Orientador : Prof. Dr. Wanderley Marchi Junior / Dissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Educaçao Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/03/2013 / Bibliografia : fls. 157-164 / Área de concentraçao: Exercício e esporte / Resumo: Discutir atualmente a China e sua cultura parece algo bastante útil, principalmente em decorrência da sua posição econômica, que exerce uma impactante influência mundial. Para buscar trazer alguma luz sobre a China, fizemos uso de um marcante e elucidativo elemento de sua cultura, a sua arte marcial. Mais ainda, buscamos avançar neste processo tratando não do Kung Fu em seu berço de origem, mas sim, olhando-o em sua vertente contemporânea, oriunda do processo de disseminação deste em nosso país iniciado em fins da década de 1950. As dificuldades de transmissão e de apropriação se mostram marcantes, e se consolidam diante das inúmeras dificuldades adaptativas, seja em decorrência da língua, do pouco conhecimento dos brasileiros acerca desta arte marcial, ou ainda pela imposição de valores e preceitos difundidos vagamente pelos meios midiáticos. Assim, entender como os mestres pioneiros superaram estas problemáticas e conseguiram disseminar e consolidar esta prática marcial em nosso país é o principal questionamento de nosso trabalho, cuja resposta a própria fala destes mestres irá cotejar. Foram as suas memórias que recordaram as estratégias adotadas para transmitir o Kung Fu, e para discutirmos seus relatos fizemos uso das teorias sociológicas de Norbert Elias e de Pierre Bourdieu, bem como as interpretações de sinólogos contemporâneos. Para tanto, fizemos uso também da metodologia adotada pela História Oral para, através do uso de entrevistas, discutir com os cinco mestres pioneiros, o processo de disseminação do Kung Fu em nosso país, entendendo o Estado de São Paulo como um polo disseminador desta prática. Abordamos também o processo imigratório chinês ao Brasil desde os primeiros registros datados de 1812, discutindo ainda conceitos relacionados a relação do Oriente com Ocidente. Desta forma, o Kung Fu se torna elemento marcante para a compreensão da cultura chinesa que em nosso país se dissemina, bem como da própria China no cenário global. Concluímos que o fato destes mestres terem vivido em Hong Kong transformou-se num elemento facilitador tanto para a transmissão do Kung Fu quanto para a própria adaptação dos mesmos ao nosso país. Apontamos ainda que a generalização interpretativa de termos como arte marcial e mesmo Kung Fu merecem cuidados, haja vista possuírem significados muito mais amplos do que costumeiramente indicamos, e entendemos o Kung Fu como uma prática multifacetada, influenciada por aspectos culturais e históricos enfrentados pela própria China. Apontamos também que a linguagem corporal que permeia as práticas marciais se mostrou elemento bastante frutífero para superação de barreiras que poderiam dificultar a transmissão do Kung Fu no Brasil. Em adição, tratamos o Kung Fu como uma prática em processo, construindo-se assim da mesma forma que o próprio pensamento clássico chinês, sendo necessário para um olhar mais amplo, o significativo exercício de desconstrução de mitos, e do despojamento de elementos culturais consolidados na perspectiva mítica dos quais muitas artes marciais costumeiramente se apropriam. / Abstract: Currently discussing China and its culture seems something quite useful, especially as a result of their economic position, which has an impressive global influence. To get shed light on China, we made use of a striking and instructive element of their culture, their martial art. Furthermore, we seek to move forward trying not Kung Fu in his birthplace of origin, but, looking at him in his contemporary strand, derived from the spread of this process in our country started in the late 1950s. The difficulties in transmission and appropriation are shown striking, and consolidate in the face of numerous difficulties adaptive, whether as a result of language, little knowledge of the Brazilian martial art about this, or by the imposition of values and precepts vaguely broadcast media by the media. Thus, understanding how the masters and pioneers overcame these problems could spread and consolidate this martial practice in our country is the main question of our work, whose own response to these talks will collate masters. Their memories were recalled that the strategies adopted to transmit Kung Fu, and to discuss their reports made use of sociological theories of Norbert Elias and Pierre Bourdieu, as well as interpretations of contemporary Sinologists. For this purpose, we also use the methodology adopted for the Oral History, through the use of interviews, discussions with the five masters pioneers, the process of dissemination of Kung Fu in our country, understanding the state of São Paulo as a disseminator of this practice polo. We also approach the Chinese immigration process in Brazil since the earliest records dating from 1812, still discussing concepts related to the relationship with East West. Thus, the Kung Fu becomes striking element to the understanding of Chinese culture that is spreading in our country, as well as China itself on the global stage. We conclude that the fact that these masters have lived in Hong Kong became a facilitator for both the transmission of Kung Fu as to adapt them to own our country. We point out also that the widespread interpretation of terms such as martial arts and Kung Fu deserve even care, considering they have meanings much broader than usually indicated, and we understand the Kung Fu practice as a multifaceted, influenced by cultural and historical aspects faced by China itself. Also point out that body language that permeates practices martial element proved quite fruitful for overcoming barriers that could hinder the transmission of Kung Fu in Brazil. In addition, we treat it as a practice Kung Fu in the process, thus building up the same way as classical Chinese thought itself, being necessary to a broader view, the meaningful exercise of deconstructing myths, and the dispossession of cultural elements consolidated the mythical perspective of which many martial arts customarily appropriated.

Introduction: Wushu, Chinese martial art, consists of modern and traditional groups of styles. Previously it was researched that modern and traditional martial arts have different outcomes. Since traditional wushu is said to be rooted in Chinese values, its environment is a unique place to research psychological collectivism. Moreover, mental toughness is a new topic in the field of martial arts, and its connection with psychological collectivism was only researched on the society, not personality level. Methods: This mixed methods research consisted of qualitative Study 1 and quantitative Study 2. Study 1 aimed to understand, what is the experience of psychological collectivism in traditional wushu training. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight European adult participants of traditional wushu and were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In the Study 2, 277 European adult respondents (111 modern wushu and 166 traditional wushu practitioners) filled in the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire and Psychological Collectivism Questionnaire. To research the relationship of practicing modern or traditional wushu with psychological collectivism and mental toughness, several steps were taken. First, the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were run to test both models. Next, the final model was tested using Structural Equation Modelling. Model comparisons, path analysis and effects were completed. Results: In Study 1, five themes emerged from the data. The first described how kung fu (traditional wushu) provided structure and direction for the interviewees. Also, it described how practitioners better adapted to the outer world and their ability to switch from being gentle to being ruthless. The second theme described perception of time. The third one explored the kung fu community, provided a probe into the group identity, and looked at how positioning closer to the master provided better learning options; the community served as the knowledge keeper. The fourth theme explored bridging gaps in communication. Finally, the fifth theme discovered seriousness of the practitioners, who had to endure mentally and physically torturous training. In Study 2, during the structural equation modeling the final model was confirmed as well as differences in the two groups of modern and traditional wushu. Moreover, it was found, that the number of joined competitions or years of training did not result in a significant path with mental toughness, but perceived level of skill did. The relationship between psychological collectivism and mental toughness was found only in the traditional wushu group, limited to a marginal p level. Conclusion: Psychological collectivism was explored in traditional wushu and helped to understand the structure and functioning of the wushu community. The seriousness of its members served as a commodity, to negotiate better position in the group. In the quantitative study, this seriousness seemed to be connected with the perceived level of skill. This variable resulted in the significant path with mental toughness. It is suggested that the social environment of the serious practitioners, who put themselves through demanding training, helped to develop mental toughness. This development is not based on the number of years in training, but rather on the way the practitioners perceive themselves.

Kung fu is a cinematic genre investing on the discourse of the “real”. From Kwan Tak Hing, Bruce Lee, Jacky Chan, Jet Li to Donnie Yen, cinematic representations of kung fu are inextricably intertwined with realism – real techniques, real fighting and real body. This paper is a theoretical reflection of “real kung fu” as a cultural imaginary and its transfiguration since the 1950s. The discussion will focus on recent developments of the genre in two major industries – digitalization of kung fu in Hollywood and recent return of kung fu masters in Hong Kong through coproduction. Through a parallel analysis of kung fu productions in a global context, this project outlines and predicts possible reinventions of the genre in the first decade of the 21st century. On the one hand, the notion of “real kung fu” is reinvented by digital technology. By applying Jean Baudrillard’s idea of “simulacra and simulation” to the context of kung fu cinema, Leon Hunt’s tripartite scheme of authenticity and Edward Said’s Orientalist discourse are (de/re)constructed in an age of digital production. Through a scrutiny of The Matrix (1999) and Kung Fu Panda (2008), I will demonstrate that the convergence of digital cinema and digital gaming creates a new spectatorship that redefines kung fu with an alternative understanding of body, time and space. On the other hand, the Ip Man trilogy (2008-2010) and Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen (2010) show that there is a possible return of kung fu masters in local martial arts co-productions. Instead of a nostalgic return to the established genre in the 1970s, these realist kung fu films reinvent the genre by synthesizing different paradigms of realist styles and renegotiating the longstanding difficult relationship between nationalism and modernity. / published_or_final_version / Comparative Literature / Master / Master of Philosophy

I följande text avser jag att analysera Man of Tai Chi och undersöka förhållandet mellan Kina och Hollywood. Kina blir en alltmer viktig marknad för filmbolag från Hollywood och hur de förhåller sig till varandra på film.Kung fu-filmens spridning har inneburit andra kulturella uttryck, från Bruce Lee som symbol mot imperialistiskt förtryck i tredje världen, till att bidra med formande av nya bildsspråk i filmer som The Matrix. Hur kan en transnationell samproduktion mellan kinesiska och västerländska bolag se ut? I följande uppsats undersöker jag produktionsförhållanden och mottagande av filmen Man of Tai Chi och i slutsatsen kommer jag fram till att filmen misslyckats ur ett kommersiellt perspektiv.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aptidão física relacionada à saúde e a qualidade de vida de praticantes de lutas, artes marciais e modalidades de combate da cidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados 965 indivíduos adultos do sexo masculino, praticantes das cinco modalidades mais populares no Brasil, por meio de bateria de avaliação da aptidão física (índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura quadril (RCQ), percentual de gordura (%G), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), força muscular, resistência muscular e flexibilidade) e pelo questionário abreviado de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL- bref). Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, da Análise de Correspondência, Análise de Variância e Correlação de Pearson, sendo que, para todas as análises foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5%. Segundo os critérios de aptidão física relacionada à saúde, propostos pelo Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte (2006), os praticantes avaliados apresentaram IMC classificado como sobrepeso (caratê, jiu-jitsu e judô) e normal (kung-fu e taekwondo); RCQ de risco moderado para todos os grupos; %G médio para todos os grupos; VO2máx acima da média (caratê e kung-fu) e bem acima da média (jiu-jitsu, judô e taekwondo); força muscular abaixo da média em todas as modalidades, exceto no caso do kung-fu, com classificação precária; resistência muscular acima da média em todos os grupos; flexibilidade média em todos os grupos. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao IMC, com o grupo kung-fu apresentando valores inferiores ao caratê e ao judô e o grupo jiu-jitsu apresentando valores maiores que o caratê, kung-fu e taekwondo. Em relação ao VO2máx estimado, o grupo kungfu apresentou valor menor que os grupos jiu-jitsu e judô. Quanto à resistência muscular, o grupo jiu-jitsu apresentou valor superior aos grupos taekwondo e judô, sendo que este último apresentou valor inferior ao grupo kung-fu. Para a flexibilidade, o grupo jiu-jitsu apresentou valor inferior aos grupos caratê, taekwondo e kung-fu, sendo que este último apresentou superioridade em relação ao grupo judô. A qualidade de vida foi igual entre os grupos e todos apresentaram resultados superiores aos valores normativos nos quatro domínios para homens adultos brasileiros. As correlações entre aptidão física e os domínios de qualidade de vida foram significantes, porém muito baixas. Com base nos achados do presente estudo é possível concluir que a prática das diferentes atividades investigadas provavelmente está associada com boa qualidade de vida e aptidão física relacionada à saúde acima da média, exceto no que se refere à força muscular / This study was designed to evaluate health-related physical fitness and quality of life in practitioners of martial arts and combat sports in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 965 adult male practitioners of the five most popular modalities in Brazil were evaluated using the following variables and fitness assessment tests: body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), fat percentage (%G), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), muscle strength, muscle endurance and flexibility. The subjects also answered an abbreviated version of the The World Health Organization quality of life assessment instrument (WHOQOL-bref). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis, analysis of variance and Pearson\'s correlation with 5% of significance level in all analysis. According to health-related physical fitness criteria proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine (2006), the subjects evaluated presented BMI ranges between overweight (in karate, jiu-jitsu and judo groups) and normal (in kung-fu and taekwondo groups), WHR indicating moderate risks and percentage of fat (%G) in average range in all groups; above average VO2max range (in karate and kung-fu groups) and well above average VO2max range (in jiu-jitsu, judo and taekwondo groups), below average muscle strength in all modalities, except in the kung fu group, which was rated well below average; and above average strenght endurance and average flexibility in all groups. Statistically significant differences were found in BMI, with the kung-fu group presenting lower results compared to the karate and judo groups, and with the jiu-jitsu group presenting better results than karate, kung fu and taekwondo. Regarding VO2max, the kung fu group presented lower scores than the jiu-jitsu and judo groups. As for strenght endurance, jiu-jitsu group showed higher scores when compared to taekwondo and judo group, with this last one presenting lower scores than the kung fu group. Regarding flexibility, jiu-jitsu group showed lower scores when compared to karate, taekwondo and kung fu groups, with this last one showing superior results when compared to the judo group. The quality of life was similar between the groups, and all presented higher values in the four domains than the normative data for Brazilians male adults. Correlations between physical fitness and the quality of life domains were very low, yet significant. Based on the findings of this study we conclude that the practice of the various investigated activities is probably associated with good quality of life and health-related fitness above average, except with regard to muscle strength

Orientador: Carlos José Martins / Banca: Leila Marrach Basto de Albuquerque / Banca: Raquel Valente de Gouvêa / Resumo: Este estudo tem por objetivo, analisar a prática do Wushu, ocidentalmente conhecido por Kung-Fu, situando-o como arte marcial componente da cultura chinesa imperial tardia e moderna. Pré e pós a emergência do Comunismo em 1949; circunscrevendo o surgimento do "Wushu moderno" e suas implicações. Atentando para as transformações na civilização chinesa pós-revolução Maoísta, as rupturas entre tradicional e moderno, contexto no qual a prática do Wushu foi reconfigurado na condição de esporte, não mais restrito aos templos ou ao exército, mas estendido às escolas chinesas em um formato laico e pedagógico. Fato que associou outros sentidos à palavra "arte", dentro da expressão "arte marcial" e à prática, antes próxima da ascese (do termo Grego: "askésis", que quer dizer "exercício") corporal e espiritual. Relação que não se consuma na sociedade contemporânea, uma vez que as técnicas corporais, em tempos modernos e no contexto das artes marciais, distanciaram-se das "artes" e se aproximaram do ambiente esportivo; do esporte, propriamente dito / Abstract: This study aims to analyze the practice of Wushu, western known as Kung-Fu, making them the martial art component of late imperial Chinese culture and modern. Before and after the emergence of Communism in 1949, circumscribing the emergence of "modern Wushu" and its implications. Paying attention to the changes in Chinese civilization post-Maoist revolution, the breaks between traditional and modern, the context in which the practice of Wushu was reconfigured on condition of sport, no longer restricted to the temples or the imperial army, but extended to Chinese schools in a format of secular teaching. Fact that other meanings associated with the word "art" within the term "martial art" and practice before the next to asceticism (from the Greek word: "Askesis", which means "exercise") of body and spirit. Relationship wich is not consummated in contemporary society, since the body techniques in modern times and in the context of martial arts, distanced themselves from the "arts" and approached the sporting environment, of sport, itself / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carneirojunior_s_me_rcla.pdf: 4712170 bytes, checksum: d2cac528032ca6f9ae1d98f80d940bd3 (MD5) / Este estudo tem por objetivo, analisar a prática do Wushu, ocidentalmente conhecido por Kung-Fu, situando-o como arte marcial componente da cultura chinesa imperial tardia e moderna. Pré e pós a emergência do Comunismo em 1949; circunscrevendo o surgimento do “Wushu moderno” e suas implicações. Atentando para as transformações na civilização chinesa pós-revolução Maoísta, as rupturas entre tradicional e moderno, contexto no qual a prática do Wushu foi reconfigurado na condição de esporte, não mais restrito aos templos ou ao exército, mas estendido às escolas chinesas em um formato laico e pedagógico. Fato que associou outros sentidos à palavra “arte”, dentro da expressão “arte marcial” e à prática, antes próxima da ascese (do termo Grego: “askésis”, que quer dizer “exercício”) corporal e espiritual. Relação que não se consuma na sociedade contemporânea, uma vez que as técnicas corporais, em tempos modernos e no contexto das artes marciais, distanciaram-se das “artes” e se aproximaram do ambiente esportivo; do esporte, propriamente dito / This study aims to analyze the practice of Wushu, western known as Kung-Fu, making them the martial art component of late imperial Chinese culture and modern. Before and after the emergence of Communism in 1949, circumscribing the emergence of modern Wushu and its implications. Paying attention to the changes in Chinese civilization post-Maoist revolution, the breaks between traditional and modern, the context in which the practice of Wushu was reconfigured on condition of sport, no longer restricted to the temples or the imperial army, but extended to Chinese schools in a format of secular teaching. Fact that other meanings associated with the word art within the term martial art and practice before the next to asceticism (from the Greek word: Askesis, which means exercise) of body and spirit. Relationship wich is not consummated in contemporary society, since the body techniques in modern times and in the context of martial arts, distanced themselves from the arts and approached the sporting environment, of sport, itself

The goal of this thesis is to analyse kung fu from the pespective of teaching Combatives in Physicial Education courses, suggest model exercises with the help of the consultants named in the theoretical part and create model lessons that teachers may use in their Physical Education courses. The teoretical part focuses on history, taxonomy and teaching of Combatives in Physical Education courses. In addition, in describes history, characteristics and taxonomy of kung fu. The experimental part suggest model exercises with pictures and characteristics of model lessons. It also analyses questionnaires collected from students and teachers and summarises the results in tables. Questiaonnaires investigation attended 257 stunednts from second grade of elementary shool in centralbohemie region and 6 their teachers of Physical Education courses. Model classes and questionnaires for students ann teachers are included in attchments. From research part ensues these facts: In Physical Education courses meets with downfall technique 28% of requested students,with martial arts teaching 42,4% and with self-defence teaching 55.6% respondents. 72% requested students has interest to add kung fu to Physical Education courses. More than half of requested students (57,6%) founds teaching of Combatives usefull in common...

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aptidão física relacionada à saúde e a qualidade de vida de praticantes de lutas, artes marciais e modalidades de combate da cidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados 965 indivíduos adultos do sexo masculino, praticantes das cinco modalidades mais populares no Brasil, por meio de bateria de avaliação da aptidão física (índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura quadril (RCQ), percentual de gordura (%G), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), força muscular, resistência muscular e flexibilidade) e pelo questionário abreviado de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL- bref). Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, da Análise de Correspondência, Análise de Variância e Correlação de Pearson, sendo que, para todas as análises foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5%. Segundo os critérios de aptidão física relacionada à saúde, propostos pelo Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte (2006), os praticantes avaliados apresentaram IMC classificado como sobrepeso (caratê, jiu-jitsu e judô) e normal (kung-fu e taekwondo); RCQ de risco moderado para todos os grupos; %G médio para todos os grupos; VO2máx acima da média (caratê e kung-fu) e bem acima da média (jiu-jitsu, judô e taekwondo); força muscular abaixo da média em todas as modalidades, exceto no caso do kung-fu, com classificação precária; resistência muscular acima da média em todos os grupos; flexibilidade média em todos os grupos. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao IMC, com o grupo kung-fu apresentando valores inferiores ao caratê e ao judô e o grupo jiu-jitsu apresentando valores maiores que o caratê, kung-fu e taekwondo. Em relação ao VO2máx estimado, o grupo kungfu apresentou valor menor que os grupos jiu-jitsu e judô. Quanto à resistência muscular, o grupo jiu-jitsu apresentou valor superior aos grupos taekwondo e judô, sendo que este último apresentou valor inferior ao grupo kung-fu. Para a flexibilidade, o grupo jiu-jitsu apresentou valor inferior aos grupos caratê, taekwondo e kung-fu, sendo que este último apresentou superioridade em relação ao grupo judô. A qualidade de vida foi igual entre os grupos e todos apresentaram resultados superiores aos valores normativos nos quatro domínios para homens adultos brasileiros. As correlações entre aptidão física e os domínios de qualidade de vida foram significantes, porém muito baixas. Com base nos achados do presente estudo é possível concluir que a prática das diferentes atividades investigadas provavelmente está associada com boa qualidade de vida e aptidão física relacionada à saúde acima da média, exceto no que se refere à força muscular / This study was designed to evaluate health-related physical fitness and quality of life in practitioners of martial arts and combat sports in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 965 adult male practitioners of the five most popular modalities in Brazil were evaluated using the following variables and fitness assessment tests: body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), fat percentage (%G), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), muscle strength, muscle endurance and flexibility. The subjects also answered an abbreviated version of the The World Health Organization quality of life assessment instrument (WHOQOL-bref). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis, analysis of variance and Pearson\'s correlation with 5% of significance level in all analysis. According to health-related physical fitness criteria proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine (2006), the subjects evaluated presented BMI ranges between overweight (in karate, jiu-jitsu and judo groups) and normal (in kung-fu and taekwondo groups), WHR indicating moderate risks and percentage of fat (%G) in average range in all groups; above average VO2max range (in karate and kung-fu groups) and well above average VO2max range (in jiu-jitsu, judo and taekwondo groups), below average muscle strength in all modalities, except in the kung fu group, which was rated well below average; and above average strenght endurance and average flexibility in all groups. Statistically significant differences were found in BMI, with the kung-fu group presenting lower results compared to the karate and judo groups, and with the jiu-jitsu group presenting better results than karate, kung fu and taekwondo. Regarding VO2max, the kung fu group presented lower scores than the jiu-jitsu and judo groups. As for strenght endurance, jiu-jitsu group showed higher scores when compared to taekwondo and judo group, with this last one presenting lower scores than the kung fu group. Regarding flexibility, jiu-jitsu group showed lower scores when compared to karate, taekwondo and kung fu groups, with this last one showing superior results when compared to the judo group. The quality of life was similar between the groups, and all presented higher values in the four domains than the normative data for Brazilians male adults. Correlations between physical fitness and the quality of life domains were very low, yet significant. Based on the findings of this study we conclude that the practice of the various investigated activities is probably associated with good quality of life and health-related fitness above average, except with regard to muscle strength

published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts