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Introduction: Wushu, Chinese martial art, consists of modern and traditional groups of styles. Previously it was researched that modern and traditional martial arts have different outcomes. Since traditional wushu is said to be rooted in Chinese values, its environment is a unique place to research psychological collectivism. Moreover, mental toughness is a new topic in the field of martial arts, and its connection with psychological collectivism was only researched on the society, not personality level. Methods: This mixed methods research consisted of qualitative Study 1 and quantitative Study 2. Study 1 aimed to understand, what is the experience of psychological collectivism in traditional wushu training. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight European adult participants of traditional wushu and were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In the Study 2, 277 European adult respondents (111 modern wushu and 166 traditional wushu practitioners) filled in the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire and Psychological Collectivism Questionnaire. To research the relationship of practicing modern or traditional wushu with psychological collectivism and mental toughness, several steps were taken. First, the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were run to test both models. Next, the final model was tested using Structural Equation Modelling. Model comparisons, path analysis and effects were completed. Results: In Study 1, five themes emerged from the data. The first described how kung fu (traditional wushu) provided structure and direction for the interviewees. Also, it described how practitioners better adapted to the outer world and their ability to switch from being gentle to being ruthless. The second theme described perception of time. The third one explored the kung fu community, provided a probe into the group identity, and looked at how positioning closer to the master provided better learning options; the community served as the knowledge keeper. The fourth theme explored bridging gaps in communication. Finally, the fifth theme discovered seriousness of the practitioners, who had to endure mentally and physically torturous training. In Study 2, during the structural equation modeling the final model was confirmed as well as differences in the two groups of modern and traditional wushu. Moreover, it was found, that the number of joined competitions or years of training did not result in a significant path with mental toughness, but perceived level of skill did. The relationship between psychological collectivism and mental toughness was found only in the traditional wushu group, limited to a marginal p level. Conclusion: Psychological collectivism was explored in traditional wushu and helped to understand the structure and functioning of the wushu community. The seriousness of its members served as a commodity, to negotiate better position in the group. In the quantitative study, this seriousness seemed to be connected with the perceived level of skill. This variable resulted in the significant path with mental toughness. It is suggested that the social environment of the serious practitioners, who put themselves through demanding training, helped to develop mental toughness. This development is not based on the number of years in training, but rather on the way the practitioners perceive themselves.

梁佩嫦. / 手稿本 (cops. 283 複印本) / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院語文學部. / Shou gao ben (cops. 283 fu yin ben) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-75). / Liang Peichang. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan yu wen xue bu. / 引言 --- p.1-3 / Chapter 第一章 --- 『物色』的定義及溯源 --- p.4-85 / Chapter 甲 --- 定義 --- p.5-27 / Chapter 乙 --- 溯源 --- p.28-85 / Chapter 1 --- 詩經中的即物起興 --- p.28-47 / Chapter 2 --- 屈宗辭賦中的景物　 --- p.48-69 / Chapter 3 --- 漢賦中情景之結合 --- p.70-85 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《文選》「物色賦」四篇分析 --- p.86-171 / Chapter 甲 --- 宗玉《風賦》 --- p.95-118 / Chapter 乙 --- 潘岳〈秋興賦〉 --- p.119-138 / Chapter 丙 --- 謝惠連〈雪賦〉　 --- p.139-152 / Chapter 丁 --- 謝莊〈月賦〉 --- p.153-171 / Chapter 第三章 --- 六朝賦「物色」選例　　 --- p.172-263 / Chapter 甲 --- 時代喪亂的寫照 --- p.175-188 / Chapter 1 --- 曹丕〈感物賦〉 / Chapter 2 --- 王粲〈登樓賦〉 / Chapter 3 --- 鮑照〈蕪城賦〉 / Chapter 乙 --- 佛老思想的反映 --- p.189-201 / Chapter 1 --- 孫綽〈登天台小賦〉 / Chapter 2 --- 湛方生〈風賦〉〈懷春賦〉等 / Chapter 3 --- 謝靈運〈山居賦〉 / Chapter 丙 --- 描述隱居山林　 --- p.202-206 / Chapter 1 --- 潘岳〈閒居賦〉 / Chapter 2 --- 陸倕〈歸田賦〉 / Chapter 丁 --- 記敘羈旅官遊 --- p.206-221 / Chapter 1 --- 陸機〈述思賦〉等 / Chapter 2 --- 謝靈運〈歸塗賦〉 / Chapter 3 --- 鮑照〈遊思賦〉 / Chapter 4 --- 江淹〈去故鄉賦〉等 / Chapter 戊 --- 抒發生離死別 --- p.222-246 / Chapter 1 --- 曹丕〈柳賦〉等 / Chapter 2 --- 陸機〈思親賦〉等 / Chapter 3 --- 江淹〈別賦〉〈恨賦〉 / Chapter 4 --- 梁簡文帝〈秋興賦〉〈臨秋賦〉、梁元帝〈蕩婦秋思賦〉 / Chapter 己　 --- 應制酬唱 --- p.247-263 / Chapter 1 --- 二曹〈愁霖賦〉〈喜霽賦〉等 / Chapter 2 --- 謝朓〈七夕賦奉護軍命作〉 / Chapter 3 --- 庾信〈春賦〉 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「物色」與六朝人生活與風尚的關係 --- p.264-307 / Chapter 甲 --- 貴遊風氣 --- p.264-285 / Chapter 乙 --- 登山臨水，巖棲山居 --- p.226-301 / Chapter 丙 --- 構築庭園　 --- p.302-307 / Chapter 第五章 --- 六朝賦中「物色」的技巧 --- p.308-371 / Chapter 甲 --- 設色 --- p.310-326 / Chapter 乙 --- 練字 --- p.327-357 / Chapter 丙 --- 音律 --- p.358-371 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.372-388 / 注釋 --- p.1-60 / 參考書目 --- p.61-74

Extract This article studies the Mind and Nature View of Chuan Shan, using this realistic emotional content presenting: exquisite subtle; unequivocal mind; nature; feelings and so forth in relation. Moreover, this article uses ether and mind connecting the entire context, discovering the emphasis of Chuan Shan Mind and Nature View that is the utilization of mind and nature. Hence the author raises propriety and education which both pose contemporary significance in this morality ethics, analysis of the morality ethics thus arises the basis of mind and nature. In discussion sequence, according to Chuan Shan using ether as the first perception, initially view mind and nature as the originality - - ether, mind, nature, lastly the art of cultivating mind and nature , including ¡V cultivating skills already achieved and morality ethics as secondary objective . Now presenting following chapter as below: There are six sections of this article. The first chapter, introduction, explained the research motive of this article, research scope, research methods and the writer¡¦s biography. Second chapter explained the originality and relations of mind and nature, raising ether; heaven; principle and way. Third chapter discussed themes about sensibility; heart and mind uniting; body and feelings uniting and subjects of so forth. Fourth chapter regarded nature; discussing feelings and talents; originality of ill-intentions. Fifth chapter discussed about an individual¡¦s self-cultivation with the two items of morality ethics: propriety and education. Sixth chapter concluded. From beginning to the end of this literacy, manly it is using the means of analysis; comparison; deduction; induction; in addition, the author classifies some complex concepts together, using diagrams method as presentation, which is also part of his significant research.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd common cancer in the world. Because the five-year survival rate is below 60 % in the patients with CRC, two important respects in CRC researches are early diagnosis and more effective chemotherapeutic drugs. In fact, the studies on molecular pathology of CRC can resolve these two problems. Insulin has a role in the carcinogenesis and developments of CRC, and 5-FU is a standard chemotherapeutic drug for the patients with stage III CRC. As a human securin, PTTG has a major role in many functions. In our studies of 2-D proteomics, PTTG correlates with the invasiveness of CRC. Besides, it is found to be highly expressed in many types of cancer, but the expression of PTTG is, however, low or undetectable in normal tissues. This character of tumor-specific expression is suitable for drug and target therapy. Therefore, we use cell line HT-29 to study the effects of 5-FU and insulin on the expression of PTTG. We have found that insulin in the physiologic level up-regulates PTTG. In normal physiologic level, insulin up-regulates PTTG, in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the induction of PTTG by insulin more than normal physiologic level is decreased. In the studies with 5-FU, PTTG has a higher level after treatment, but not in dose-dependent manner. The up-regulation of PTTG by 5-FU is decreased in a higher dose. In cancer cells, insulin regulated pathways may contribute to the growth, proliferation, and apoptosis of tumors by activating oncogenic molecular targets such as PTTG. We have showed that insulin of bio-physiologic level can up-regulate PTTG in colon cancer HT-29 cell lines. Induction of PTTG by insulin suggests a mechanism by which insulin may contribute to the development and/or progression of colon cancers. To tumor- specific expression of PTTG, induction of PTTG by insulin, consequently, may be a target of colon cancer treatment. In the studies of 5-FU and PTTG, we have found that 5-FU in HT-29 cells can induce PTTG, with a peak effect in a dose around IC50. Interestingly, the induction of PTTG is decreased in a higher dose of 5-FU. This is a new finding in the effect of 5-FU on PTTG. Accordingly, we can realize why PTTG in some studies is suppressed; the others have a higher level. More importantly, the connection of PTTG expression between sister chromatic separation and DNA repair after DNA damage is more reasonable. Based on this finding, we propose that PTTG connects DNA damage response pathways, sister chromatic separation and apoptosis after DNA damage. Therefore, PTTG has a key role after DNA damage, deciding cells to have DNA repair/cell cycle arrest or to progress to apoptosis.

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li Taiwan da xue. / Spine title. Reproduced from typescript. Bibliography: p. 149-153.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1989. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 510-533).

Kung fu is a cinematic genre investing on the discourse of the “real”. From Kwan Tak Hing, Bruce Lee, Jacky Chan, Jet Li to Donnie Yen, cinematic representations of kung fu are inextricably intertwined with realism – real techniques, real fighting and real body. This paper is a theoretical reflection of “real kung fu” as a cultural imaginary and its transfiguration since the 1950s. The discussion will focus on recent developments of the genre in two major industries – digitalization of kung fu in Hollywood and recent return of kung fu masters in Hong Kong through coproduction. Through a parallel analysis of kung fu productions in a global context, this project outlines and predicts possible reinventions of the genre in the first decade of the 21st century. On the one hand, the notion of “real kung fu” is reinvented by digital technology. By applying Jean Baudrillard’s idea of “simulacra and simulation” to the context of kung fu cinema, Leon Hunt’s tripartite scheme of authenticity and Edward Said’s Orientalist discourse are (de/re)constructed in an age of digital production. Through a scrutiny of The Matrix (1999) and Kung Fu Panda (2008), I will demonstrate that the convergence of digital cinema and digital gaming creates a new spectatorship that redefines kung fu with an alternative understanding of body, time and space. On the other hand, the Ip Man trilogy (2008-2010) and Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen (2010) show that there is a possible return of kung fu masters in local martial arts co-productions. Instead of a nostalgic return to the established genre in the 1970s, these realist kung fu films reinvent the genre by synthesizing different paradigms of realist styles and renegotiating the longstanding difficult relationship between nationalism and modernity. / published_or_final_version / Comparative Literature / Master / Master of Philosophy

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