèse que les adolescents sont limités dans leur description du diabète en matière de définitions, origines et prévention du diabète. Ces résultats fournissent des pistes de réflexion aux professionnels de la santé pour identifier le contenu et les stratégies que devraient contenir les programmes éducatifs en matière de prévention du diabète chez les jeunes. / The purpose of this study is to describe healthy francophone adolescents’ social representations of diabetes. This study stems from a partnership, initiated between the University of Moncton and various college and community organizations in New Brunswick, which identified the importance of intervening among young francophone students to prevent diabetes. The theory of social representations is the conceptual framework used to describe adolescents’ vision about diabetes, its origin and factors associated with its prevention. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the concept of diabetes among adolescents without diabetes. Principal hypothesis: given that the experience adolescents have with diabetes is limited to their social environment and given that they have difficulty in defining the concepts of health and disease, they will not be able to describe diabetes in an in depth fashion. Focus groups, which included an activity using the Free Association technique, were conducted, between November and December 2005, with adolescents in grade 5, 8 and 10, recruited in four francophone schools in New Brunswick (Districts 1 and 11). Students’ responses, obtained during the focus groups and the Free Association activity, were classified into categories and sub-categories (content analysis); Chi-square and Fisher Exact tests were used to determine differences between sex and grade levels. One hundred and thirty adolescents (70 girls and 60 boys) in grade 5 (n=44), 8 (n=46) and 10 (n=40) participated in 19 focus group discussions. During the Free Association activity, the categories most frequently mentioned were: sugar (cited by 66% of participants), treatment (48%), nature of diabetes (45%), nutrition (41%), blood (38%), complications (18%), physiological manifestations (11%), obesity (6%), and physical activity (6%). No significant differences were observed between boys and girls but students in grade 10 were more likely to cite the categories of ‘treatment’, ‘blood’ and ‘obesity’. During the focus group discussions, adolescents described diabetes as a disease (13/19 groups) related to sugar (15/19 groups) and blood (13/19 groups). However, only a few groups discussed, in detail, the nature of diabetes (e.g.: role of insulin and pancreas), the types of diabetes (type 1 and 2), and the symptoms and complications of diabetes. They also cited what individuals with diabetes should do to treat their disease (e.g.: eat well: 18 groups; have injections: 17 groups; take pills: 5 groups; and be physically active: 5 groups), but they did not discuss the strategies to manage these behaviours. Representations of diabetes related to the origin of the disease included heredity and age (13/19 groups), obesity and nutrition (12/19 groups) and physical activity (13/19 groups). In half of the groups, adolescents mentioned feeling at risk for diabetes; girls more likely than boys. Thirteen groups referred to behaviours which they had observed among diabetics they knew, demonstrating the importance of the social environment in their representations. The results of this study support the hypothesis that adolescents are limited in their description of diabetes with respect to its definition, origins and prevention. These results provide direction for health professionals in identifying the content and strategies that should be included in diabetes prevention programs for youth.

O desenho coletivo é utilizado como objeto mediador da intervenção institucional, de maneira semelhante ao squiggle game da consulta terapêutica, o desenho produzido pelo grupo facilita a comunicação entre os membros, promove associações livres verbais e gráficas, apresenta fantasmas, desejos e medos, comuns e compartilhados; informa sobre aspectos individuais e da instituição na associação discursiva e na produção pictográfica. A hipótese norteadora é que o desenho coletivo quando usado em um contexto de intervenção institucional, seja de diagnostico ou de tratamento, é um objeto mediador do diálogo no grupo. Devido ao acesso à representação e projeção de conteúdos inconscientes, o desenho manifesta conteúdos recalcados, aparentemente desconhecidos. Apresenta-se um histórico do desenho como linguagem nos primórdios da humanidade e a utilização e reflexão desde a medicina, pedagogia e psicologia. Valorizado para conhecer a alma infantil, posteriormente à psicanálise considera-o substituto da associação livre. Freud não aprofunda sobre o desenho como recurso terapêutico, mas mostra como usar o método psicanalítico na presença da imagem. De maneira semelhante ao sonho analisa o que se reitera, se condensa e desloca na imagem pictográfica. O primeiro desenho produzido no contexto vincular é descrito na Analise de uma fobia de uma criança de 5 anos, quando, da mesma maneira como Winnicott faz na brincadeira do squigglel game, Hans o pequeno paciente- introduz um traço para completar a idéia que deseja transmitir a respeito do tamanho do pênis da girafa. Na psicanálise de crianças, Winnicott e Dolto mostram caminhos para usar o desenho no processo terapêutico. Em contextos vinculares, poucos autores empregam o desenho no grupo como um recurso mediador do diálogo e do trabalho psicanalítico. Apresentam-se as contribuições teóricas para a psicanálise de grupo e instituição de autores como J. Bleger, E. Pichon Rivière, D. Anzieu e René Kaës. Identifica-se que no desenho é figurada a queixa, o inédito; detectam-se o aparecimento de traços, formas que enunciam e denunciam aspectos a serem destacados, trabalhados e elaborados pelo grupo no primeiro encontro. Um dos grupos apresentados era uma instituição que vivia várias queixas entre elas a equipe dividida, no encontro enquanto desenham surge uma ponte que une o que estava separado por um grande tronco: a equipe técnica da instituição de um lado e de outro o grupo de crianças e seus cuidadores. Outro caso descreve a intervenção da equipe de manutenção de uma empresa, que desenha um campo de futebol e no meio uma caveira, simbolizando o perigo de morte; o diálogo com os membros remete ao medo a serem demitidos. Os desenhos coletivos permitem que o psicólogo conduza e aborde, com facilidade, aspectos silenciados a partir de apontamentos de aspectos díspares, estranhos, repetitivos. / The collective drawing is used as the institutional interventions mediating object, in a similar way as the squiggle game of the therapeutic consultations; the drawing produced by the group facilitates communication among the members, improves free verbal and graphic associations, shows common and shared phantoms, desires and fears; informs about the individual and institutional aspects in the discourse association and in the pictographic production. The guiding hypothesis is that the collective drawing when used in a context of institutional intervention, whereas of diagnosis or treatment, it is a mediating object of the dialog in the group. Because of the access to the representation and projection of unconscious contents, the drawing expresses repressed contents, apparently unknown. We show a historical record of the drawing like the language in the beginnings of humanity, its used and thinking from Medicine, Pedagogy and Psychology. Initially Psychoanalysis valued it to know the childs psyche, after it considered a substitute of the free association. Freud doesnt deeper on the drawing as a therapeutic resource, but He shows how to use the psychoanalytic method with the image. As in a similar way like in a dream, Freud analyses what comes again, condenses and dislocates in the pictographic image. The first drawing produced in a bind context is describe in Analysis of a phobia of a child under 5 years, when, as in the same way like Winnicott does in the squiggle game, Hans the young patient- introduces a trace to complete the idea he wants to transmit in relation to the size of the giraffe\'s penis. In children psychoanalysis, Winnicott and Dolto show paths to use the drawing in the therapeutic process. In binding contexts, few authors utilize the drawing in the group like a mediating resource of the dialog and the psychoanalytic work. We show theoretical contributions for group and institutional psychoanalysis from authors like J. Bleger, E. Pichon Rivière, D. Anzieu and René Kaës. We identify that the complaint is figured in the drawing, the novel; we detect the emerging of traces, forms that enounce and denounce aspects to be underline, worked and elaborated by the group in the first encounter. One of the groups shown was an institution that experienced different complaints, among them the divided team, in the encounter while they draw it emerges a bridge that joins with a big trunk what was separated: the institutions technical team, by one side and a group of children and their care takers by the other. Another case describes an intervention in a companys maintenance team, that draws a football field with a skull in the middle of it, symbolizing the danger of death; the dialog with the members remits to the fear of being dismissed. The collective drawings permit that the psychologist lead and address in an easy way, silenced aspects by the pointing of despair, strange and repetitive aspects.

O desenho coletivo é utilizado como objeto mediador da intervenção institucional, de maneira semelhante ao squiggle game da consulta terapêutica, o desenho produzido pelo grupo facilita a comunicação entre os membros, promove associações livres verbais e gráficas, apresenta fantasmas, desejos e medos, comuns e compartilhados; informa sobre aspectos individuais e da instituição na associação discursiva e na produção pictográfica. A hipótese norteadora é que o desenho coletivo quando usado em um contexto de intervenção institucional, seja de diagnostico ou de tratamento, é um objeto mediador do diálogo no grupo. Devido ao acesso à representação e projeção de conteúdos inconscientes, o desenho manifesta conteúdos recalcados, aparentemente desconhecidos. Apresenta-se um histórico do desenho como linguagem nos primórdios da humanidade e a utilização e reflexão desde a medicina, pedagogia e psicologia. Valorizado para conhecer a alma infantil, posteriormente à psicanálise considera-o substituto da associação livre. Freud não aprofunda sobre o desenho como recurso terapêutico, mas mostra como usar o método psicanalítico na presença da imagem. De maneira semelhante ao sonho analisa o que se reitera, se condensa e desloca na imagem pictográfica. O primeiro desenho produzido no contexto vincular é descrito na Analise de uma fobia de uma criança de 5 anos, quando, da mesma maneira como Winnicott faz na brincadeira do squigglel game, Hans o pequeno paciente- introduz um traço para completar a idéia que deseja transmitir a respeito do tamanho do pênis da girafa. Na psicanálise de crianças, Winnicott e Dolto mostram caminhos para usar o desenho no processo terapêutico. Em contextos vinculares, poucos autores empregam o desenho no grupo como um recurso mediador do diálogo e do trabalho psicanalítico. Apresentam-se as contribuições teóricas para a psicanálise de grupo e instituição de autores como J. Bleger, E. Pichon Rivière, D. Anzieu e René Kaës. Identifica-se que no desenho é figurada a queixa, o inédito; detectam-se o aparecimento de traços, formas que enunciam e denunciam aspectos a serem destacados, trabalhados e elaborados pelo grupo no primeiro encontro. Um dos grupos apresentados era uma instituição que vivia várias queixas entre elas a equipe dividida, no encontro enquanto desenham surge uma ponte que une o que estava separado por um grande tronco: a equipe técnica da instituição de um lado e de outro o grupo de crianças e seus cuidadores. Outro caso descreve a intervenção da equipe de manutenção de uma empresa, que desenha um campo de futebol e no meio uma caveira, simbolizando o perigo de morte; o diálogo com os membros remete ao medo a serem demitidos. Os desenhos coletivos permitem que o psicólogo conduza e aborde, com facilidade, aspectos silenciados a partir de apontamentos de aspectos díspares, estranhos, repetitivos. / The collective drawing is used as the institutional interventions mediating object, in a similar way as the squiggle game of the therapeutic consultations; the drawing produced by the group facilitates communication among the members, improves free verbal and graphic associations, shows common and shared phantoms, desires and fears; informs about the individual and institutional aspects in the discourse association and in the pictographic production. The guiding hypothesis is that the collective drawing when used in a context of institutional intervention, whereas of diagnosis or treatment, it is a mediating object of the dialog in the group. Because of the access to the representation and projection of unconscious contents, the drawing expresses repressed contents, apparently unknown. We show a historical record of the drawing like the language in the beginnings of humanity, its used and thinking from Medicine, Pedagogy and Psychology. Initially Psychoanalysis valued it to know the childs psyche, after it considered a substitute of the free association. Freud doesnt deeper on the drawing as a therapeutic resource, but He shows how to use the psychoanalytic method with the image. As in a similar way like in a dream, Freud analyses what comes again, condenses and dislocates in the pictographic image. The first drawing produced in a bind context is describe in Analysis of a phobia of a child under 5 years, when, as in the same way like Winnicott does in the squiggle game, Hans the young patient- introduces a trace to complete the idea he wants to transmit in relation to the size of the giraffe\'s penis. In children psychoanalysis, Winnicott and Dolto show paths to use the drawing in the therapeutic process. In binding contexts, few authors utilize the drawing in the group like a mediating resource of the dialog and the psychoanalytic work. We show theoretical contributions for group and institutional psychoanalysis from authors like J. Bleger, E. Pichon Rivière, D. Anzieu and René Kaës. We identify that the complaint is figured in the drawing, the novel; we detect the emerging of traces, forms that enounce and denounce aspects to be underline, worked and elaborated by the group in the first encounter. One of the groups shown was an institution that experienced different complaints, among them the divided team, in the encounter while they draw it emerges a bridge that joins with a big trunk what was separated: the institutions technical team, by one side and a group of children and their care takers by the other. Another case describes an intervention in a companys maintenance team, that draws a football field with a skull in the middle of it, symbolizing the danger of death; the dialog with the members remits to the fear of being dismissed. The collective drawings permit that the psychologist lead and address in an easy way, silenced aspects by the pointing of despair, strange and repetitive aspects.

This work in two parts – entitled Symbolic Function and Meaning: An Investigation of the Species-Specific Essence of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy – could be characterized as an interpretation of the above-mentioned therapy and the meaning of its particular experience. In the first part, besides a licentiate thesis, four topics are examined: the therapeutic framework, the transference – especially in neurotic form – and its interpretation, psychotherapy with borderline patients, and therapy with psychotics. This has been done by combining studies of literature with analyses of the transference meaning of a number of illuminative clinical examples or vignettes – anecdotes, i.e. narratives with a significant point – the main part of which are the outcome of the author’s own activity in the form of participant observation as a psychotherapist. The general conclusion is that promoting the symbolic function is the essential ingredient in the psychoanalytic form of therapy – its very rationality – and how it effectuates its unique therapeutic potentiality; a characterization which, despite obvious differences in the adequacy of symbolic functioning, is valid irrespective of whether the patient is diagnosed as neurotic, borderline or psychotic. In the second part – essentially of a theoretical nature in contrast to the preceding one – the study is influenced by philosophical hermeneutics, and in this process assimilates its particular conceptuality. The continued analysis of the research object shows that it is misleading, in view of its ontology, to conceptualize it in medical terms as treatment. Aimed at promoting the symbolic function by the transference being interpreted, psychoanalytic psychotherapy instead operates in an ethical dimension and is rather what Aristotle terms a praxis, on the one hand; on the other hand, it is moreover implicitly human science action research into intersubjective appropriation of meaning. In this latter respect, the investigation highlights the fact that the very special interview method in the form of free associations, with their reflexivity, gives the psychoanalytic form of psychotherapy the potential to be not only a qualitative research method but also simultaneously metaresearch. The analyses of the transference meaning of clinical anecdotes in the first part have thereby been able to be methodologically clarified retroactively as psychoanalytic metaresearch.

La présente étude vise à décrire les représentations sociales que des jeunes francophones en santé au Nouveau-Brunswick ont à l’égard du diabète. Cette étude découle d’un partenariat, initié entre l’Université de Moncton et divers organismes et collèges communautaires du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui ont identifié l’importance d’intervenir auprès des jeunes francophones en milieu scolaire pour prévenir le diabète. La théorie des représentations sociales est le cadre théorique utilisé pour décrire la vision que les jeunes ont du diabète, de son origine et des facteurs associés à sa prévention. À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à examiner le concept du diabète chez des adolescents non atteints de diabète. Hypothèse principale: étant donné que l’expérience que les adolescents ont du diabète est limitée à leur environnement social et qu’ils ont de la difficulté à définir les concepts de santé et de maladie, ils ne seront pas capables de décrire le diabète en profondeur. Pour ce faire, des groupes de discussion, incluant une technique d’association libre, ont été réalisés, entre novembre et décembre 2005, auprès d’adolescents de 5e, 8e et 10e année recrutés dans quatre écoles francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick (Districts 1 et 11). Les réponses des élèves aux groupes de discussion et à l’association libre ont été classées dans des catégories et sous-catégories (analyse de contenu), et des tests de Khi-deux et de «Fisher» ont permis de déterminer les différences entre les sexes et les niveaux scolaires. Cent-trente adolescents (70 filles et 60 garçons) de 5e (n=44), 8e (n=46) et 10e année (n=40) ont participé à 19 groupes de discussion. Lors de l’activité d’association libre, les catégories les plus fréquemment mentionnées étaient : sucre (cité par 66% des participants), traitement (48%), nature du diabète (45%), nutrition (41%), sang (38%), complications (18%), manifestations physiologiques (11%), obésité (6%) et activité physique (6%). Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les sexes mais les élèves de 10e année ont cité plus fréquemment les catégories «traitement», «sang» et «obésité». Lors des groupes de discussion, les adolescents ont décrit le diabète comme une maladie (13/19 groupes) reliée au sucre (15/19 groupes) et au sang (13/19 groupes). Cependant, seulement quelques groupes ont discuté en profondeur de la nature du diabète (ex.: rôle de l’insuline et pancréas), des types de diabète (types 1 et 2) et des symptômes et des complications. Ils ont aussi cité ce que les gens atteints de diabète devaient faire pour traiter leur diabète (ex.: manger bien: 18 groupes; se piquer: 17 groupes; prendre des pilules: 5 groupes; et faire de l’activité physique: 5 groupes), mais ils n’ont pas discuté des stratégies à entreprendre pour y arriver. Les représentations de l’origine du diabète incluaient l’hérédité et l’âge (13/19 groupes), l’obésité et l’alimentation (12/19 groupes) et l’activité physique (13/19 groupes). Dans la moitié des groupes, les adolescents ont mentionné se sentir à risque de diabète; les filles plus que les garçons. Treize groupes ont fait référence aux comportements observés chez des diabétiques connus, ce qui démontre l’importance de l’environnement social sur les représentations. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’hypothèse que les adolescents sont limités dans leur description du diabète en matière de définitions, origines et prévention du diabète. Ces résultats fournissent des pistes de réflexion aux professionnels de la santé pour identifier le contenu et les stratégies que devraient contenir les programmes éducatifs en matière de prévention du diabète chez les jeunes. / The purpose of this study is to describe healthy francophone adolescents’ social representations of diabetes. This study stems from a partnership, initiated between the University of Moncton and various college and community organizations in New Brunswick, which identified the importance of intervening among young francophone students to prevent diabetes. The theory of social representations is the conceptual framework used to describe adolescents’ vision about diabetes, its origin and factors associated with its prevention. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the concept of diabetes among adolescents without diabetes. Principal hypothesis: given that the experience adolescents have with diabetes is limited to their social environment and given that they have difficulty in defining the concepts of health and disease, they will not be able to describe diabetes in an in depth fashion. Focus groups, which included an activity using the Free Association technique, were conducted, between November and December 2005, with adolescents in grade 5, 8 and 10, recruited in four francophone schools in New Brunswick (Districts 1 and 11). Students’ responses, obtained during the focus groups and the Free Association activity, were classified into categories and sub-categories (content analysis); Chi-square and Fisher Exact tests were used to determine differences between sex and grade levels. One hundred and thirty adolescents (70 girls and 60 boys) in grade 5 (n=44), 8 (n=46) and 10 (n=40) participated in 19 focus group discussions. During the Free Association activity, the categories most frequently mentioned were: sugar (cited by 66% of participants), treatment (48%), nature of diabetes (45%), nutrition (41%), blood (38%), complications (18%), physiological manifestations (11%), obesity (6%), and physical activity (6%). No significant differences were observed between boys and girls but students in grade 10 were more likely to cite the categories of ‘treatment’, ‘blood’ and ‘obesity’. During the focus group discussions, adolescents described diabetes as a disease (13/19 groups) related to sugar (15/19 groups) and blood (13/19 groups). However, only a few groups discussed, in detail, the nature of diabetes (e.g.: role of insulin and pancreas), the types of diabetes (type 1 and 2), and the symptoms and complications of diabetes. They also cited what individuals with diabetes should do to treat their disease (e.g.: eat well: 18 groups; have injections: 17 groups; take pills: 5 groups; and be physically active: 5 groups), but they did not discuss the strategies to manage these behaviours. Representations of diabetes related to the origin of the disease included heredity and age (13/19 groups), obesity and nutrition (12/19 groups) and physical activity (13/19 groups). In half of the groups, adolescents mentioned feeling at risk for diabetes; girls more likely than boys. Thirteen groups referred to behaviours which they had observed among diabetics they knew, demonstrating the importance of the social environment in their representations. The results of this study support the hypothesis that adolescents are limited in their description of diabetes with respect to its definition, origins and prevention. These results provide direction for health professionals in identifying the content and strategies that should be included in diabetes prevention programs for youth.

The U.S. Marshallese population is one of the fastest growing Pacific Islander populations in the United States. The purpose of this study was to identify how U.S. Marshallese students could be empowered and engaged in their learning through clearly identified indicators that educators could apply within their classrooms and schools. The indicators have been established on a historical, cultural, and linked perceptions of student learning as identified by U.S. Marshallese students and teachers. Pacific Islanders consisted of a variety of populations with varying cultures and ethnic diversity. This study has been conducted using a postpositivism worldview, Marshallese migration is not a limited phenomenon of displacement, but a migratory change that must be embraced by communities and educators. Educators must understand how to empower and engage U.S. Marshallese students in their learning. This study was designed utilizing an interpretative descriptive naturalistic ethnography qualitative research design with middle school students and teachers to gather qualitative data from U.S. Marshallese students that will lead to a contextual understanding of empowering and engaging U.S. Marshallese students in their learning. The findings of this qualitative research study can be applied by educators to empower and engage U.S. Marshallese students in their learning on a daily basis in schools and classrooms. Culture understanding, positive relationship building, and the design of culturally connected intrinsically student motivated learning activities is the foundation and critical component of empowering and engaging U.S. Marshallese students in school and classrooms for improved student learning.

No description available.