This thesis assesses and explains the effectiveness of the legal regime for government transparency in China, with a focus on the legislative and judicial protection of citizens’ right of access to information (ATI), through a combination of normative doctrinal analysis and empirical investigation. In 2007, China promulgated the Regulation on Open Government Information (ROGI),which implicitly created a general and legally enforceable ATI right, thereby establishing a regime akin to the freedom of information (FOI) regimes that prevail in many countries worldwide. However, this nascent regime appears to have had mixed, and rather confusing, effects. Existent assessments of the regime’s effectiveness have concentrated either on the ROGI text or on data concerning bureaucratic performance and the extra-legal factors affecting that performance, but have failed to consider sufficiently the perplexities and peculiarities of the Chinese legal system that bear heavily on the ROGI’s operation. This thesis constitutes an attempt to make both substantive and methodological contributions to research in this field. The thesis is organized into three main areas. First, it analyses the relation between the ruling Communist Party’s policies and the making of local and national transparency legislation. It finds that the legislative endorsement of an ATI right resulted from several of the Party’s reform goals, which include not only the facilitation of economic prosperity and social progress but also the fostering of government accountability and public participation. These goals, although with respective limitations, overlap with the values underlying FOI law. Second, it examines the labyrinth of Chinese laws, regulations and other legal norms that regulate the disclosure of government information, particularly the ROGI and Law on Guarding State Secrets, and evaluates them against international best practice standards on FOI law. It finds that the overall legislative framework lags behind international standards, largely because it fails to stipulate a presumption of disclosure and contains multi-layered restrictions on access, thereby leaving administrative organs with an enormous degree of discretion. Third, it reviews 169 judicial decisions collected through methods specially designed to ensure their representativeness. It distils the major trends in the interpretations made and rules set by the courts and finds that, by placing restrictions on access to court, imposing a need test, failing to scrutinize state secret claims, deferring to administrative discretion in applying exemptions and avoiding injunctive relief, the courts have further reduced the normative scope of the ATI right. It argues that this inadequate judicial protection is caused not by limitations on judicial power with respect to that right, but primarily by the abandonment of duty on the part of most courts, which have either misapplied the law or deviated from the guiding cases and legal doctrine that maintain the coherence of laws and judicial autonomy. Owing to the combined effect of a weak legislative framework and largely impotent judicial protection, the ATI right has been virtually deprived of its function to enable the citizenry to monitor and check the government. It has also failed to fulfil its potential in protecting citizens’ personal and property rights. In this regard, China’s ATI right falls far short of a genuine right to freedom of information. These findings provide a necessary basis for a more accurate assessment of China’s open government information regime and a more perceptive comparison of this peculiarly Chinese regime with the FOI regimes of other countries. They also shed new light on the operation of judicial review in China. Furthermore, they indicate the barriers that must be overcome in future reforms to achieve a genuine FOI environment and highlight the interconnectedness of any such reform measures. / published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Este trabalho analisa a criação da Lei de Acesso à Informação Pública no Brasil, sob a lente da literatura de formação da agenda da área de políticas públicas. Com isso, buscou-se identificar quem foram os atores na arena política decisória e quais eram seus interesses na pauta do direito à informação. A partir das investigações realizadas por meio de documentos públicos e entrevistas, constatou-se uma particularidade interessante do caso brasileiro: o envolvimento ativo de um corpo burocrático, formado por funcionários do alto escalão da Controladoria Geral da União, que liderou esta agenda pelo Executivo. A tese colocada neste trabalho é a de que uma das motivações da CGU em propor esta agenda foi garantir a abertura de documentos públicos, a fim de obter acesso a documentos e informações fundamentais para o controle interno desempenhado pelo órgão. Nesta lógica, a Lei de Acesso à Informação, de certa forma, contribui para a burocracia controlar a própria burocracia. Este trabalho tem um recorte temporal bastante delimitado: o estudo parte de 2003, data da primeira proposição de projeto de lei para regulamentando o acesso à informação, pela Câmara dos Deputados, até a sanção do projeto de lei elaborado pelo Executivo, em 2011. Ao longo destes nove anos, houve disputas em torno do que seria o direito à informação pública, a quem serviriam tais informações e quem conduziria esta pauta na agenda governamental. Como veremos, o Executivo foi o ator com mais recursos e poder de influência no campo decisório / This Dissertation sought to analyse the passage of the Freedom of Information Law in Brazil, known as Access to Public Information Law, through the lens of agenda-setting literature in public policy. The aim of this study is to identify the players at the political arena and their role in designing and negotiating a bill that guarantees access to public information and to their interest in advocating for the right to information and for the public transparency. From the investigations carried out by analysing public documents and interviews, it was found an interesting feature of the Brazilian case: the active involvement of a bureaucratic body composed of senior officials of the Federal Comptroller General (CGU), who led this agenda by the Executive. The thesis of this research is that one of the main motivation of the CGU in this agenda was to ensure the opening of public documents in order to gain access to documents and to key information about the transfer of federal government resources and funds to states and municipalities for internal control purposes. The Brazilian Access to Public Information Law, somehow, allows the state bureaucracy to control bureaucracy itself. This work comprises a delimited period: it starts in 2003, when the first proposal of a bill to regulate access to information was presented at the Chamber of Deputies, by a member of the Parliament, until the sanction of the bill that was made by the Executive, in 2011. During these nine years, there were disputes over what should be the right to public information, to whom such information would be useful and for what purpose and who would lead this agenda. As we shall see, the Executive, represented by CGU was the actor with more resources and power to bargain in favour of this agenda at the decision-making arena

Este trabalho analisa a criação da Lei de Acesso à Informação Pública no Brasil, sob a lente da literatura de formação da agenda da área de políticas públicas. Com isso, buscou-se identificar quem foram os atores na arena política decisória e quais eram seus interesses na pauta do direito à informação. A partir das investigações realizadas por meio de documentos públicos e entrevistas, constatou-se uma particularidade interessante do caso brasileiro: o envolvimento ativo de um corpo burocrático, formado por funcionários do alto escalão da Controladoria Geral da União, que liderou esta agenda pelo Executivo. A tese colocada neste trabalho é a de que uma das motivações da CGU em propor esta agenda foi garantir a abertura de documentos públicos, a fim de obter acesso a documentos e informações fundamentais para o controle interno desempenhado pelo órgão. Nesta lógica, a Lei de Acesso à Informação, de certa forma, contribui para a burocracia controlar a própria burocracia. Este trabalho tem um recorte temporal bastante delimitado: o estudo parte de 2003, data da primeira proposição de projeto de lei para regulamentando o acesso à informação, pela Câmara dos Deputados, até a sanção do projeto de lei elaborado pelo Executivo, em 2011. Ao longo destes nove anos, houve disputas em torno do que seria o direito à informação pública, a quem serviriam tais informações e quem conduziria esta pauta na agenda governamental. Como veremos, o Executivo foi o ator com mais recursos e poder de influência no campo decisório / This Dissertation sought to analyse the passage of the Freedom of Information Law in Brazil, known as Access to Public Information Law, through the lens of agenda-setting literature in public policy. The aim of this study is to identify the players at the political arena and their role in designing and negotiating a bill that guarantees access to public information and to their interest in advocating for the right to information and for the public transparency. From the investigations carried out by analysing public documents and interviews, it was found an interesting feature of the Brazilian case: the active involvement of a bureaucratic body composed of senior officials of the Federal Comptroller General (CGU), who led this agenda by the Executive. The thesis of this research is that one of the main motivation of the CGU in this agenda was to ensure the opening of public documents in order to gain access to documents and to key information about the transfer of federal government resources and funds to states and municipalities for internal control purposes. The Brazilian Access to Public Information Law, somehow, allows the state bureaucracy to control bureaucracy itself. This work comprises a delimited period: it starts in 2003, when the first proposal of a bill to regulate access to information was presented at the Chamber of Deputies, by a member of the Parliament, until the sanction of the bill that was made by the Executive, in 2011. During these nine years, there were disputes over what should be the right to public information, to whom such information would be useful and for what purpose and who would lead this agenda. As we shall see, the Executive, represented by CGU was the actor with more resources and power to bargain in favour of this agenda at the decision-making arena

Submitted by Rodrigo Mendes (rbmendes@gmail.com) on 2014-05-14T13:38:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Mendes-Dissertação-versão final.pdf: 1102357 bytes, checksum: b709e9aac5cbb93070fad894889bb105 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-05-15T17:09:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Mendes-Dissertação-versão final.pdf: 1102357 bytes, checksum: b709e9aac5cbb93070fad894889bb105 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-05-26T19:29:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Mendes-Dissertação-versão final.pdf: 1102357 bytes, checksum: b709e9aac5cbb93070fad894889bb105 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-26T19:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Mendes-Dissertação-versão final.pdf: 1102357 bytes, checksum: b709e9aac5cbb93070fad894889bb105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-28 / The approval of Brazil’s freedom of information law (12.527) in 2011 affirms transparency as a rule and secrecy as the exception for all levels of the Brazilian public administration. Subsequent to the law taking effect, the public administration had 180 days to implement the law, until May 2012. Since that time, the challenge has been to transform this instrument into a means of sustaining a more open and responsive government. In this sense, the law has had important repercussions on the public administration, giving rise to new procedures and institutional designs to address the law’s scope and ambition. This work is an explorative analysis of the law’s implications during its first year and a half of operation for Brazil’s regulatory agencies in general and the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) in particular. / A publicação da Lei 12.527 em 2011, a Lei de Acesso à Informação, cuja vigência se deu a partir de maio de 2012, uma vez que o texto previa 180 dias para implementação, veio ratificar a instituição da transparência como regra e do sigilo como exceção para todos os níveis e esferas da administração pública brasileira. A entrada em vigor da lei colocou o desafio de transformá-la em instrumento efetivo de apoio a um governo mais aberto e responsivo. Assim, a Lei teve repercussões importantes nas repartições públicas, quanto a novos procedimentos e desenhos institucionais para dar conta de sua amplitude e ambição. Este trabalho realiza uma análise explorativa desses desdobramentos para o primeiro ano e meio de aplicação, tanto do ponto de vista quantitativo quanto qualitativo, para a práxis cotidiana nas Agências Reguladoras Federais e na Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, em particular.

Open government relies heavily on reliable records to uphold service delivery and access to information. Without proper records management of business transactions and activities of an organization, the primary objective of openness becomes obscured and difficult to achieve. Within the digital space and environment, establishing good record- keeping procedures is challenging to both paper and e-records, because of a scarcity of clarity in the processes and measures in place, as well as as a result of lack of suitable ICT infrastructure plus skilled human resources to help facilitate good e-records management. The aim of this research was to provide a structure for the integration of records into open government initiatives in Botswana with the aim of assisting access to information and service delivery, and a subsequent transparent, accountable and open government. This is a mixed research study framed within the interpretivism epistemological inquiry model, and used Open Government Implementation Model and Action research being a theoretical lense in this study. Document analysis was used to gather information, complemented by interviews and questionnaires with participants and respondents alike purposively selected from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD). According to the findings, the legislative as well as regulatory frameworks in order to manage both paper and e-records were available in Botswana although inadequate. Similarly, the research showed that legislation that gives the citizens access to information and subsequently make compulsory for organizations to avail information upon request is absent. Furthermore, it was established through the study findings that information management practitioners are particularly are ill equipped and inexperienced to manage paper and electronic records. Due to the inavailability of ICT infrastructure to help facilitate both paper and e-records management was noted. In addition, open government initiatives were identified as producing e- records, but there were no defined protocols to help aid in their management. Therefore, this weakness can be addressed by integrating records management into open government initiatives, and be able to utilize suitably identified Enterprise Content Management (ECM) or Electronic Document and Records Management System (EDRMS). Currently, open government remains ensured through the reliance of only open government initiatives, without leveraging on good records management. This project study suggests a structure to integrate records management into open government initiatives anchored on legislation and regulatory frameworks with the confidence that its employment would support better information and service accessibility by the citizens. Finally, because of poor records management and a lack of legislation that encourage access to information, there will be continued reliance on the discretion of records professionals by the citizens to have information access. Similarly, without proper records management procedures, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) will remain underutilized. Thus, it is a recommendation that MLGRD should develop proper records management procedures to guide and improve on the management of records. A further study to establish the level of e-readiness of the Botswana government to fully automate and guarantee the success of open government is recommended. / Information Science / D. Litt et Phil (Information Science)

Submitted by Hector Rodrigo Ribeiro Paes Ferraz (hferraz@gmail.com) on 2017-05-28T21:08:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 transparencia_em_websites_-_v._final_Hector _Ferraz_2.docx: 264144 bytes, checksum: 767061ac59ca18d36384fcc1cd43abd8 (MD5) quadro informações resolução anticorrupcao e estatais 13.xlsx: 134947 bytes, checksum: f4f67c1c1ade0e15dcc3d7c457be8edd (MD5) / Rejected by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br), reason: Prezado aluno, Sua submissão está sendo novamente rejeitada, porque o Título tem que ser igual a Ata e a Folha de Assinatura "TRANSPARÊNCIA DAS SOCIEDADES DE ECONOMIA MISTA LISTADAS EM BOLSA: UMA PERSPECTIVA A PARTIR DOS WEBSITES" . Favor refazer os acertos do título e submeter novamente em um único PDF. Favor fazer as substituições da capa e contracapa do impresso entregue na SRA. Att., ÁUREA SRA on 2017-06-21T16:50:55Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hector Rodrigo Ribeiro Paes Ferraz (hferraz@gmail.com) on 2017-06-25T15:57:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 transparencia_em_websites_-_v._final_Hector _Ferraz_2.docx: 264144 bytes, checksum: 767061ac59ca18d36384fcc1cd43abd8 (MD5) quadro informações resolução anticorrupcao e estatais 13.xlsx: 134947 bytes, checksum: f4f67c1c1ade0e15dcc3d7c457be8edd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-07-06T14:30:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 transparencia_em_websites_-_v._final_Hector _Ferraz_2.docx: 264144 bytes, checksum: 767061ac59ca18d36384fcc1cd43abd8 (MD5) quadro informações resolução anticorrupcao e estatais 13.xlsx: 134947 bytes, checksum: f4f67c1c1ade0e15dcc3d7c457be8edd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T19:13:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 transparencia_em_websites_-_v._final_Hector _Ferraz_2.docx: 264144 bytes, checksum: 767061ac59ca18d36384fcc1cd43abd8 (MD5) quadro informações resolução anticorrupcao e estatais 13.xlsx: 134947 bytes, checksum: f4f67c1c1ade0e15dcc3d7c457be8edd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / The present study examines and evaluates public policies that promote transparency and the disclosure of data on web portals. The focus of the analysis is on state-owned enterprises listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA).These enterprises are evaluated in conformity with obligations imposed upon them by the aforementioned policies, as well as the Court of Auditors, the Ministry of Transparency, the Ministry of Planning, State Legislative Assemblies, and the national Congress. Propositions are then made for improvements in structure and organization of transparency policies, for the benefit of investors and society. / O presente trabalho se propõe a discutir as políticas públicas promovidas pelos órgãos governamentais no tocante à transparência da divulgação de dados em portais de internet. O foco de análise são as sociedades de economia mista federais listadas em bolsa, que serão observadas na perspectiva das diversas normas produzidas em relação ao tema, expedidas pelo Tribunal de Contas da União, Ministério da Transparência (Controladoria-Geral da União), Ministério do Planejamento, Assembleias Legislativas Estaduais e Congresso Nacional. Ainda são feitas avaliações de alguns websites em cotejo com as normas vigentes, bem como proposições de melhorias na concepção de uma política de transparência mais estruturada, em benefício dos investidores e da sociedade.