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Orientador: Norma Wimmer / Banca: Giséle Manganelli Fernandes / Banca: Nelson Luís Ramos / Banca: Andressa Cristina de Oliveira / Banca: Kênia Maria de Almeida Pereira / Resumo: Com o intuito de evidenciar como a loucura é formalmente construída nas narrativas de Guy de Maupassant (1850−1893), analisamos vinte e três narrativas breves do autor francês - a saber, "Fou ?" (1882); "La folle" (1882); "Madame Baptiste" (1882); "Un parricide" (1882); "Denis" (1883); "La main d'écorché" (1975); "La reine Hortense" (1883); "L'enfant" (1883); "Lui ?" (1883); "Mademoiselle Cocotte" (1883); "La chevelure" (1884); "Un fou ?" (1884); "La petite Roque" (1885); "Lettre d'un fou" (1885); "Un fou" (1885); "L'auberge" (1886); "Un cas de divorce" (1886); "Le Horla" (primeira versão, 1886); "Le Horla" (segunda versão, 1887); "L'homme de Mars" (1887); "Madame Hermet" (1887); "Qui sait ?" (1890) e "Le docteur Héraclius Gloss" (1921) - com claras referências à loucura de alguma de suas personagens. Entendemos a loucura, conforme Michel Foucault, como um fenômeno socialmente percebido, o que pode ser demonstrado pelas diferentes maneiras como o louco foi tratado em cada época, mantendo constante apenas sua posição marginalizada na sociedade. Como um discurso dissonante em relação ao discurso racional, a palavra do louco desafia a ordem vigente, expondo as falhas e contradições na maneira como compreendemos o mundo, tornando-se um discurso incômodo e indesejado. Isso explica por que a palavra do louco tem sido sistematicamente silenciada (seja investindo essa palavra de alguma sabedoria oculta ou considerando-a apenas como artigo de curiosidade: a palavra do louco nunca é... / Abstract: In order to show how madness is formally constructed in the narratives of Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893), we have analyzed twenty-three short narratives by the French author - namely, "Fou?" (1882); "La folle" (1882); "Madame Baptiste" (1882); "Un parricide" (1882); "Denis" (1883); "La main d'écorché" (1975); "La reine Hortense" (1883); "L'enfant" (1883); "Lui ?" (1883); "Mademoiselle Cocotte" (1883); "La chevelure" (1884); "Un fou ?" (1884); "La petite Roque" (1885); "Lettre d'un fou" (1885); "Un fou" (1885); "L'auberge" (1886); "Un cas de divorce" (1886); "Le Horla" (first version, 1886); "Le Horla" (second version, 1887); "L'homme de Mars" (1887); "Madame Hermet" (1887); "Qui sait ?" (1890) and "Le docteur Héraclius Gloss" (1921) - with clear references to the madness of some of its characters. We understand madness, according to Michel Foucault, as a socially perceived phenomenon, which can be demonstrated by the different ways in which the madman was treated in each age, keeping only his marginalized position in society. As a discordant discourse in relation to rational discourse, the madman's speech defies the prevailing order, exposing the flaws and contradictions in the way we understand the world, making itself an unwelcome and unwanted speech. This explains why the speech of the madman has been systematically silenced (either by investing that speech from some hidden wisdom or by considering it only as an article of curiosity: the madman's speech is never considered ... . / Résumé: Afin de montrer comment la folie est formellement construite dans les récits de Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893), nous avons analysé vingt-trois récits courts de l'auteur français - à savoir, « Fou ? » (1882) ; « La folle » (1882) ; « Madame Baptiste » (1882) ; « Un parricide » (1882) ; « Denis » (1883) ; « La main d'écorché » (1975) ; « La reine Hortense » (1883) ; « L'enfant » (1883) ; « Lui ? » (1883) ; « Mademoiselle Cocotte » (1883) ; « La chevelure » (1884) ; « Un fou ? » (1884) ; « La petite Roque » (1885) ; « Lettre d'un fou » (1885) ; « Un fou » (1885) ; « L'auberge » (1886) ; « Un cas de divorce » (1886) ; « Le Horla » (première version, 1886) ; « Le Horla » (deuxième version, 1887) ; « L'homme de Mars » (1887) ; « Madame Hermet » (1887) ; « Qui sait ? » (1890) et « Le docteur Héraclius Gloss » (1921) - avec des références claires à la folie de certains de leurs personnages. Selon Michel Foucault, la folie est perçue comme un phénomène socialement perceptible, comme en témoignent les différentes manières dont le fou a été traité à chaque époque, ne conservant que sa position marginalisée dans la société. Discours discordant par rapport au discours rationnel, la parole du fou défie l'ordre dominant, révélant les défauts et les contradictions de la façon dont nous comprenons le monde, ce qui en fait un discours importun et non désiré. Cela explique pourquoi la parole du fou a été systématiquement réduite au silence (soit en investissant cette parole dans une sagesse ... / Doutor

Edward Said stresses the politically and ideologically skewed nature of western imperial responses to colonised or formerly colonised cultures and peoples, articulated in a variety of media, including scholarly and imaginative writings, which are inflected by the various kinds of power (political, intellectual, cultural and moral) that the West has wielded and continues to wield over non-Western regions of the world. While recognising the pathbreaking import of Said's work, critics have pointed out his blindness to the possibilities of resistance to and subversion of the discourse of Empire within the western-authored texts that he discusses. Even where he does consider the issue of resistance and opposition to Empire by western intellectuals, he still stresses the complicity of their texts with the processes of Empire. If one were to pursue the logic of such criticisms to its limit and apply it to the intellectual resistance generated from the centre in the context of the post-War dismantling of European overseas empires and its aftermath, one might be tempted to conclude that such resistance constitutes an unqualified disruption of colonial modes of apprehending difference. Against the backdrop of such readings of Said, this thesis examines the issue of cross-cultural representation in a selection of mainstream metropolitan French writings relating to black Africa produced between 1945 and the present. It brings together scholars and writers like Gide, Sartre and Griaule, some of whose works relating to black Africa belong to the first decade of the post-War period marked by France's continued colonial presence in the continent. It also considers other scholars and writers like Dumont, Conchon, Verchave and Le Clézio, whose books appeared in the second and succeeding decades of the period. The overall aim is to identify the ways in which these writers respond individually and collectively to black Africa often construed as a paradigm of cultural difference, and to consider whether such cross-cultural responses, given their historical context, can be described as being invariably a function of the changing relations between France and black Africa. What forms do the cross-cultural responses take? What cultural assumptions and ideological motivations shape those responses? Are the responses entirely disruptive of colonial modes of relating to difference? If not, what are their aporias, their ambiguities and paradoxes? My conclusion is that while Sartre and others relate to black Africa with unmistakeable empathy, their positive cross-cultural disposition does not necessarily enable them to attain a relationship with the peoples and cultures of Africa which is an equipollent relationship between equals.

Orientador: Andressa Cristina Oliveira / Banca: Adalberto Luís Vicente / Banca: Beatriz Moreira Anselmo / Resumo: Este trabalho pretende se debruçar sobre a obra Une Saison en Enfer, do poeta francês Jean-Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891). Na obra, o poeta desce ao submundo - onde passa uma longa estação - e, ao sair, traz a tona as vivências artísticas e pessoais desse período. A ida ao submundo é, nesse sentido, um mergulho em si mesmo, análogo ao processo de interiorização e de autoconhecimento, expressos nas famosas "cartas do Vidente", de maio de 1871. Nessas cartas, nas quais Rimbaud desenvolve toda sua teoria poética, o jovem cria um método único que visa à fuga do mundo real e ao rompimento com os padrões estéticos de seu tempo. Nesse sentido, a temática satânica de Une Saison en Enfer coloca-se em perfeita consonância com o projeto rimbaudiano da Vidência, pois revela o duplo movimento de transgressão do artista: por um lado, sua revolta contra a sociedade burguesa e, por outro, seu desejo de mudar os rumos da poesia. Por conseguinte, nossa proposta visa alinhavar Une Saison en Enfer com a teoria estética de Rimbaud - em confluência com a Modernidade do século XIX -, para, em seguida, analisar a temática mítico-satânica da obra como realização dos pressupostos modernos do autor. / Abstract: This work intends to study Une Saison en Enfer, by the French poet Jean-Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891). In the work, the poet descends to the underworld - where a long season passes - and, when leaving, brings out the artistic and personal experiences of this period. The journey to the underworld is, in this sense, a dive in itself, analogous to the process of interiorization and self-knowledge, expressed in the famous "Letters of the Seer" of May 1871. In these letters, in which Rimbaud develops all his poetic theory, The young man creates a unique method that aims at escaping from the real world and breaking away from the aesthetic standards of his time. In this sense, the satanic theme of Une Saison en Enfer stands in perfect harmony with the rimbaudian project of Videncia, since it reveals the double movement of the artist's transgression: on the one hand, his revolt against bourgeois society and, on the other, his Desire to change the course of poetry. Therefore, our proposal aims to link Une Saison en Enfer with Rimbaud's aesthetic theory - in conjunction with Modernity of the 19th century - and then to analyze the mythic-satanic theme of the work as realization of the author's modern presuppositions. / Résumé: Ce travail a l'intention d'analyser l'oeuvre Une Saison en Enfer, du poète français Jean-Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891). Dans cette oeuvre le poète descend aux enfers - où il reste pendant une saison - et à la sortie, il fait également ressortir les expériences artistiques et personnelles de cette période. Ce voyage souterrain est en ce sens un plongeon en soi-même, analogue au processus d'intériorisation et d'autoconnaissance de soi, concepts exprimés dans les célèbres « Lettres du Voyant », de mai 1871. Dans ces lettres, où Rimbaud développe sa propre théorie poétique, il crée une méthode unique qui cherche à échapper au monde réel et rompre en même temps avec les normes esthétiques de son temps. En ce sens, le thème satanique d' Une saison en enfer est parfaitement placé dans le projet rimbaldien de la « Voyance » et il révèle aussi le double mouvement de transgression de l'artiste: d'une part, sa révolte contre la société bourgeoise et, d'autre part, son désir de changer la poésie traditionnelle. Par conséquent, notre proposition est d'établir une relation entre Une Saison en Enfer et la théorie proposée par Rimbaud - en confluence avec la modernité du XIXe siècle - pour, ensuite, analyser le thème mythique et satanique de l'oeuvre en relation avec ces idées. / Mestre

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Orientador: Arnaldo Franco Junior / Banca: Márcio Scheel / Banca: Pablo Simpson Kilzer Amorim / Banca: Márcio Roberto do Prado / Banca: Edison Bariani Junior / Resumo: Ao longo da primeira metade do século XX, a humanidade assistiu à derrocada traumática da razão. Muitas das utopias modernas, pautadas nos ideais de progresso técnico e tecnológico, resultaram em reais distopias com a ascensão, na Europa e em outros continentes, de regimes ideológicos totalitários. Aos poucos, o desvanecimento dos últimos resquícios de uma belle époque deu espaço a uma crise moral que perturbou as fronteiras da liberdade - e os limites da arte, o que levou artistas e intelectuais, dentre os quais Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), a repensarem o seu papel na sociedade. Na produção romanesca de Sartre, encontramos a trilogia Les chemins de la liberté (1945-1949), ao longo da qual acompanhamos os eventos da Segunda Guerra Mundial a partir da consciência de personagens que discutem a liberdade em face de sua situação no mundo. Paradigmática para a literatura engajada, a trilogia sartriana apresenta muitos dos aspectos formais defendidos por Sartre em seus textos teórico-críticos: contextualizando a narrativa ao longo da guerra, a ideia de "liberdade" se encontra nos elementos composicionais das histórias e nos dilemas das personagens, livres da onisciência narratorial - o que requisita o leitor para a criação de hipóteses a respeito do que pensam (a partir de como agem) as consciências semilúcidas que interagem no universo romanesco criado por Sartre. Notamos, pois, uma relação entre a liberdade e a literatura (e a sua recíproca influência), relação que objetivamos... / Abstract: Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, humanity witnessed the traumatic overthrow of reason. Many of the modern utopias, based on the ideals of technical and technological progress, have resulted in real dystopias with the rise, in Europe and elsewhere, of totalitarian ideological regimes. Gradually, the fading of the last remnants of a belle époque gave way to a moral crisis that disturbed the frontiers of freedom - and the limits of art, prompting artists and intellectuals, including Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), to rethink their role in society. In Sartre's romanesque production we find the trilogy Les chemins de la liberté (1945-1949), along which we follow the events of World War II from the consciousness of characters who discuss freedom in the face of their situation in the world. Paradigmatic for engaged literature, Sartre's trilogy presents many of the formal aspects defended by the author in his theoretical-critical texts: contextualizing the narrative throughout the war, the idea of "freedom" is found in the compositional elements of the stories and in the dilemmas of the characters, free of narrative omniscience - which requires the reader to create hypotheses about what they think (from how they act) the semilucidal consciousnesses that interact in the romanesque universe created by Sartre. We therefore note a relation between freedom and literature (and its reciprocal influence), a relation that we aim to investigate from the philosophical, political and literary texts of the author, and then to show how and why Sartre's thought and his production influenced and were influenced by freedom (or, rather, by its absence) / Résumé: Tout au long de la première moitié du XXe siècle, l'humanité a témoigné la débâcle traumatique de la raison. Beaucoup d'utopies modernes, basées sur les idéaux du progrès technique et technologique, ont entraîné de véritables dystopies avec l'ascension, en Europe et ailleurs, des régimes idéologiques totalitaires. Peu à peu, la disparition des derniers restes d'une belle époque a cédé la place à une crise morale qui a perturbé les frontières de la liberté - et les limites de l'art, ce qui a conduit les artistes et les intellectuels, y compris Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), à repenser leur rôle dans la société. Dans la production romanesque de Sartre, nous trouvons la trilogie Les chemins de la liberté (1945-1949), dans laquelle nous suivons les événements de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale à partir de la conscience des personnages qui discutent la liberté face à leur situation dans le monde. Paradigmatique pour la littérature engagée, la trilogie sartrienne présente plusieurs des aspects formels préconisés par Sartre dans ses textes théoriques et critiques : en contextualisant le récit pendant toute la guerre, l'idée de « liberté » se retrouve dans les éléments de composition des histoires et dans les dilemmes des personnages, libres de l'omniscience narrative - ce qui oblige le lecteur à créer des hypothèses sur ce que pensent (à partir de la façon dont agissent) les consciences semi-lucides qui interagissent dans l'univers romanesque créé par Sartre. Nous notons donc une relation entre la liberté et la littérature (et son influence réciproque), une relation que nous cherchons à étudier à partir des textes philosophiques, politiques et littéraires de l'auteur, pour montrer comment et pourquoi la pensée sartrienne et sa production romanesque ont influencé et ont été influencés par la liberté (ou plutôt par son manque) / Doutor

Orientador: Elide Rugai Bastos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T14:51:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cordeiro_SaraReginaRamos_D.pdf: 2308227 bytes, checksum: 42cf83bc37ec21bf5a996346688c5ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Com a emergência da sociedade burguesa de mercado no século XIX o dinheiro passou a desempenhar um papel fundamental na nova configuração, uma vez que a manutenção e expansão de tal sociedade pressupõem a regularidade nas trocas e, conseqüentemente, uma economia monetária desenvolvida a ponto de assegurar essa regularidade. Alguns romancistas, em particular os realistas franceses, demonstraram em seus romances a emergência dessa sociedade motivada pelo lucro, tendo o dinheiro como elemento central de suas narrativas. A Comédia Humana de Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850) é considerada o maior registro literário da sociedade francesa desse período e muitas de suas tramas são atravessadas por relações mediadas pelo dinheiro. Mais tarde, sociólogos como Karl Marx (1818-1883), Georg Simmel (1858-1918) e Max Weber (1864-1920) desenvolveram suas análises numa perspectiva crítica à sociedade de mercado, destacando o dinheiro como elemento racionalizador das relações e desagregador dos laços tradicionais. Nesse sentido, este trabalho pretende mobilizar as categorias analíticas da sociologia clássica para analisar parte da obra de Balzac a fim de verificar como o romancista via a relação que os indivíduos de sua época estabeleciam com o dinheiro e quais os principais impactos dessa relação na moderna sociedade / Abstract: The raising of a bourgeois market society in the nineteenth century resulted in the great importance that money started to play in the new social arrangement, since the maintenance and expansion of that society predicted the regularity in exchanges and, as a consequence, a monetary economy developed to the point that insured this regularity. Some novelists, particularly French realists ones, showed in their novels the emergence of this market society motivated by profits, having money as the central element of their stories. The Human Comedy, by Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850) is considered the biggest literary register of the French society of that period and many of its plots are crossed by relations mediated by money. Afterwards, sociologists like Karl Marx (1818-1883), Georg Simmel (1858-1918) and Max Weber (1864-1920) developed their studies in a critical perspective from the market society, contrasting money as the rational element of relations and disintegrator of traditional ties. Therefore, this paper aims to mobilize the analytical categories of classical sociology in order to analyze part of Balzac?s work with the intention of examine how the novelist used to see the relationship that individuals of his time established with money and what was the main effects of this relationship in that new society / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutor em Sociologia

This study examines the constructions and uses of the figure of Ovid in French writing of the second half of the seventeenth century, and explores how they were modulated by contemporary aesthetic and cultural concerns. As the influence of Ovid’s poetry made itself felt in various ways – in the mythopoeia of the Sun-King and the fashionable galant salons – interest in the story of Ovid’s life blossomed. This, I argue, was facilitated by new forms of ‘life-writing’, the nouvelle historique and histoire galante, and fuelled in unexpected ways by the escalating querelle des Anciens et des Modernes. Research has been done on the reception and influence of Ovid’s poetry in this period, but little attention has been paid to the figure of Ovid. This thesis offers a new perspective and, informed by recent renewed interest in life-writing, argues that analysis of biographical depictions is vital for establishing a coherent picture of the uses of Ovid in the ‘Grand Siècle’. I explore a diverse range of textual descriptions of Ovid (Vies; prefatory material attached to translations and editions of his work; correspondence; dialogues des morts; biographical dictionaries and historical novels), organized according to their different, though intersecting, ways of writing about this poet. He was constructed as a historical figure, an author, a fictional character and a ‘parallèle’ – a point of identification or contrast for contemporary writers. Through close analysis of a multi-authored corpus, this thesis identifies and examines two instances of paradox: though an ancient poet, Ovid became emblematic of 'Moderne' movements and was used to explore aspects of galanterie; and, though his creative work was mobilized in the service of royal propaganda, Ovid, as a figure for the exiled poet, was also used to express anxieties about the sway of power and the machinations and pitfalls of the world of the court.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.