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The protective design industry has to adapt to new threats and challenges facing the industry constantly. As a result, invested stakeholders within the industry must take a critical look at the current state of the practice. By assessing the current protective design industry, one can identify both challenges and opportunities within it and provide insight into how to improve the industry. This study aims to understand the current state of the protective design industry through an analysis of protective design literature and interviews with protective designers. Both academic literature (conference papers and journal articles) and design guidelines showcase the current trends and challenges within the industry. While understanding the protective designer's perception of their role help explain how protective designers engage within the design process with other design stakeholders. Together, both the literature and the people will dictate the current state of the protective design industry. Lastly, this study has developed a database for protective design guidelines that both protective designers and other design stakeholders can utilize to search for a comprehensive database. / M.S. / The 2001 September 11th attacks fundamentally changed the protective design industry. Not only did it take the lives of thousands of Americans, but it showcased a flaw in our national security. Designers and engineers had to rethink their perspectives on security and proceed to integrate more protective measures in both the private and commercial sectors of design. Now, nearly two decades later, there hasn't been a deadly attack to the scale of 9/11, but new threats are facing the protective design industry. Newer and more recurring threats such as mass shootings within the United States and vehicle attacks have become a significant threat. Because of these new threats facing the industry, it is appropriate to take a critical look at the challenges and trends in the protective design industry that need improvement. This study aims to understand the current state of the practice in the protective design industry by reviewing both the protective design literature and interviewing protective designers.

The UK Government has set the target of reducing CO2 emissions by 60% by 2050. Energy used by buildings is presently responsible for around half of C02 emissions in the UK. There are many established methods for reducing such emissions from building operation but these opportunities are not being seized to their full potential. One of these methods is the use of Alternative Energy Technologies (AETs) integrated into the built environment. Engineering consultants have a key role in the design of buildings, their energy consumption and the consideration of AETs. The objectives of this thesis are to explore the process of delivery of AETs in building projects, the key factors that influence the viability of these technologies and the capability of engineering consultants to increase their rate of uptake. While there are many published lists of incentives and restrictions to using these technologies, there are few reports of their impact in practical contexts. Project involvement provided evidence of significant variations in the drivers and barriers to using AETs, the design team perceptions and the approaches used for assessments. These insights were investigated in detail through participative research techniques. Initial focus groups led to the development of a structured interview programme administered in 2 phases. The first phase of interviews investigated the experiences of 41 participants representing a range of building project stakeholders. The second phase of interviews looks more closely at 24 relevant projects from the perspective of the engineering consultant, investigating the decision-making approaches used and the influence of factors throughout the design process in more detail. As a result a hierarchy of the importance of specific drivers and barriers to using AETs in building projects was established. It was found that there is a large amount of variation in their importance between projects. Despite this variation the emphasis for assessment methods is on financial terms, largely ignoring more qualitative concerns. This lack of suitable assessment methodologies along with a lack of education, motivation and case study information in the building industry are restricting the use of AETs in UK building projects. It is proposed that to address this, engineering consultants need to be better informed and need to develop and embrace more holistic technology assessment methods that account for qualitative and quantitative considerations.

O design vem ganhando importância no meio empresarial e acadêmico ao longo dos anos, porém a gestão de design ainda é um tópico pouco explorado no Brasil. Nesse sentido, essa dissertação trata da inserção do design no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) em empresas da indústria calçadista da região do Vale do Paranhana, no Rio Grande do Sul. O principal objetivo do estudo foi analisar a atuação e influência de equipes de design, interna e externa, no PDP dessas empresas. Além disso, buscou-se analisar a existência e forma de emprego da gestão de design, com o intuito de desenvolver o tópico e a pesquisa acadêmica na área no País. Para isso, um estudo de caso analisando uma empresa que possuía as duas equipes foi desenvolvido comparando o PDP, a atuação das equipes, os papéis do gestor de projeto e gestor de design, o nível de inserção do design e, finalmente, a utilização da gestão de design. Os resultados indicam diferenças nas formas de atuação de cada equipe, a inserção do esign no nível tático em uma das empresas e estratégico na outra, bem como na forma m que essas em de presas utilizam a gestão de design. / Design has been gaining importance in the business and academic world in the past few years, yet, the design management is still an underexplored topic in Brazil. In that sense, this dissertation deals with the integration of design in product development process (PDP) in footwear industries of Vale do Paranhana in Rio Grande do Sul. The main objective of this study was to analyze the role and influence of internal and external design teams, in the PDP of footwear industries. Besides that, it was intended to analyze the existence and the application of design management in order to develop the topic and the academic research in this area in the country. To do so, a case study analyzing a company that had both types of teams was developed by comparing the PDP, the teamwork, the roles of the project manager and the design manager, the level of integration of design and, finally, the use of design management. Results indicate differences in the performance of each team, the integration of design at the tactical level in one company and strategic level in the other one and how these companies use their design management abilities.

O design vem ganhando importância no meio empresarial e acadêmico ao longo dos anos, porém a gestão de design ainda é um tópico pouco explorado no Brasil. Nesse sentido, essa dissertação trata da inserção do design no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) em empresas da indústria calçadista da região do Vale do Paranhana, no Rio Grande do Sul. O principal objetivo do estudo foi analisar a atuação e influência de equipes de design, interna e externa, no PDP dessas empresas. Além disso, buscou-se analisar a existência e forma de emprego da gestão de design, com o intuito de desenvolver o tópico e a pesquisa acadêmica na área no País. Para isso, um estudo de caso analisando uma empresa que possuía as duas equipes foi desenvolvido comparando o PDP, a atuação das equipes, os papéis do gestor de projeto e gestor de design, o nível de inserção do design e, finalmente, a utilização da gestão de design. Os resultados indicam diferenças nas formas de atuação de cada equipe, a inserção do esign no nível tático em uma das empresas e estratégico na outra, bem como na forma m que essas em de presas utilizam a gestão de design. / Design has been gaining importance in the business and academic world in the past few years, yet, the design management is still an underexplored topic in Brazil. In that sense, this dissertation deals with the integration of design in product development process (PDP) in footwear industries of Vale do Paranhana in Rio Grande do Sul. The main objective of this study was to analyze the role and influence of internal and external design teams, in the PDP of footwear industries. Besides that, it was intended to analyze the existence and the application of design management in order to develop the topic and the academic research in this area in the country. To do so, a case study analyzing a company that had both types of teams was developed by comparing the PDP, the teamwork, the roles of the project manager and the design manager, the level of integration of design and, finally, the use of design management. Results indicate differences in the performance of each team, the integration of design at the tactical level in one company and strategic level in the other one and how these companies use their design management abilities.

O design vem ganhando importância no meio empresarial e acadêmico ao longo dos anos, porém a gestão de design ainda é um tópico pouco explorado no Brasil. Nesse sentido, essa dissertação trata da inserção do design no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) em empresas da indústria calçadista da região do Vale do Paranhana, no Rio Grande do Sul. O principal objetivo do estudo foi analisar a atuação e influência de equipes de design, interna e externa, no PDP dessas empresas. Além disso, buscou-se analisar a existência e forma de emprego da gestão de design, com o intuito de desenvolver o tópico e a pesquisa acadêmica na área no País. Para isso, um estudo de caso analisando uma empresa que possuía as duas equipes foi desenvolvido comparando o PDP, a atuação das equipes, os papéis do gestor de projeto e gestor de design, o nível de inserção do design e, finalmente, a utilização da gestão de design. Os resultados indicam diferenças nas formas de atuação de cada equipe, a inserção do esign no nível tático em uma das empresas e estratégico na outra, bem como na forma m que essas em de presas utilizam a gestão de design. / Design has been gaining importance in the business and academic world in the past few years, yet, the design management is still an underexplored topic in Brazil. In that sense, this dissertation deals with the integration of design in product development process (PDP) in footwear industries of Vale do Paranhana in Rio Grande do Sul. The main objective of this study was to analyze the role and influence of internal and external design teams, in the PDP of footwear industries. Besides that, it was intended to analyze the existence and the application of design management in order to develop the topic and the academic research in this area in the country. To do so, a case study analyzing a company that had both types of teams was developed by comparing the PDP, the teamwork, the roles of the project manager and the design manager, the level of integration of design and, finally, the use of design management. Results indicate differences in the performance of each team, the integration of design at the tactical level in one company and strategic level in the other one and how these companies use their design management abilities.

Les évolutions des enjeux environnementaux et de la réglementation Européenne impliquent que la conception des produits automobiles s’appuie sur des évaluations environnementales des solutions de natures « systémiques ». L’ACV est la seule approche véritablement reconnue pour mesurer la performance environnementale des systèmes, en identifiant les étapes et les activités les plus polluantes sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie. Les résultats d’ACV permettent donc de prendre des mesures ou d’établir des stratégies de réduction des impacts environnementaux dès la phase de conception, en fournissant un retour d’expérience sur les solutions techniques évaluées. Pour ce faire, l’ACV doit être réellement intégrée et exploitée en temps réel dans le processus de conception. Cette condition est le seul moyen de « garantir » une « réelle et efficace » prise en compte de la performance environnementale des nouveaux produits dans les prises de décisions de conception. En effet, puisque une part importante de ces décisions revient aux concepteurs, l’implication de ces derniers dans l’évaluation environnementale est incontournable pour disposer d’un maximum d’espace d’éco-conception innovante. L’ACV dans sa forme normalisée et commercialisée s’avère cependant trop complexe pour être directement intégrée dans le processus de conception. Les difficultés majeures se posent sur l’appropriation même de l’outil par les concepteurs et sur son intégration dans le processus de conception. Nous avons développé et expérimenté durant cette thèse, au sein de l’équipementier Faurecia, une nouvelle méthodologie permettant d’opérationnaliser l’ACV en conception. Elle repose sur trois principes. Le premier principe porte sur une standardisation des hypothèses et du périmètre de la modélisation ACV pour un système produit dans une même entreprise. Le second principe consiste en une restitution du profil environnemental d’un produit sans passer par la modélisation ACV, grâce à une approche fictive par des «fonctions d’impacts». Le troisième principe vise à la simplification de l’interprétation des résultats d’ACV par les concepteurs, en réduisant le nombre de critères à prendre en compte et en facilitant leur compréhension grâce à la création d’un référentiel par familles de produits. / Developments in environmental issues and European regulations require that the design of automotive products is based on a "global and systemic environmental assessments” of technical solutions. LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) is the only truly recognized approach for measuring the environmental performance of systems, by identifying the critical steps and the most polluting activities throughout their life cycle. The LCA results enable then taking action or developing strategies to reduce environmental impacts from the design phase, providing feedback on the evaluated technical solutions. To do this, LCA must be truly integrated and operated in “real time” in the design process. This condition is the only way to "guarantee" a "real and effective" consideration of the environmental performance of new products in design decisions. Since a significant part of these decisions belong to the design team, their involvement in the environmental assessment is essential to have a maximum space for eco-innovative design. LCA in its standard and marketable form is too complex to be directly integrated into the design process. Several difficulties arise regarding mainly the tool appropriation by the design team and its integration into the design process. We have developed and tested during this thesis, with the automotive supplier Faurecia a new methodology to operationalize the LCA in the design phase. It stands on three principles. The first principle deals with standardization of assumptions and the scope of the LCA modeling for a product in the same company. The second principle is returning the environmental profile of a product without going through the LCA modeling, through a fictional approach by "functions of impact". The third principle is to simplify the interpretation of LCA results by the design team, by reducing the number of criteria to consider and facilitate their understanding by creating an environmental system of reference per range of product.

Samhällsbyggnadssektorn står inför många utmaningar. Inte minst har fokus legat på att reduceratid och öka kvalitet i byggprojekt. Dessutom sker en utveckling inom digitalisering. Nya digitalaverktyg och tekniker kräver nya arbetssätt och utmanar nu den bransch som länge ansetts varabåde konservativ och karaktäriserad av låg produktivitet.Ett byggprojekt involverar aktörer av flera slag där beställare, projektledare, projekteringsledareoch produktionsledare är några av de mest självklara rollerna. För att möta utvecklingen krävs detförändringar i arbetssätt och förhållningssätt för dessa positioner. I detta examensarbete studerasförmågor som en projekteringsledare bör besitta för att kunna leda projekteringsgruppen somockså står inför nya digitala arbetssätt. Projekteringsprocessen studeras som processen där inputförvandlas till output under ett konstant flöde av informationsutbyte som slutligen resulterar i envärdeskapande produkt för beställaren. Dessa tre koncept har ledarskapet inomprojekteringsledning sina rötter inom.Examensarbetet utförs som en kvalitativ studie där syftet är att undersöka projekteringsledaresförmågor att leda projekteringsgruppen samt hur rollen och ledarskapet påverkas avdigitaliseringen med BIM och VDC. I studien studeras projekteringsledares roll utifrån att leda,samordna och hantera människor och information. BIM studeras som samlad och delad digitalinformation i en virtuell modell som kan användas som ett arbetssätt. VDC studeras som enstrategi för att integrera virtuella modeller och ett arbetssätt inom projekteringsprocessen för atteffektivisera och underlätta samtliga aktörers arbetsuppgifter genom att använda BIM och följaICE.Utifrån studiens resultat kan sägas att det generellt finns sex olika områden med förmågor som enprojekteringsledare bör besitta för att leda projekteringsgruppen; 1) erfarenhet inom projekteringeller produktion, 2) ledarskapsförmåga, social kompetens och engagerad, 3) beslutsförmåga, 4)generalist, 5) organiserad, tydlig och insatt samt 6) lyhörd. Examensarbetet visar att samarbete är en väldigt viktigt del för en lyckad projekteringsprocess. Vidare, påvisas att det efterfrågas forumdär projektörer kan projektera tillsammans. Därför bör projekteringsledare samlaprojekteringsgruppen i större utsträckning för en lyckad projekteringsprocess. Examensarbetetpåvisar att projekteringsledare ställs inför utmaningar att planera och styra projekteringsprocessenutifrån BIM och VDC. De möter förändringar av roller och ansvarsfördelning samt svårigheter attstyra ICE-möten. Projekteringsledare bör vara ”vakna på nya professioner” och hålla kvarprojekteringsgruppen mot slutmålet istället för den digitala modellen. / The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is facing many challenges. Notleast, the focus has been on reducing time and increasing the quality of construction projects. Inaddition, there is a development within digitizing. New digital tools and building techniquesrequire new working methods and now challenge the industry that has long been considered bothconservative and characterized by low productivity.A construction project involves actors of several kinds, where clients, project managers, designmanagers and production managers are some of the most obvious roles. To meet new challenges,changes in working methods and attitudes for these positions are required. In this thesis, an indepthstudy takes place within the role of the design managers’ abilities in order to be able to leadthe design team, which also faces new digital working methods. The design process is studied asthe process where input is transformed into output during a constant flow of informationexchange, which ultimately results in a value-creating product for the client. These three conceptsare the roots within the leadership of the design management.This thesis is carried out as a qualitative study, the purpose of which is to investigate the designmanagers’ abilities to lead the design team and how the role and leadership are affected by thedigitizing with BIM and VDC. The study studies the role of design managers when it comes toleading, coordinating and managing people and information. BIM is studied as collected andshared digital information in a virtual model that can be used as a working method. VDC is beingstudied as a strategy for integrating virtual models and a working method within the designprocess which implicates facilitating and making all actors’ tasks more efficient by using BIMand following ICE.Based on the results of the study, it can be said that there are generally six different areas withabilities that a design manager should possess in order to lead the design team; 1) experience indesign or production, 2) leadership skills, social skills and engagement, 3) decision-making skills,4)generalist, 5) organized, clear and well-grounded and 6) responsive. The thesis shows thatcollaboration and interactivity are very important parts for a successful design process.  Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a forum is requested where the design team can designtogether. Therefore, design managers should gather the design team to a greater extent for asuccessful design process. This thesis demonstrates that design managers are faced withchallenges to plan and manage the design process from BIM and VDC. They experience changesin roles and responsibilities and difficulties in controlling ICE meetings. Design managers need tobe “awake of new professions” and keep the design team towards the final goal instead of thedigital model.

We have investigated the feasibility of using digital tabletop displays during design team meetings to improve access to design information. To achieve this goal, we have applied various design guidelines for tabletop interface design and requirements for digital meeting scenarios in order to implement design ideas (in a prototype named Mozaic) that specifically cater to design team meetings. Mozaic intends to improve information retrieval and browsing activities during meetings thereby improving information access through a tile based layout, pop-up menu control and filtered list. We have evaluated the features of Mozaic through an exploratory study on a tabletop display (in comparison to a commonly used desktop software tool, which was also used on the tabletop) to evaluate various design ideas and ferret out design ideas for future iterations of Mozaic. We present the result of this study as observations and user feedback and discuss them in the light of interface development for design meeting situations.

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