La col•laboració entre el govern espanyol i el francès contra l’organització armada Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) va començar al gener de 1984 amb l’ús de les deportacions a tercers països. Els refugiats bascos que vivien al País Basc francès i que eren detinguts van començar a ser enviats a llocs americans i africans. Aquesta pràctica va estar vigent entre 1984 i 1990. Però els deportats van continuar vivint als tercers països i hi ha qui encara hi viu. La deportació va ser la mesura que el govern francès va usar abans de decidir-se a extradir cap a Espanya. Va implicar a tercers països que van acollir als bascos a canvi de compensacions econòmiques espanyoles. Aquestes es produïen a través d’Ajudes Oficials al Desenvolupament. Va acabar per convertir-se en una mesura oblidada pel pas del temps. / The collaboration between the French and the Spanish government against the armed organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) began in January 1984 with the use of deportations to third countries. Refugees living in the French Basque Country and who were arrested began to be sent to African and American places. This practice was in force between 1984 and 1990. But the deportees continued living in third countries and now there are someone who are still alive. The deportation was the extent that the French government used before deciding to extradite to Spain. It implied in third countries that they accommodated the Basques in exchange for Spanish economical compensations. These were produced through Official Development Assistance. Eventually become a measure forgotten by time.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Aujourd’hui, tant en France qu’en Chine, les marchés publics sont de plus en plus utilisésdans la perspective stratégique, visant à poursuivre des divers objectifs de politiques publiques.Néanmoins, une telle utilisation stratégique devra inévitablement affronter la logique libérale inhérenteau régime des marchés publics, qui ne se traduit pas seulement par le régime traditionnel libéralisésous la logique de finances publiques, mais aussi par le régime découlant récemment de l’ambition del’ouverture des marchés publics à la concurrence globale. Ainsi, parachever un équilibre entre cesdeux exigences devient un problème crucial, notamment lors de la formulation des normes juridiquesglobales en la matière. Bien que, à cause de la vague de globalisation juridique, une homogénéité peutdéjà être identifiée à la fois dans l’utilisation stratégique et la libéralisation des marchés publics entrela France et la Chine, cette tendance à la convergence n’est pas imposée par des méthodes d’équilibreadoptées dans ces pays. De surcroît, en se basant sur les particularismes nationaux du droit chinois, lesméthodes d’équilibre adoptées en Chine bénéficient d’une légitimité intrinsèque. Il est ainsiimpossible en l’état actuel d’inciter les pouvoirs publics chinois à se détourner en convergeant avec lesméthodes d’équilibre adoptées en France. / In the contemporary era, whether in China or in France, government procurement isincreasingly employed in strategic use in order to pursue numerous policy-based objectives. However,this mode of policy-based utilization would be inevitably in conflict with the liberal logic inherent tothe system of government procurement which is not only present in the financial logic of traditionalliberal systems but also used to establish a government procurement system open to globalcompetition. Thus, how to balance the conflict between liberalization and policy orientation in thefield of government procurement is a crucial problem which should be solved in global governmentprocurement norms. However, on the one hand, with the process of legal globalization, Chinese andFrench government procurement systems are largely homogeneous in terms of liberalization andpolicy orientation. On the other hand, the methods they use to balance the conflict betweenliberalization and policy orientation remain different. At the same time, because of the specificity ofthe Chinese judicial system, the Chinese equilibrium methods have their own legitimacy. In the currentcircumstance, it is impossible for the Chinese public authorities to abandon their own equilibriummethods to seek convergence with the French equilibrium methods.

Text in Afrikaans / In die politieke en administratiewe stelsel van Frankryk bestaan die ministeriele cabinet as 'n instelling eiesoortig aan Frankryk, met die doel om ministers individueel in stoat te stel om die politieke wil van die regering ten uitvoer te bring. Die gesag van die cabinets is kontroversieel en word enersyds geprys en andersyds gekritiseer. Die Franse ministeriele cabinet neem die plek in van 'n permanente departementshoof. en bestaan uit 'n groep persoonlike personeel wot aan elke minister verbonde is. Sy funksie is om horn te ondersteun en te adviseer sodat hy 'n ingeligte oordeel kan fel voordat hy besluite neem, en ook om te verseker dot sy beleid geformuleer, verduidelik en uitgevoer word. Die ministeriele cabinet was oorspronklik 'n politieke instelling wot in die algemeen uit politieke bondgenote van die minister bestaan het. In die Vyfde Republiek het dit egter ontwikkel tot 'n formele instelling. Dit het 'n onontbeerlike rol begin speel om die skakeling van die politieke stelsel met die administratiewe stelsel te bewerkstellig en ko6rdinering te verseker. Net soos die ministers, funksioneer die cabinets op daardie kruispunte waar verskeie politieke en administratiewe instellings met mekaar skakel. Hulle vervul gevolglik 'n sleutelrol om skakeling te fasiliteer en samewerking te bewerkstellig. Ministeriele cabinets verbind dus die politieke partye, die Parlement, belangegroepe en drukgroepe met ministeries (staatsdepartemente) as uiNoerende instellings. In hierdie proefskrif word die funksionering van die cabinets ontleed en hulle besondere rol in die Franse politieke en administratiewe stelsel vertolk. Die skrywer het bevind dot, waar cabinets effektief funksioneer, hulle doelmatige en doeltreffende meganismes is om die verhouding tussen die politieke en administratiewe stelsel in die bree te versterk tot voordeel van goele regering. Cabinets wot egter nie effektief funksioneer nie, lei tot 'n verswakking in die verhoudinge in en tussen ministeries met nadelige gevolge vir die regering. Voorts is bevind dot die cabinets 'n belangrike rol vervul om die kloof tussen die minister en die amptenare in sy ministerie te oorbrug. 'n Cabinet kan dus 'n minister se loopbaan bevorder of benadeel. / The French political and administrative system includes the ministerial cabinet, a uniquely French institution that exists with the purpose of enabling individual ministers to execute the political will of the government. The authority of the cabinets is either praised or criticised. The French ministerial cabinet substitutes for a permanent head of a deportment, and consists of a group of personal staff serving each minister. Its function is to support and advise him, in order to enable him to make informed judgements before taking decisions, and also to ensure that his policy is formulated. clarified and executed. In its original form the ministerial cabinet was a political institution, generally consisting of political allies of the minister. However. in the Fifth Republic it was transformed into a formal institution. It acquired an indispensable role in effecting liaison and co-ordination of the political system with the administrative system. The cabinets, like the ministers, function at the intersections of political and administrative institutions. Thus they play a key role in facilitating liaison. Hence. ministerial cabinets link the political parties, Parliament, interest groups and pressure groups, with the ministries (state deportments) as executive institutions. This thesis consists of an analysis of the functioning of cabinets, and interprets their particular role in the French political and administrative system. The author has found that where cabinets function as efficient and effective mechanisms, they strengthen the relationship of the political and administrative systems in general to the advantage of good governance. Ineffective cabinets, however. impair the relations within and among ministries to the disadvantage of the government. It has also been established that cabinets play an important role in bridging the gap between the minister and the officials in his ministry. A cabinet can thus improve or damage a minister's career. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Publieke Administrasie)

Text in Afrikaans / In die politieke en administratiewe stelsel van Frankryk bestaan die ministeriele cabinet as 'n instelling eiesoortig aan Frankryk, met die doel om ministers individueel in stoat te stel om die politieke wil van die regering ten uitvoer te bring. Die gesag van die cabinets is kontroversieel en word enersyds geprys en andersyds gekritiseer. Die Franse ministeriele cabinet neem die plek in van 'n permanente departementshoof. en bestaan uit 'n groep persoonlike personeel wot aan elke minister verbonde is. Sy funksie is om horn te ondersteun en te adviseer sodat hy 'n ingeligte oordeel kan fel voordat hy besluite neem, en ook om te verseker dot sy beleid geformuleer, verduidelik en uitgevoer word. Die ministeriele cabinet was oorspronklik 'n politieke instelling wot in die algemeen uit politieke bondgenote van die minister bestaan het. In die Vyfde Republiek het dit egter ontwikkel tot 'n formele instelling. Dit het 'n onontbeerlike rol begin speel om die skakeling van die politieke stelsel met die administratiewe stelsel te bewerkstellig en ko6rdinering te verseker. Net soos die ministers, funksioneer die cabinets op daardie kruispunte waar verskeie politieke en administratiewe instellings met mekaar skakel. Hulle vervul gevolglik 'n sleutelrol om skakeling te fasiliteer en samewerking te bewerkstellig. Ministeriele cabinets verbind dus die politieke partye, die Parlement, belangegroepe en drukgroepe met ministeries (staatsdepartemente) as uiNoerende instellings. In hierdie proefskrif word die funksionering van die cabinets ontleed en hulle besondere rol in die Franse politieke en administratiewe stelsel vertolk. Die skrywer het bevind dot, waar cabinets effektief funksioneer, hulle doelmatige en doeltreffende meganismes is om die verhouding tussen die politieke en administratiewe stelsel in die bree te versterk tot voordeel van goele regering. Cabinets wot egter nie effektief funksioneer nie, lei tot 'n verswakking in die verhoudinge in en tussen ministeries met nadelige gevolge vir die regering. Voorts is bevind dot die cabinets 'n belangrike rol vervul om die kloof tussen die minister en die amptenare in sy ministerie te oorbrug. 'n Cabinet kan dus 'n minister se loopbaan bevorder of benadeel. / The French political and administrative system includes the ministerial cabinet, a uniquely French institution that exists with the purpose of enabling individual ministers to execute the political will of the government. The authority of the cabinets is either praised or criticised. The French ministerial cabinet substitutes for a permanent head of a deportment, and consists of a group of personal staff serving each minister. Its function is to support and advise him, in order to enable him to make informed judgements before taking decisions, and also to ensure that his policy is formulated. clarified and executed. In its original form the ministerial cabinet was a political institution, generally consisting of political allies of the minister. However. in the Fifth Republic it was transformed into a formal institution. It acquired an indispensable role in effecting liaison and co-ordination of the political system with the administrative system. The cabinets, like the ministers, function at the intersections of political and administrative institutions. Thus they play a key role in facilitating liaison. Hence. ministerial cabinets link the political parties, Parliament, interest groups and pressure groups, with the ministries (state deportments) as executive institutions. This thesis consists of an analysis of the functioning of cabinets, and interprets their particular role in the French political and administrative system. The author has found that where cabinets function as efficient and effective mechanisms, they strengthen the relationship of the political and administrative systems in general to the advantage of good governance. Ineffective cabinets, however. impair the relations within and among ministries to the disadvantage of the government. It has also been established that cabinets play an important role in bridging the gap between the minister and the officials in his ministry. A cabinet can thus improve or damage a minister's career. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Publieke Administrasie)