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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Marco Antonio Ferreira de Souza.pdf: 2114565 bytes, checksum: 0c343463353326e5371d4a8d0734a377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / Functional foods and nutraceuticals represent a kind of food that provides physiological and health benefits beside basic nutrition. Far from being conventional food, they are positioned as an alternative for some traditional and complimentary medicinal products. The first appearance of this novel type of food occurred in Japan in the 80?s, when some food were researched and used to tackle the progressive increase of health related diseases that promoted drastic drop in public health indices. This experience lead to the creation of a new product category initially called functional food, renamed later as food for special health use or FOSHU. The USA amplified this experience giving to it a remarkable visibility. Although they had not formalized a new product category this food begin to be called as nutraceutical. This new perspective of tackling the diet and health relation meant a significative change in the institutional environment of producing and promoting public health since it offers to agro food system players a primacy up to now permitted only to Pharmaceuticals Company. This thesis searched to provide a wide visibility panel of the raising of this novel type of food and an analysis of its repercussion on the agro food system. It began with the characterization of food provisioning modes considering the centrality exerted by quality over the agro food system competition dynamics. Convention economy concepts were applied to uncover different food quality justifications. An institutionalization approach was assumed in order to provide a deep compreenhension of the meaning of these novel types of food and of its raising. It resulted in a framework that accounted for three different arenas in that the process itself develops: scientific, regulatory and market. The analysis involved the experiences of Brasil, Japan, USA and European Union. Even though this process represent a new momentum for the agro food question, it favors most those player concerned with the industrial mode of food provisioning, mainly the ingredient and final food industry giants. Those players concerned with alternative food initiatives face obstacles related to complex regulatory framework and scientific requirements. These reflect the trend of regulatory framework in focusing on functional substances rather than products, even those in natura. To come into reality functional foods and nutraceuticals demands truly value systems based on the complex coordination of expensive and time-consuming scientific and productive activities. All of them completely adverse for small and medium size companies to cope with. / Alimentos funcionais e nutrac?uticos s?o apresentados como alimentos que, al?m de suas fun??es b?sicas nutricionais, demonstram benef?cios fisiol?gicos e/ou reduzem o risco de doen?as cr?nicas. Eles se afastam dos alimentos ditos convencionais e ficam posicionados como produtos diferenciados e uma alternativa para o processo de cuidado com a sa?de. Tais alimentos acabam dividindo com alguns produtos da medicina tradicional e alternativa o importante espa?o simb?lico de produ??o de sa?de. A primeira experi?ncia pr?tica ocorreu no Jap?o nos anos 80, quando o governo estimulou a pesquisa e uso de alimentos como aliados na melhoria dos ?ndices de sa?de publica do pa?s. O esfor?o originou o conceito de alimentos funcionais e estimulou a cria??o de uma categoria de alimentos classificada como alimentos funcionais, mais tarde modificada para FOSHU ou food for special health purpose. Nos EUA essa experi?ncia foi amplificada e esses alimentos s?o mais conhecidos como nutrac?uticos, por?m sem reconhecimento formal. Esta nova perspectiva para abordar a rela??o dieta e sa?de representa uma mudan?a significativa no ambiente institucional relativo a produ??o e promo??o de sa?de p?blica, pois concede aos atores do sistema agroalimentar uma primazia at? ent?o permitida apenas ?s empresas de medicamentos. Esta tese teve como objetivo a constru??o de um amplo painel de visibilidade da ascens?o desses novos alimentos, baseado na descri??o da trajet?ria desses termos e na an?lise das repercuss?es dessa transforma??o institucional sobre a quest?o agroalimentar. A quest?o agroalimentar foi caracterizada a partir da an?lise das modalidades correntes de fornecimento de alimento, objetivo alcan?ado atrav?s do uso dos conceitos da Economia das Conven??es. Para fins de conceitua??o e descri??o da trajet?ria procurou-se caracterizar o processo de institucionaliza??o dos novos alimentos, explorando os aspectos cient?ficos, regulamentares e mercadol?gicos. Al?m do Brasil foram analisadas as experi?ncias japonesa, americana e europ?ia. Embora represente um novo momento para a quest?o agroalimentar, verificou-se que a institucionaliza??o favorece principalmente aos atores associados ? modalidade industrial de fornecimento de alimentos: ind?stria processadora e fabricantes de alimentos finais. Em detrimentos aos interesses de projetos alternativos de fornecimento de alimentos com qualidade diferenciada, como os org?nicos e a produ??o local. Os pa?ses que aderiram a esta reclassifica??o dos alimentos t?m privilegiado a cria??o de complexas estruturas regulamentares para avaliar e liberar o uso de alega??es de sa?de para alimentos e o foco sobre subst?ncias e n?o sobre os alimentos, mesmo aqueles in natura. Para se tornarem realidade, tais alimentos demandam a cria??o de verdadeiros sistemas de valor que implicam a coordena??o de atividades cient?ficas e produtivas bastante onerosas para pequenas e m?dias empresas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have high content of dietary fiber and protein of high quality, so it can be considered a functional food. The objectives of this work were: (1) to verify if occurs maternal effect for the insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, methionine and cysteine content in grains common bean; (2) to estimate the heritability and gain from selection for these traits; (3) to assess the composition of amino acids of early generations of common bean obtained from controlled crosses with genitor of high cysteine content. Six generations were obtained (F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, retrocruzamento 1 - RCP1 and retrocruzamento 2 - RCP2) from crosses between genitors contrasting to the insoluble fiber (Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante), soluble fiber (Guapo Brilhante x Pérola), methionine (BRS Valente x Iapar 44) and cysteine (TPS Nobre x Minuano) content. The soluble and insoluble fiber contents were determined by enzyme-gravimetric method and the amino acids content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental design was a completely randomized, with variable number of replications for generations obtained. The results showed presence of genetic variability for the insoluble fiber, methionine and cysteine contents. No was observed effect maternal significant for insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, methionine and cysteine contents in grains of common bean. Estimates of heritability moderate in the broad sense of 45.22% and gain from selection predicto of 10.15% was obtained for the insoluble fiber. Unable to estimate the heritability in the broad sense and in the narrow sense for soluble fiber, because of lack of genetic variability in different generations, and for the methionine and cysteine content, because genetic negative variances were obtained. The selection of plants F2 obtained from crosses between Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante and between BRS Valente x Iapar 44 may result in superior genotypes for the insoluble fiber and methionine content, respectively. The genitors TPS Nobre and Minuano and F1 and F1r generations showed essential amino acids and nonessential contents suitable for use in food. For the cysteine content, it is not possible to select any plant in the F2 generation due to the low contents of this amino acid sulfur. / O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) apresenta alto teor de fibra alimentar e proteína de alta qualidade, por isso pode ser considerado um alimento funcional. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (1) investigar a ocorrência de efeito materno para os teores de fibra insolúvel, fibra solúvel, metionina e cisteína em grãos de feijão; (2) obter estimativas de herdabilidade e de ganho por seleção para esses caracteres; (3) avaliar a composição de aminoácidos de gerações precoces de feijão obtidas a partir de cruzamentos controlados com genitor de alto teor de cisteína. Sendo assim, foram obtidas seis gerações (F1, F1 recíproco, F2, F2 recíproco, retrocruzamento 1 - RCP1 e retrocruzamento 2 - RCP2), a partir de cruzamentos entre genitores contrastantes para os teores de fibra insolúvel (Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante), fibra solúvel (Guapo Brilhante x Pérola), metionina (BRS Valente x Iapar 44) e cisteína (TPS Nobre x Minuano). Os teores de fibra insolúvel e solúvel foram determinados pelo método enzimático-gravimétrico e os teores dos aminoácidos foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPLC). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com número de repetições variável para as diferentes gerações. Os resultados obtidos revelaram presença de variabilidade genética para a fibra insolúvel, metionina e cisteína. Não foi verificado efeito materno significativo para os teores de fibra insolúvel, fibra solúvel, metionina e cisteína em grãos de feijão. Estimativa moderada de herdabilidade, em sentido amplo, de 45,22% e ganho por seleção predicto de 10,15% foram obtidos para a fibra insolúvel. Não foi possível estimar a herdabilidade, em sentido amplo, e em sentido restrito para a fibra solúvel, devido à ausência de variabilidade genética nas diferentes gerações, e para os teores de metionina e de cisteína, pois variâncias genéticas negativas foram obtidas. A seleção de plantas F2 obtidas a partir do cruzamento entre Guateian 6662 x Guapo Brilhante e entre BRS Valente x Iapar 44 poderá resultar em genótipos superiores quanto aos teores de fibra insolúvel e de metionina, respectivamente. Os genitores TPS Nobre e Minuano e as gerações F1 e F1r apresentaram teores de aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais adequados para uso na alimentação. Para o teor de cisteína, não é possível selecionar nenhuma planta na geração F2 devido aos baixos teores desse aminoácido sulfurado.

This doctoral thesis was conducted in the framework of a co-supervised PhD between the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences of the University of Turin and the Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery of the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Université libre de Bruxelles. The present manuscript was conceived as a thesis of articles and is composed of 9 different scientific publications. The general introduction of the work was issued from a published narrative review, while the result and discussion part is composed by eight chapters based on different scientific articles issued from the PhD project. The cocoa bean shell (CBS) is the external tegument that covers the cocoa bean, and is one of the major by-products in cocoa industry. It is normally discarded or underutilized, which could result in economical and environmental issues. However, CBS represents a notable source of polyphenols and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) which can give it different biofunctionalities such as antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, among others. It also contains high amounts of dietary fiber (about 50% w/w), minerals, vitamins, and proteins. CBS has low-fat content, and interesting cocoa-aroma compounds. All this could make CBS useful as a food ingredient, and source of biofunctional compounds. The first part of the experimental work of this thesis is devoted to the chemical characterization of CBS and the establishment of its polyphenolic and volatile organic compound (aroma) profiles. The utilization of such profiles, determined by both complete characterization methods and screening methods, was also proposed for authentication purposes of CBS depending on its geographical origin and variety. In a second step, the utilization of CBS as a low-cost food ingredient for functional food production was envisaged. CBS-based beverages and biscuits were proposed as model foods. The influence of the CBS addition to the model foods was evaluated from both technological and nutritional points of view. Changes on the physicochemical characteristics of the model foods were assessed as well as their content in compounds of interest and potential biofunctionalities. Moreover, these studies served also to evaluate the effect of the different food matrices on the bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of the bioactive compounds contained in CBS. In the third and last part of this work, a different utility was given to the study of the cocoa by-product. The antimicrobial potential of CBS was assessed against different bacterial and fungal strains and a metabolomic strategy was applied in order to individualize the putative active compounds against the Streptococcus mutans proliferation. This work was a contribution for the valorization of a high add-value product such as the CBS, and a step towards a zero-waste cocoa industry within the frame of sustainable circular economy. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

En el dise��o de embutidos crudos curados enriquecidos en fibra alimentaria, es esencial la obtenci��n de ingredientes funcionales de elevada calidad, que puedan ser incorporados en la formulaci��n del embutido generando las menores modificaciones de las caracter��sticas f��sico-qu��micas y sensoriales del alimento. El principal objetivo de este trabajo consisti�� en optimizar la formulaci��n de un embutido crudo curado enriquecido en un concentrado de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria. La formulaci��n ��ptima debe proporcionar el contenido m��ximo de fibra alimentaria y producir los m��nimos cambios de calidad respecto al producto tradicional. Se ha propuesto una metodolog��a para optimizar ambos, la obtenci��n de un concentrado de fibra alimentaria de alta calidad y tambi��n la formulaci��n de un embutido crudo curado (sobrasada) enriquecido en fibra alimentaria. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento que consiste en la modelizaci��n, simulaci��n y optimizaci��n del proceso de secado convectivo de zanahoria. El procedimiento de optimizaci��n no solo se refiere a la transferencia de materia, sino tambi��n se incluyen los criterios relacionados con los atributos de calidad del producto final. Una vez obtenido el ingrediente funcional de calidad, fue incorporado en la formulaci��n de la sobrasada. La cantidad ��ptima de concentrado de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria necesaria para obtener un embutido enriquecido de calidad se estim�� mediante el an��lisis de los efectos de la adici��n de fibra alimentaria de zanahoria en el proceso de maduraci��n-secado de sobrasada. / To design dry fermented sausages enriched in dietary fibre, it is essential to obtain high quality functional ingredients, which can be incorporated into sausage formulation with minor modifications of the physico-chemical and sensory properties of food. The main objective of this study was to optimize the formulation of a dry fermented sausage enriched with a dietary fibre concentrate from carrot. The optimal formulation should provide maximum dietary fibre content and produce minimal quality changes from the traditional product. A methodology has been proposed to optimize both the acquisition of a high quality fibre concentrate and also for the formulation of a dry fermented sausage (sobrassada) enriched in dietary fibre. First, a procedure comprised of mathematical modelling, simulation and optimization of the convective carrot drying process was developed. The optimization procedure was not only concerned with mass transfer but also included criteria related to quality attributes of the final product. Once the high quality functional ingredient was obtained, it was incorporated into the sobrassada formulation. The optimal amount of carrot dietary fibre concentrate necessary to obtain a high quality enriched sausage was estimated by analysing the effects of carrot dietary fibre addition to the ripening-drying process of sobrassada. / En el disseny d'embotits crus curats enriquits en fibra aliment��ria, ��s essencial l'obtenci�� d'ingredients funcionals d'elevada qualitat que puguin ser incorporats en la formulaci�� de l'embotit generant les menors modificacions de les caracter��stiques fisicoqu��miques i sensorials de l'aliment. El principal objectiu d'aquest treball va consistir a optimitzar la formulaci�� d'un embotit cru curat enriquit en un concentrat de fibra aliment��ria de pastanaga. La formulaci�� ��ptima ha de proporcionar el contingut m��xim de fibra aliment��ria i produir la menor quantitat possible de canvis qualitatius respecte al producte tradicional. S'ha proposat una metodologia per optimitzar ambd��s aspectes esmentats, l'obtenci�� d'un concentrat de fibra aliment��ria d'alta qualitat i tamb�� la formulaci�� d'un embotit cru curat (sobrassada) enriquit en fibra aliment��ria. En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat un procediment que consisteix en la modelitzaci��, simulaci�� i optimitzaci�� del proc��s d'assecatge convectiu de pastanaga. El procediment d'optimitzaci�� no nom��s fa refer��ncia a la transfer��ncia de mat��ria, sin�� que tamb�� inclou els criteris relacionats amb els atributs de qualitat del producte final. Una vegada obtingut l'ingredient funcional de qualitat, va ser incorporat en la formulaci�� de la sobrassada. La quantitat ��ptima de concentrat de fibra aliment��ria de pastanaga necess��ria per obtenir un embotit enriquit de qualitat es va estimar mitjan��ant l'an��lisi dels efectes de l'addici�� de fibra aliment��ria de pastanaga en el proc��s de maduraci��/assecat de sobrassada.

The Food Safety and Quality Control System in Czech RepublicThe thesis describes the way how is the food safety control and quality protection provided in Czech republic. There is the law definition of the all forms of food during the food production chain from the primary production up to sale to the consumer in the work. The thesis focuses on the requirements laid down in the Czech and European food law on the food producers and sellers. The thesis also deals with the food contamination and quality aspects - nutrition value and quality branding. There is also chapter about the quality management system certification and chapter about the current cases related with the safe food area in the Czech republic in 2012 (Methanol, Polish technical salt and horse lasagne).