<p>International regulations target a global reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through the allocation of national reduction targets and the definition of mechanisms to achieve these targets. One of these mechanisms is international emissions trading, these trading programs have been the targets of widespread criticism since they were introduced into the policy-making arena. The point of departure in this study has been that the trading raises questions about morality, since it implies signals, which legitimates pollution. The main purpose with this study has been to find out if emissions trading systems can be morally justified with the method of wide reflective equilibrium. From the study it was found that the moral intuition; it is wrong to pollute the environment, and perform activities, which legitimates pollution, finds support from the different theories within environmental ethics and Kantian ethics. But, it was also found that there are a number of background theories, such as neo-classical economic thinking, liberalism, and utilitarianism, that supports the notion of emissions trading. The paper argues that even though the concept of CO2-emissions trading raises moral questions it can be morally defended on the basis of rationality. When the theory about specification is applied to the concept of emissions trading it is possible to reach a situation were a wide reflective equilibrium is achieved.</p>

International regulations target a global reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through the allocation of national reduction targets and the definition of mechanisms to achieve these targets. One of these mechanisms is international emissions trading, these trading programs have been the targets of widespread criticism since they were introduced into the policy-making arena. The point of departure in this study has been that the trading raises questions about morality, since it implies signals, which legitimates pollution. The main purpose with this study has been to find out if emissions trading systems can be morally justified with the method of wide reflective equilibrium. From the study it was found that the moral intuition; it is wrong to pollute the environment, and perform activities, which legitimates pollution, finds support from the different theories within environmental ethics and Kantian ethics. But, it was also found that there are a number of background theories, such as neo-classical economic thinking, liberalism, and utilitarianism, that supports the notion of emissions trading. The paper argues that even though the concept of CO2-emissions trading raises moral questions it can be morally defended on the basis of rationality. When the theory about specification is applied to the concept of emissions trading it is possible to reach a situation were a wide reflective equilibrium is achieved.

Thesis deals with the quality control of audit firms in accordance with international regulations. Defining the requirements for quality based on the Code of Ethics and the International quality standard ISQC1. Part of this work is the practical demonstration of ISQC1 in the smaller audit firm. For comparison, there is a description of quality control in the U.S.

La presente investigación busca identificar el impacto financiero en empresas del sector downstream de Hidrocarburos domiciliadas en Lima en el año 2020 en relación a las variaciones de tasa de cambio de la moneda extranjera. En el año 2020 hubo dos sucesos que afectaron la economía de las empresas del sector downstream de hidrocarburos, el primero es la caída de precios del petróleo, debido a la paralización de China y a un desacuerdo entre Arabia Saudita y Rusia respecto a los niveles de producción de petróleos, lo cual conlleva a una guerra de precios; el segundo sería la desaceleración de la economía global, causada por la Pandemia COVID-19. De esta manera, tenemos como objetivo de nuestra investigación identificar como es el tratamiento contable cuando se generan diferencias de cambio. Estas variaciones de tipo de cambio pueden generar un impacto importante en la rentabilidad o liquidez en las empresas del sector downstream de hidrocarburo. Por ello, este trabajo de investigación se encuentra organizado en 5 secciones. En el Capítulo I, Marco Teórico, se encontrarán las definiciones importantes y relevantes para que con ello el lector tenga un mejor entendimiento sobre el tema del impacto financiero que se genera con las variaciones del tipo de cambio. En el Capítulo II, Plan de investigación, se plantearon el problema principal, los objetivos e hipótesis generales y específicos. En el Capítulo III, Metodología de Investigación se identificó el tipo de investigación para el trabajo y se determinó el tamaño de la muestra para llevar a cabo el análisis de carácter cualitativo y cuantitativo. En el Capítulo IV, Desarrollo de la investigación, se podrá ver la ejecución de las entrevistas en profundidad y encuestas realizadas a los profesionales y funcionarios del sector a investigar. Para finalizar, en el Capítulo V, Análisis de resultados, se analizaron los resultados obtenidos de las encuestas y entrevistas, con ello se presentaron conclusiones y propusieron recomendaciones en base al trabajo de investigación y respuestas de los expertos en el sector. / This research seeks to identify the financial impact on companies in the downstream Hydrocarbons sector domiciled in Lima in 2020 in relation to changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. In 2020 there were two events that affected the economy of companies in the downstream hydrocarbon sector, the first being the fall in oil prices, due to the paralysis of China and a disagreement between Saudi Arabia and Russia regarding production levels oil, which leads to a price war; the second would be the slowdown in the global economy, caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. In this way, our research objective is to identify how the accounting treatment is when exchange differences are generated. These exchange rate variations can have a significant impact on profitability or liquidity in companies in the downstream hydrocarbon sector. Therefore, this research work is organized in 5 sections. In Chapter I, Theoretical Framework, the important and relevant definitions will be found so that with this the reader has a better understanding of the issue of the financial impact that is generated with exchange rate variations. In Chapter II, Research Plan, the main problem, objectives and general and specific hypotheses were raised. In Chapter III, Research Methodology, the type of research for the work was identified and the sample size was determined to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis. In Chapter IV, Development of the investigation, it will be possible to see the execution of the in-depth interviews and surveys carried out with the professionals and officials of the sector to be investigated. Finally, in Chapter V, Analysis of results, the results obtained from the surveys and interviews were analyzed, thereby finding conclusions and proposing recommendations based on research work and responses from experts in the sector. / Tesis