A reflective type Fresnel lens using an array of micromirrors is designed and fabricated using the MUMPs?? surface micromachining process. The focal length of the lens can be rapidly changed by controlling both the rotation and translation of electrostatically actuated micromirrors. The suspension spring, pedestal and electrodes are located under the mirror to maximize the optical efficiency. The micromirror translation and rotation are plotted versus the applied voltage. Relations are provided for the fill-factor and the numerical aperture as functions of the lens diameter, the mirror size, and the tolerances specified by the MUMPs?? design rules. Linnik interferometry is used to measure the translation, rotation, and flatness of a fabricated micromirror. The reflective type Fresnel lens is controlled by independent DC voltages of 16 channels with a 0 to 50V range, and translational and torsional stiffness are calibrated with measured data. The spot diameter of the point source by the fabricated and electrostatically controlled reflective type Fresnel lens is measured to test focusing quality of the lens.

Two applications of second harmonic generation (SHG), a nonlinear optical technique, are studied. First, Fresnel factors are used with a bond model to describe SHG from vicinal silicon at five incidence angles: 7.5°, 22°, 30°, 45°, and 52°. Second, a prototype apparatus for applying SHG to enhance imaging capabilities of optical coherence tomography, a microscopy technique used in many biological fields, is briefly described. / text

This document presents the modelling and characterization of novel photonic devices based on periodic arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are mostly metallic in nature and interesting plasmonic effects are observed when nanotubes are grown close together, with spacing of about 400 nm. The effective electronic mass on the nanotubes changes, due to mutual coupling between them and they start displaying dielectric properties which are inherently different from the their own, forming metamaterials. We present a plasmonic high pass filtering application of carbon nanotube based metamaterials. Some promising modelling and experimental results are demonstrated showing a strong cut-off filtering effect at the plasma frequency displayed by the periodic arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The artificial negative dielectric constant displayed by the nanotube arrays was also successfully utilised for producing micron-scaled applications like optical waveguides and negative lenses for overcoming the diffraction limit. The fabrication of these optical devices using the arrays of silicon nanopillars was also considered. These arrays when fabricated at nano-scaled dimensions (of about 400 nm) present a greater degree of periodicity and require a simpler fabrication process compared to carbon nanotubes. We report the detailed computational analysis on silicon nanopillars based photonic crystals, waveguides and metamaterials which operate well within in the optical regime. However, due to the fabrication limitations, the fabricated Si nanopillars presented an inverted cone shape profile along their lengths. These inverted nanocone structures were successfully utilised for enhancing reflection from Si surfaces for applications in photovoltaic devices. Lastly we present a novel application of carbon nanotube arrays for producing micron-scale Fresnel lens arrays. Forests of carbon nanotubes were utilised as absorbing media on top of a bare silicon substrate. Optical diffraction of light across the nanotube forests produced strong focusing of light, at focal lengths of order 125 microns. Numerical simulations were in excellent agreement with the measured results.

Master thesis The OCDM System Model is focused on problematics of multi carrier modulation techniques and in detail analyses the OCDM system. The first part of the work contains theoretical and mathematical description of digital communication system in general. The next part focuses on OCDM system and Fresnel transform, whose discrete form is kernel of the system. Digital model of the OCDM system is realized in programming language MATLAB. In the digital model is performed simulation of information from transmitter to receiver in AWGN and fading channel. The results are evaluated from the viewpoint of the system resilience against errors and achievable system throughput. The end of the master thesis is dedicated to mutual compatibility and comparison between OCDM and OFDM system.

This work is focused on the possibility of sunlight concentration on silicon dies or silicon stripes. The main aim of this work is the design and realization of the concentration element, or system, which is based on diffractive optics and optimized to achieve possibly high optical efficiency. The theoretical part deals with problems of photovoltaic systems and sunlight concentration. The practical part deals with design of optical microstructures and their realization by e-beam lithography using the electron-beam writer BS600. Microstructures created in the electron resist on silicon substrates or embossed into transparent materials are measured in the laboratory. We evaluated and compared their optical properties, which gives some feedback for further optimizations. Transparent elements are tested with real silicon dies and so overall properties of a prototyped photovoltaic module can be evaluated.

EUSO-Balloon and EUSO-SPB are balloon borne pathfinder projects designed to val- idate the techniques of the JEM-EUSO space observatory. They are nadir pointing UV telescopes that use experimental experimental Fresnel optics to detect the ultravi- olet emission of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) induced by Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) in the atmosphere. EUSO-Balloon was launched by the balloon di- vision of CNES (the french space agency) from Timmins, Ontario, Canada in 2014. Despite the success of the mission the performance of the optics was lower than what it was originally modeled and led to many doubts regarding the understanding of the optics and fresnel lenses themselves. This thesis explores three parameters proposed to explain the reduction in eciency of the system which were not simulated in the original characterization: the rounded valleys in the Fresnel lens grooves created by the tool peak radii, scratches on the surface of the lenses and the surface roughness of the fresnel lenses. These parameters were simulated and results show that they show a reduction in performance which approximates more the characterization measure- ments but still do not match exactly, leaving room for further analysis. EUSO-SPB1 is the successor of EUSO-Balloon with a launch planned in 2017 from Wanaka, New Zealand. The results of the first phase of the optics characterization campaign is pre- sented in this work. The results indicate that the optics performance is similar to that of EUSO-Balloon and require further understanding. / <p>Thesis defended in Toulouse, France as part of the SPACEMASTER programme.</p>

[pt] As teorias clássicas da propagação das ondas eletromagnéticas em presença da terra apresentam soluções gerais que, em vista da complexidade matemática, não se aplicam diretamente aos casos práticos. Desta forma, partindo destas soluções, procura-se determinar aproximações que simplifiquem os cálculos de propagação. Entretanto, devido às condições supostas na obtenção das soluções aproximadas, estas apresentam uma região de validade restrita e a sua aplicação indevida pode acarretar erros inaceitáveis. Este fato, no entanto, não tira o mérito das soluções aproximadas, que, quando empregadas corretamente, fornecem resultados bastante satisfatórios em comparação com os experimentais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a análise das aproximações efetuadas na obtenção das expressões usualmente empregadas nos cálculos de propagação, onde se procurará evidenciar as limitações inerentes a cada caso particular. O efeito da ionosfera não será considerado, assim como as variações do índice de refração da atmosfera, responsáveis pelo mecanismo da tropodifusão. / [en] In view of the mathematical complexity, the rigorous solutions of the classical theories of radio wave propagation in the presence of the earth are not directly applied to practical problems. Hence, based on these rigorous solutions, approximate expressions are developed to simplify the eveluation of radio wave signal attenuation. However, due to assumptions considered in the derivation of such solutions, they have a limited range of validity and, if erroneously used, can lead to unacceptable errors. Nevertheless, this fact does not take out the merit of the approximate solutions, once when they are correctly employed the numerical results are in accordance with the experimental data. This dissertation intends to analyze the approximations usually carried out in radio wave propagation problems, pointing out limitations associated to each particular case. The effect of the ionosphere will not be considered, as well as, the variability of the refractive index of the troposphere responsibe by the scatter propagation mechanism.

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