CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a estrutura quÃmica e investigar a atividade antioxidante in vitro e in vivo de fraÃÃes polissacarÃdicas extraÃdas dos subprodutos do processamento da acerola, abacaxi, caju, manga e maracujÃ. Utilizando a extraÃÃo aquosa exaustiva, um maior rendimento em massa foi obtido para a fraÃÃo extraÃda do subproduto da manga (20%) que foi superior ao apresentado pela aquela proveniente do abacaxi e acerola em 96 e 87%, respectivamente. Os espectros de infravermelho apontaram atribuiÃÃes de grupos quÃmicos tÃpicos de polissacarÃdeos, tais como OH (3000 - 3500 cm-1), CO (1034 cm-1), C-O-C (1150 cm-1) e C1-H (1079, 929 e 858 cm-1). Sinais de 13C-RMN em &#948; 100 e 170,6, presentes em todos os materiais, indicaram a presenÃa de Ãcido galacturÃnico e urÃnico, respectivamente, evidenciando a natureza pÃctica dos mesmos. Maior massa molar foi atribuÃda para a fraÃÃo obtida do subproduto da manga (1,54 x 10 6 g/mol) seguido do maracujà (3,69 x 10 5 g/mol), acerola, abacaxi e caju (~10 4 g/mol). O conteÃdo de proteÃnas variou de 0,25 (abacaxi) a 0,68% (caju) concordando com o evidenciado pelo espectro de infravermelho que à 1242 cm-1 para estas molÃculas. Maior atividade antioxidante total e menor IC50 foi verificada para a fraÃÃo polissacarÃdica proveniente do caju (147  4,1 &#956; Trolox/g e 0,03 mg/mL, respectivamente). As fraÃÃes obtidas da acerola, abacaxi, maracujà (IC50 = 0,05 mg/mL) e manga (IC50 = 0,33 mg/mL) tambÃm apresentaram baixo IC50 indicando a eficiÃncia desses materiais na eliminaÃÃo dos radicais de ABTSâ+ em baixas concentraÃÃes. O ensaio com o MTT indicou a nÃo toxicidade das fraÃÃes polimÃricas estudadas mesmo quando avaliados em concentraÃÃes de 100%. A atividade antioxidante in vivo demonstrou que os materiais provenientes da acerola, abacaxi e caju foram eficientes (p < 0,05) na manutenÃÃo dos nÃveis de GSH e reduÃÃo de MDA na mucosa gÃstrica de ratos estressados com etanol 50%. As fraÃÃes polissacarÃdicas da manga e maracujà apresentaram os resultados menos satisfatÃrios nos dois testes antioxidantes, o que pode ser atribuÃdo a sua elevada massa molar e viscosidade. Em conjunto, os resultados apresentados na presente pesquisa apontaram que as fraÃÃes polissacarÃdicas extraÃdas dos subprodutos estudados apresentaram natureza pÃctica em associaÃÃo com proteÃnas, sendo evidenciada principalmente para aquelas extraÃdas da acerola, abacaxi e caju, efetiva aÃÃo antioxidante in vitro e in vivo, sugerindo sua possÃvel aplicaÃÃo como antioxidantes naturais. / The aim of this work was to characterize the chemical structure and investigate the antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharide fractions extracted from by-products of acerola, pineapple, cashew, mango and passion fruit processing. Using the exhaustive aqueous extraction, a greater mass yield was obtained for the polysaccharide fraction extracted of the mango by-product (20%) which was higher than that from the pineapple and acerola at 96 and 87%, respectively. The infrared spectra showed typical assignment of polysaccharides chemical groups such as OH (3000 - 3500 cm -1),CO (1034 cm-1), C-O-C (1150 cm-1) and H-C1 (1079, 929 and 858 cm-1). 13C-NMR signals at &#948; 170.6 and 100, present in all material, indicated the presence of uronic and galacturonic acid, respectively, showing the nature of such pectin. High molecular weight was assigned to the fraction obtained of mango by-product (1.54 x 10 6 g/mol) followed by passion fruit (3.69 x 10 5g / mol) and acerola, pineapple and cashew (~10 4g/ mol). The protein content ranged from 0.25 (pineapple) to 0.68% (cashew), agreeing with the evidenced by the infrared spectrum which is 1242 cm-1 for these molecules. Major total antioxidant activity and minor IC 50 were observed for the polysaccharide fraction of cashew (147  4.1 &#956;M Trolox/g and 0.03 mg/mL,respectively). The fractions obtained from acerola, pineapple, passion fruit (IC50 = 0,05 mg/mL) and mango (IC50= 0.33 mg/mL) also had low IC50, indicating the efficiency of these materials in the elimination of ABTSâ+ radical in low concentrations. The MTT assay indicated that no toxicity of the polymeric fractions studied even when evaluated at concentrations of 100%. The total antioxidant activity in vivo showed that materials prevenient of acerola, pineapple and cashew were efficient (p <0.05) in maintaining the levels of GSH and MDA reduction in gastric tissue of rats stressed with ethanol 50%. The polysaccharides fractions of mango and passion fruit exhibited less satisfactory results in both antioxidants tests, which may be assigned to its high molecular weight and viscosity. Together, the results presented in this study, showed that the polysaccharide fractions extracted from byproducts studied had pectic nature in association with proteins, which highlighted, especially for those taken from the cherry, pineapple and cashew, effective antioxidant action in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their possible application as natural antioxidants.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV05MA010.pdf: 2364628 bytes, checksum: a26d762f12b077b4afb4ad6e6c202a7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Red strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) has a high potential for in natura fruit commercialization. However, this requires the characterization of fruit postharvest physiology to improve its storage potential and to preserve its physical and chemical attributes. This research was carried out to study the effects of fruit maturity at harvest and storage temperature on postharvest physiology and ripening of red strawberry guavas. Fruits were harvested at green (100% of epidermis surface with green color) and mature (50% of epidermis surface with red color) stages, stored in BOD type chambers at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30ºC (RH of 85-90%) and assessed in terms of respiration and ethylene evolution rates, and skin color (L=lightness and hº=hue angle). There was a substantial increment of respiration rate with the increase of storage temperature from 0 to 30ºC, with Q10 values of 3.10 and 3.32 for fruits harvested at green and mature stages, respectively. No ethylene was detected in the fruits with the increase of temperature. For fruits kept at 20ºC, the respiration rate decreased along the storage period (11 days), especially in fruits harvested at the mature stage, while at 0oC the respiration rate was lower than that at 20oC and constant along the entire storage period (21 days). This respiratory trend, associated with the very low ethylene evolution rates, characterize the non-climacteric ripening behavior of red strawberry guavas. Fruits harvested at green stage showed, in comparison to fruit harvested at mature stage, slightly lower sensory quality (with lower soluble solids content and higher acidity) but a better firmness and green color retention (lower reductions of hº and L in the epidermis, indicative of a smaller changes from green to red color), specially for fruits stored at 0oC, and a lower incidence of rots for fruits stored at 20oC. The delay of fruit cooling after harvest resulted in a significant reduction of flesh firmness, soluble solids content and titratable acidity, and in a more substantial change of skin color from green to red, after 11 days of cold storage (at 0oC), followed by three days shelf-life (at 20oC). These results show that red strawberry guavas have high respiratory rates and accelerated ripening process at ambient temperatures. Therefore, it is recommended the immediate fruit storage at 0oC after harvest to prolong its postharvest conservation. Fruit harvested at green stage have a better postharvest conservation, despite of sensible reduction of sensory quality, in comparison to fruit harvested at mature stage / O araçá-vermelho (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) apresenta grande potencial de exploração comercial para consumo in natura, sendo relevante o estudo da sua fisiologia pós-colheita, visando ampliar o período de armazenamento dos frutos, através da preservação de suas características físicas e químicas. Este trabalho foi conduzido visando estudar os efeitos do estádio de maturação, da temperatura de armazenamento e do atraso no resfriamento dos frutos sobre a fisiologia e preservação da qualidade pós-colheita de araçá-vermelho. Frutos colhidos nos estádios de maturação verde (100% da epiderme verde) e maduro (50% da epiderme vermelha) foram armazenados em câmaras BOD a 0, 5, 10, 20 e 30ºC (UR de 85-90%) para a quantificação das taxas respiratórias e de produção de etileno e das alterações na coloração da epiderme (L= lightness e hº=ângulo hue ). Houve aumento substancial na taxa respiratória com o aumento na temperatura de armazenamento de 0 a 30ºC, com valores de Q10 de 3,10 e 3,32 para frutos colhidos nos estádios de maturação maduro e verde, respectivamente. Não foi detectada produção de etileno, mesmo com a elevação da temperatura. Em frutos mantidos a 20ºC, a taxa respiratória decresceu ao longo do período de armazenamento (11 dias), especialmente em frutos colhidos no estádio maduro, enquanto a 0oC a taxa respiratória foi baixa e constante ao longo de todo o período de armazenamento (21 dias). Este comportamento respiratório, aliado a baixa capacidade de produção de etileno, caracteriza um padrão não-climatérico de maturação do araçá-vermelho. Frutos colhidos no estádio de maturação verde apresentaram, em relação a frutos colhidos no estádio maduro, sensível redução na qualidade sensorial, caracterizada pelo menor teor de sólidos solúveis totais e maior acidez, porém uma melhor retenção de firmeza e de cor da epiderme (com menores reduções de hº e L na epiderme, indicando pequena alteração na cor de verde para vermelho), especialmente quando armazenados a 0oC, e menor incidência de podridões quando armazenados a 20oC. O retardo no resfriamento dos frutos após a colheita resultou em reduções significativas na firmeza de polpa, no teor de sólidos solúveis totais e na acidez titulável, e maior alteração na cor da epiderme de verde para vermelho, quantificados após 11 dias de armazenamento a 0oC, mais três dias de comercialização simulada (20oC). Estes resultados demonstram que o araçá vermelho apresenta elevadas taxas respiratórias e acelerado processo de maturação pós-colheita em condições de temperatura ambiente, sendo, portanto, recomendado o imediato armazenamento dos frutos a temperaturas próximas de 0oC, visando prolongar a sua conservação. O fruto colhido em estádio verde apresenta melhor conservação pós-colheita, porém sensível redução na sua qualidade sensorial, em relação a fruto colhido em estádio maduro

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Surround WP and Snow were evaluated for their ability to manage citrus thrips populations in lemons on the Yuma Mesa, and their impact on lemon yield, fruit quality, and packout. Both Surround and Snow effectively controlled citrus thrips and prevented fruit scarring. Surround produced higher yields than either Snow or the commercial standard at the first harvest (#9 ring). There were no differences in yield among treatments for the second (strip) harvest, nor were their any differences in total yield. These data suggest that Surround may increase fruit earliness or sizing. There were no statistical differences among any of the treatments in fruit size frequency or quality for any of the harvests, and there was no apparent benefit from applying an additional application of Surround or Snow post thrips season solely for quality, fruit size, or yield enhancement. The activity of Surround does not appear to be adversely affected by the inclusion of the insecticides Danitol, Baythroid, Carzol, or Success, nor do these insecticides appear to be adversely affected by Surround. Foliar fertilizers did not appear to adversely affect the activity of Surround when tank mixed. However, there is some evidence that Surround may negatively affect the absorption of Fe and Mn when tank mixed with Zn, Fe, Mn lignosulfonate, but this data is not conclusive. The addition of a non-ionic surfactant appears to enhance the on-leaf distribution of Surround over light petroleum and paraffin based oils, but long term efficacy is not affected.

Citrus leafminer (CLM) was monitored in a five year old block of lemons on the Yuma Mesa for one year. Unlike 2001, no CLM were found in the spring or early fall. From mid-November through mid-December CLM populations were very light ranging from 1 to 4% infested flush. In early January 2003, the CLM population began to increase peaking on 23 January at 68% infested flush. Although 68% appears to be a large infestation, the CLM population was not numerically high since there was not a great deal of fresh flush growth in the grove at that time. Thus, the CLM were concentrated on what little flush was present. Additionally, CLM larvae were tagged and monitored in January and February 2003. Of the 25 CLM larvae tagged, within five weeks only 9 had survived. Most of those killed appeared to have been killed by predators; most likely Yuma spider mite, Eotetranychus yumensis, and to a lesser extent Tydeus spp. Six of the larvae were killed by parasitoids, comprising two species; Cirrophilus coachellae and an unknown species that was damaged and could not be identified.

Lemons were left untreated or treated for mites with Danitol (fenpropathrin). Mite populations were estimated and yield and fruit damage was accessed. Yuma spider mite, Eotetranychus yumensis, was the predominate mite species present during the high fruit susceptibility period. Although there was no apparent impact of mites on yield in this study, there was significant fruit damage that could be attributed to Yuma spider mite. The damage appeared as bronzed colored pitting of the fruit peel. Based on damage ratings, the treated plots produced 56% fancy, 34% choice, and 10% fruit grade based on mite damage, whereas the untreated plots produced 47%, 31% and 22% fancy, choice and juice grade fruit respectively. Statistically, the treated plots produce more fancy and less juice fruit, but did not differ in choice fruit. Although the treated areas produced better quality fruit, the amount of damage suffered in those plots was higher than desired. Fruit in the treated plots likely suffered some mite damage before treatments were initiated. In addition to the fruit damage test, a miticide efficacy test targeting Yuma spider mite on lemon was conducted comparing Agri-Mek, Danitol, Kelthane, Microthiol, and Nexter to an untreated check. Agri-Mek, Nexter, and Microthiol offered 14 days of control; although at 6 DAT Agri-Mek and Nexter did not differ from the untreated. Danitol and Kelthane contained fewer mite that the untreated for at least 35 DAT.

A study was initiated in the spring of 2003 to evaluate the response of lemons to soil and foliar applied micronutrients for two growing season (2003-2005). Soil applied Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu was applied in sulfate form and B as Solubor in shallow holes around the skirt of each tree. Foliar applied micronutrients were all applied as “Metalosate” products. Lemon leaf tissue analyses show marginal levels of Zn, Mn, and Cu throughout the study. In 2003-2004, soil fertilization sometimes increased leaf nutrient composition but there was no effect to foliar fertilization. In 2004-2005, ,leaf B and Zn increased to soil fertilization and leaf Mn and Cu increased to foliar fertilization Overall, there were no significant differences in yield or quality to micronutrient fertilization in either growing season.

Three orange cultivar trials have been established in Arizona, one at the Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ and one at the Citrus Agriculture Center, Waddell, AZ. For the navel orange trial in Yuma, ‘Fisher’ navel continues to have the greatest yield, but is unacceptably granulated For the Waddell trial, the second year data has been collected, and suggests that ‘Fisher’ and ‘Beck- Earli’ are outperforming the other cultivars tested to date.

Five foliar insecticide treatments (Esteem, Provado, Applaud, Assail, and Danitol + Lorsban) were evaluated for their control of early woolly whitefly infestations in lemons. Esteem and Applaud are insect growth regulators that should have little impact on whitefly parasitoids. The impact of Provado and Assail on whitefly parasitoids is not certain, but at high rates may be detrimental, while Danitol + Lorsban will be especially harmful to parasitoids. The impact of these insecticides on woolly whitefly could not be fully determined in this trial due to the effectiveness of parasitoids, Eretmocerus comperei or E. dozieri (exact species not certain), on controlling the whiteflies in this test. However, other research (not reported here) has indicated that all of the insecticide treatments evaluated have good activity against woolly whitefly. Because parasitoids can be extremely effective in mitigating woolly whiteflies populations during the early phases of colonization, it is recommended that chemical control not be utilized until woolly whitefly colonies are common. However, previous experiences suggest that allowing woolly whitefly populations develop extremely high populations should be avoided.

An optical weed sensing sprayer (WeedSeeker) was evaluated for making postemergence glyphosate herbicide applications in a Yuma, AZ lemon orchard. In addition, mechanical (disk and Perfecta cultivator) and chemical weed control strategies were compared. Results were fairly similar; however, the use of the WeedSeeker units combined with a preemergence herbicide (H1) increased weed control three fold compared to disking (D) and perfecta (P1). Additionally, when the WeedSeeker units were used in conjunction with preemergence herbicides, spray volume was reduced by 66% compared to a conventional sprayer and by 57% when used for postemergence applications only. There was a relationship between weed ground cover and the area sprayed by the WeedSeeker units indicating that maximum postemergence herbicide savings will occur at low weed densities or less than 10% groundcover. The use of a sprayer with an improved suspension system allowed for faster spraying speeds than were possible with the tractor mounted sprayer. Weed control was similar for the conventional and the WeedSeeker sprayer. However, yields were variable for both years. Future investigations will include efforts to develop crop budgets based on experimental operations