The thesis describes questions of exchange differences in accordance with Czech generally accounting principle and in accordance with the International financial reporting standards. Accordance with Czech accounting principle is the choice of the exchange rate and method of evaluating and accounting for exchange rate differences. The second part of this thesis is focused on International financial reporting standards. It explains the concept of functional currency factors and its determination. It describes translation from the local currency to the functional currency and the translation from the functional currency to the presentation currency. The last part of thesis describes the functional currency in US GAAP.

This thesis describes the influence of the foreign currency on the accounting according to the Czech accounting principles and International financial reporting standards (IAS/IFRS). It especially focuses on determination of exchange rate for conversion of transaction to the domestic currency and for solving the exchange difference. In the next part there are described issues with the exchange difference from the view of IAS/IFRS. There are explained terms like functional currency and presentation currency. Also there are described the methods for transfer of financial reports from foreign currency to the functional currency and from the functional currency to the presentation currency. The last chapter compares both legislation and it warns about the most important differences.

The thesis describes questions of exchange differences in accordance with czech generally accepted accounting principles and in accordance with the International financial reporting standards. The thesis explains exchange rates used on the Czech Republic and czech accounting principles. The second part of this thesis is focused on International financial reporting standards. It makes clear what the functional currency is. It describes translation from the local currency to the functional currency and the translation from the functional currency to the presentation currency. It relates consolidated financial statement in the view of exchange differences.

Submitted by RENAN FIUSA (renanfiusa@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-25T13:06:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renan Fiusa_Dissertação_Moeda Funcional_da Contabilidade ao Direito Tributário.pdf: 1398951 bytes, checksum: 3dd4f0c1fd3f39e4de6b8809925c0ce5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2017-12-28T13:17:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Renan Fiusa_Dissertação_Moeda Funcional_da Contabilidade ao Direito Tributário.pdf: 1398951 bytes, checksum: 3dd4f0c1fd3f39e4de6b8809925c0ce5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-28T13:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renan Fiusa_Dissertação_Moeda Funcional_da Contabilidade ao Direito Tributário.pdf: 1398951 bytes, checksum: 3dd4f0c1fd3f39e4de6b8809925c0ce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / A moeda funcional é um conceito da contabilidade que dispõe que a entidade deve adotar, para fins contábeis, aquela moeda que melhor reflete seu ambiente econômico principal. Nesse sentido, do ponto de vista contábil, é possível que uma entidade brasileira utilize moeda funcional diferente da moeda nacional. Porém, no âmbito societário e tributário, a escrituração e a apuração, respectivamente, devem ser realizadas em moeda nacional e corrente. Considerando que, pouco foi explorado na análise dos efeitos da utilização da moeda funcional na contabilidade, torna-se interessante dedicar um estudo mais aprofundado sobre este instituto. Desse modo, o presente trabalho tem como escopo aprofundar os aspectos teóricos e práticos da moeda funcional, observando a evolução do conceito contábil até os seus reflexos no âmbito tributário, com o fim de verificar se a utilização da moeda funcional resulta em aumento de carga tributária para a companhia. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e legislativa sobre o tema, além da elaboração de um exemplo para verificar a operacionalização da moeda funcional. Na análise do tema, percebe-se que a primeira divergência entre a teoria e a prática é a diferença conceitual. Enquanto a legislação societária adota o conceito que a escrituração deve ser realizada apenas na moeda nacional, resultando em contabilidade única, o manual de Escrituração Contábil Digital (ECD) prevê que a escrituração seja realizada também em moeda funcional, implicando em duas contabilidades (uma em moeda nacional e outra, em funcional). Infere-se, inclusive, confrontando a norma contábil, a legislação societária e a tributária, que ao fim do período de reporte, devem ser elaboradas demonstrações financeiras em três moedas: moeda nacional (societária), moeda funcional e moeda de apresentação (conversão da moeda funcional). Embora exista desconexão entre a legislação societária e a norma contábil, tanto do ponto de vista teórico, quanto do prático, a legislação tributária, pela Lei n° 12.973/2014, dispõe que as diferenças observadas entre as moedas nacional e funcional devem ser ajustadas na determinação do lucro real, para desconsideração dos efeitos da conversão na apuração dos tributos. Além dela, a Instrução Normativa n° 1.700/2017 simplifica a apuração, dispondo que o lucro de partida para fins tributários deve ser o lucro da contabilidade societária, desconsiderando os efeitos de conversão da moeda funcional. Evidenciou-se, portanto, que não há acréscimo no pagamento de IRPJ e CSLL corrente na adoção da moeda funcional. / Functional currency is an accounting concept that provides that the entity must adopt for accounting purposes the currency that best reflects its main economic environment. In this sense, from the accounting point of view, it is possible for a brazilian company to use a functional currency different from the domestic currency. However, in the corporate and tax area, bookkeeping and calculation, respectively, must be done in domestic and current currency. Considering that little has been explored in analyzing the effects of the use of functional currency in accounting, it is interesting to devote a more in-depth study to this matter. In this way, the present work has as scope to deepen the theoretical and practical aspects of the functional currency, observing the evolution of the accounting concept until its impacts in the tax area, in order to verify if the use of the functional currency results in an increase in the tax burden. A bibliographical and legislative research on the subject was carried out, besides the elaboration of an example to verify the operationalization of the functional currency. In the analysis of the subject, it is perceived that the first divergence between theory and practice is the conceptual difference. While corporate law adopts the concept that bookkeeping should be carried out only in national currency, resulting in single accounting, the Digital Accounting Bookkeeping (ECD) manual provides that bookkeeping is also performed in functional currency, implying two accounts (one in national currency and another, in functional one). It is also inferred that confronting the accounting, corporate and tax legislation, at the end of the reporting period, financial statements must be prepared in three currencies: national currency (corporate), functional currency and presentation currency (conversion of functional currency). Although there is a disconnection between corporate law and IFRS, in theoretical and a practical aspects, tax legislation (Law No. 12.973/2014) states that the observed differences between national and functional currencies should be adjusted in the determination of the taxable income, to disregard the effects of the conversion in taxes calculation. In addition, Normative Instruction No. 1.700/2017 simplifies the calculation, providing that the starting profit for tax purposes should be the profit of the corporate accounting, disregarding the effects of functional currency conversion. Therefore, it is evidenced that there is no increase in the tax burden while adopting the functional currency.

The purpose of this Master's Thesis is to analyze effects of Foreign Exchange Rates on financial statements under Czech accounting regulations and IFRS. It focuses on analyzing and comparing both regulations when choosing the reporting currency or when applying rules on the usage of the correct exchange rates. By using practical excercises it compares differencies in the calculation of transaction and translation differencies with the focus on the impact on the financial statements under the both regulations.

This thesis describes possible effects of foreign exchange rates on financial information of accounting entities, methods of their realization and their reporting. Basic resources are the rules of International Financial Reporting Standards with accent on IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates.

La finalidad del presente trabajo es analizar el impacto que ha ocasionado la implementación de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad N° 21 (NIC), desde la óptica de la situación financiera y alcance tributario en las empresas del sector de servicio de telecomunicaciones. Es fundamental comprender que el concepto de globalización de la economía cambió fundamentalmente la práctica internacional de los negocios. En el primer capítulo se expone el marco teórico, que es la base sobre la cual se sustentará el análisis de nuestro trabajo de investigación. El segundo capítulo comprende el Plan de investigación en el que se establece el objetivo, planteamiento del problema principal y secundarios; y las hipótesis; el tercer capítulo determina la metodología empleada para el análisis, establecemos el objetivo y nivel de la investigación, su diseño y una descripción de los instrumentos de recolección de datos a utilizar en la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. En el cuarto capítulo tratamos el desarrollo del trabajo con la aplicación de los instrumentos de recolección: entrevistas y encuestas; y en el quinto capítulo se muestra el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se concluye que existe impacto financiero y tributario, recomendando que las empresas deban establecer políticas y estrategias para mitigar dicho impacto. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact caused by the implementation of International Accounting Standard No. 21 (NIC), from the perspective of the financial situation and tax scope in companies in the telecommunications service sector. It is fundamental to understand that the concept of globalization of the economy fundamentally changed the international practice of business. In the first chapter the theoretical framework is exposed, which is the basis on which the analysis of our research work will be based. The second chapter includes the Research Plan in which the objective is established, the main and secondary problem statement; and the hypotheses; The third chapter determines the methodology used for the analysis, we establish the objective and level of the research, its design and a description of the data collection instruments to be used in qualitative and quantitative research. In the fourth chapter we deal with the development of work with the application of collection instruments: interviews and surveys; and in the fifth chapter the analysis of the results obtained in qualitative and quantitative research is shown. It is concluded that there is a financial and tax impact, recommendations for companies should establish policies and strategies to mitigate this impact. / Tesis

The main objective of this thesis is to examine in detail the area of exchange differences in accordance to czech generally accepted accounting principles, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS/IAS and in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles US GAAP. Initially, the thesis describes the general definition of foreign currency accounts. Then follows the accounting of exchange differences according to czech accepted accounting principles, including the choice of exchange rate specified for the translation of foreign currency statements. The other part of this thesis is focused on exchange differences in accordance with IFRS. Very close accounting approach is US GAAP, whose view of exchange differences describes another part. Finally, I deal with comparing all three accounting systems with emphasis on their differences in exchange differences.

La presente investigación busca identificar el impacto financiero en empresas del sector downstream de Hidrocarburos domiciliadas en Lima en el año 2020 en relación a las variaciones de tasa de cambio de la moneda extranjera. En el año 2020 hubo dos sucesos que afectaron la economía de las empresas del sector downstream de hidrocarburos, el primero es la caída de precios del petróleo, debido a la paralización de China y a un desacuerdo entre Arabia Saudita y Rusia respecto a los niveles de producción de petróleos, lo cual conlleva a una guerra de precios; el segundo sería la desaceleración de la economía global, causada por la Pandemia COVID-19. De esta manera, tenemos como objetivo de nuestra investigación identificar como es el tratamiento contable cuando se generan diferencias de cambio. Estas variaciones de tipo de cambio pueden generar un impacto importante en la rentabilidad o liquidez en las empresas del sector downstream de hidrocarburo. Por ello, este trabajo de investigación se encuentra organizado en 5 secciones. En el Capítulo I, Marco Teórico, se encontrarán las definiciones importantes y relevantes para que con ello el lector tenga un mejor entendimiento sobre el tema del impacto financiero que se genera con las variaciones del tipo de cambio. En el Capítulo II, Plan de investigación, se plantearon el problema principal, los objetivos e hipótesis generales y específicos. En el Capítulo III, Metodología de Investigación se identificó el tipo de investigación para el trabajo y se determinó el tamaño de la muestra para llevar a cabo el análisis de carácter cualitativo y cuantitativo. En el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo de la investigación, se podrá ver la ejecución de las entrevistas en profundidad y encuestas realizadas a los profesionales y funcionarios del sector a investigar. Para finalizar, en el Capítulo V, Análisis de resultados, se analizaron los resultados obtenidos de las encuestas y entrevistas, con ello se presentaron conclusiones y propusieron recomendaciones en base al trabajo de investigación y respuestas de los expertos en el sector. / This research seeks to identify the financial impact on companies in the downstream Hydrocarbons sector domiciled in Lima in 2020 in relation to changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. In 2020 there were two events that affected the economy of companies in the downstream hydrocarbon sector, the first being the fall in oil prices, due to the paralysis of China and a disagreement between Saudi Arabia and Russia regarding production levels oil, which leads to a price war; the second would be the slowdown in the global economy, caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. In this way, our research objective is to identify how the accounting treatment is when exchange differences are generated. These exchange rate variations can have a significant impact on profitability or liquidity in companies in the downstream hydrocarbon sector. Therefore, this research work is organized in 5 sections. In Chapter I, Theoretical Framework, the important and relevant definitions will be found so that with this the reader has a better understanding of the issue of the financial impact that is generated with exchange rate variations. In Chapter II, Research Plan, the main problem, objectives and general and specific hypotheses were raised. In Chapter III, Research Methodology, the type of research for the work was identified and the sample size was determined to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis. In Chapter IV, Development of the investigation, it will be possible to see the execution of the in-depth interviews and surveys carried out with the professionals and officials of the sector to be investigated. Finally, in Chapter V, Analysis of results, the results obtained from the surveys and interviews were analyzed, thereby finding conclusions and proposing recommendations based on research work and responses from experts in the sector. / Tesis