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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Bilateral changes in foveal structure in individuals with amblyopia

Bruce, Alison, Pacey, Ian E., Bradbury, J.A., Scally, Andy J., Barrett, Brendan T. January 2013 (has links)
No / PURPOSE: To examine foveal structure in amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Two subject groups were recruited to the study: 85 amblyopes (34 adults, 51 children) and 110 visually normal controls (44 adults, 66 children). METHODS: A detailed eye examination, including an SD-OCT scan, was performed in all participants. A total of 390 eyes of 195 subjects were imaged using a 3-dimensional (3D) macula scan covering a nominal 6 x 6-mm area with a resolution of 256 x 256 (65,536 axial scans). Data from the B-scans bisecting the fovea both horizontally and vertically were fitted with a mathematical model of the fovea to determine a range of foveal parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Foveal thickness, foveal pit depth, and foveal pit slope. RESULTS: Bilateral differences between the eyes of amblyopes compared with visually normal controls were found. The difference between foveal structure in amblyopic participants relative to structure in subjects with normal vision persisted even when variables such as age, ethnicity, axial length, and sex were taken into account. Amblyopes showed increased foveal thickness (+8.31 mum; P = 0.006) and a reduction in pit depth in the horizontal meridian (-10.06 mum; P = 0.005) but not in the vertical meridian (P = 0.082) when compared with subjects with normal vision. Foveal pit slopes were found to be approximately 1 degree flatter in the nasal (P = 0.033) and temporal (P = 0.014) meridians in amblyopes, but differences between amblyopes and controls in the superior (P = 0.061) and inferior (P = 0.087) meridians did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant interocular differences were found in the foveal structure between amblyopic and fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Differences were found in the foveal structure in both eyes of amblyopes compared with subjects with normal vision. These differences consisted of increased foveal thickness, reduced pit depth when measured along the horizontal meridian, and flattening of the nasal and temporal sides of the foveal pit.
22

Inferência do tempo de atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD em ressonância magnética funcional / Inference of neural activity time from BOLD effect in functional magnetic resonance imaging

Biazoli Junior, Claudinei Eduardo 01 April 2011 (has links)
A inferência do curso temporal da atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD é um importante problema, ainda em aberto. A forma da curva BOLD não reflete diretamente as características temporais da atividade eletrofisiológica dos neurônios. Nessa tese, é introduzido o conceito de tempo de processamento neural (TPN) como um dos parâmetros do modelo biofísico da função de resposta hemodinâmica (HRF). O objetivo da introdução desse conceito é obter estimativas mais acuradas da duração da atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD, que possui auto grau de nãolinearidade. Duas formas de estimar os parâmetros do modelo do efeito BOLD foram desenvolvidas. A validade e aplicabilidade do conceito de TPN e das rotinas de estimação foram avaliadas por simulações computacionais e análise de séries temporais experimentais. Os resultados das simulações e da aplicação foram comparados com medidas da forma da HRF. O experimento analisado consistiu em um paradigma de tomada de decisão na presença de distratores emocionais. Esperase que o TPN em áreas sensoriais primárias seja equivalente ao tempo de apresentação de estímulos. Por outro lado, o TPN em áreas relacionadas com a tomada de decisão deve ser menor que a duração dos estímulos. Além disso, o TPN deve depender da condição experimental em áreas relacionadas ao controle de distratores emocionais. Como predito, o valores estimados do TPN no giro fusiforme foram equivalentes à duração dos estímulos e o TPN no giro do cíngulo dorsal variou com a presença de distrator emocional. Observou-se ainda lateralidade do TPN no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral. As medidas da forma da HRF obtidas por um método convencional não dectectaram as variações observadas no TPN / The extraction of information about neural activity dynamics related to the BOLD signal is a challenging task. The temporal evolution of the BOLD signal does not directly reflect the temporal characteristics of electrical activity of neurons. In this work, we introduce the concept of neural processing time (NPT) as a parameter of the biophysical model of the hemodynamic response function (HRF). Through this new concept we aim to infer more accurately the duration of neuronal response from the highly nonlinear BOLD effect. We describe two routines to estimate the parameters of the HRF model. The face validity and applicability of the concept of NPT and the estimation procedures are evaluated through simulations and analysis of experimental time series. The results of both simulation and application were compared with summary measures of HRF shape. We analysed an experiment based on a decision-making paradigm with simultaneous emotional distracters. We hypothesize that the NPT in primary sensory areas is approximately the stimulus presentation duration. On the other hand, the NPT in brain areas related to decisionmaking processes should be less than the stimulus duration. Moreover, in areas related to processing of an emotional distracter, the NPT should depend on the experimental condition. As predicted, the NPT in fusiform gyrus is close to the stimulus duration and the NPT in dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus depends on the presence of an emotional distracter. Interestingly, the estimated NPTs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicate functional laterality of this region. The analysis using standard measures of HRF did not detect the variations observed in our method (NPT)
23

Inferência do tempo de atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD em ressonância magnética funcional / Inference of neural activity time from BOLD effect in functional magnetic resonance imaging

Claudinei Eduardo Biazoli Junior 01 April 2011 (has links)
A inferência do curso temporal da atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD é um importante problema, ainda em aberto. A forma da curva BOLD não reflete diretamente as características temporais da atividade eletrofisiológica dos neurônios. Nessa tese, é introduzido o conceito de tempo de processamento neural (TPN) como um dos parâmetros do modelo biofísico da função de resposta hemodinâmica (HRF). O objetivo da introdução desse conceito é obter estimativas mais acuradas da duração da atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD, que possui auto grau de nãolinearidade. Duas formas de estimar os parâmetros do modelo do efeito BOLD foram desenvolvidas. A validade e aplicabilidade do conceito de TPN e das rotinas de estimação foram avaliadas por simulações computacionais e análise de séries temporais experimentais. Os resultados das simulações e da aplicação foram comparados com medidas da forma da HRF. O experimento analisado consistiu em um paradigma de tomada de decisão na presença de distratores emocionais. Esperase que o TPN em áreas sensoriais primárias seja equivalente ao tempo de apresentação de estímulos. Por outro lado, o TPN em áreas relacionadas com a tomada de decisão deve ser menor que a duração dos estímulos. Além disso, o TPN deve depender da condição experimental em áreas relacionadas ao controle de distratores emocionais. Como predito, o valores estimados do TPN no giro fusiforme foram equivalentes à duração dos estímulos e o TPN no giro do cíngulo dorsal variou com a presença de distrator emocional. Observou-se ainda lateralidade do TPN no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral. As medidas da forma da HRF obtidas por um método convencional não dectectaram as variações observadas no TPN / The extraction of information about neural activity dynamics related to the BOLD signal is a challenging task. The temporal evolution of the BOLD signal does not directly reflect the temporal characteristics of electrical activity of neurons. In this work, we introduce the concept of neural processing time (NPT) as a parameter of the biophysical model of the hemodynamic response function (HRF). Through this new concept we aim to infer more accurately the duration of neuronal response from the highly nonlinear BOLD effect. We describe two routines to estimate the parameters of the HRF model. The face validity and applicability of the concept of NPT and the estimation procedures are evaluated through simulations and analysis of experimental time series. The results of both simulation and application were compared with summary measures of HRF shape. We analysed an experiment based on a decision-making paradigm with simultaneous emotional distracters. We hypothesize that the NPT in primary sensory areas is approximately the stimulus presentation duration. On the other hand, the NPT in brain areas related to decisionmaking processes should be less than the stimulus duration. Moreover, in areas related to processing of an emotional distracter, the NPT should depend on the experimental condition. As predicted, the NPT in fusiform gyrus is close to the stimulus duration and the NPT in dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus depends on the presence of an emotional distracter. Interestingly, the estimated NPTs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicate functional laterality of this region. The analysis using standard measures of HRF did not detect the variations observed in our method (NPT)

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