This thesis utilises the second fundamental law of capitalism in order to study the development of income inequality in Sweden, from the start of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21stcentury. The law is studied from a historical perspective (examination of national accounts as time series), and empirically analysed (regression analysis). The results retrieved indicate that the income diverging force of savings exceed the income converging force of growth (via income, innovation, and education). This means that income inequality is predicted to increase. The main conclusion drawn is that choosing whether to save or not on behalf of every individual affects the capital stock of the aggregate economy. When individual savings pile up the aggregate capital stock increases, and if this increase surpasses the growth in national income the capital-to-income ratio increases. This ratio is in a sense a measure of how capitalistic the country is. More income inequality is expected to be found the higher this ratio gets.

Les actes juridiques privés sont des titres exécutoires pour lesquels l’acte fondamental sur lequel est apposé la formule exécutoire est un acte juridique privé. C’est le cas des actes notariés, des accords homologués par un juge, des procès-verbaux de conciliation exécutoires, du procès-verbal de non-paiement d’un chèque impayé rendu exécutoire par l’huissier de justice. La loi Macron ajoute à cette famille de titre exécutoire les accords homologués par un huissier de justice pour les petites créances. La procédure d’établissement de ces titres exécutoires se déroule sans aucun contrôle juridictionnel. Dès lors, il est question de savoir si les conditions d’établissement et de mise en œuvre des actes juridiques privés exécutoires sont satisfaisantes au regard, d’une part des critères de définition et des effets du titre exécutoire et d’autre part de l’exigence du respect des droits fondamentaux aussi bien procéduraux que substantiels ? Si non, existe-t-il un remède légal et/ou jurisprudentiel à cette insuffisance ? Celui-ci le cas échéant, est-il satisfaisant ? / The private legal acts are writs of execution for which the fundamental act on which is affixed the enforceable formula is a private legal act. It is the case of notarial acts, agreements approved by a judge, enforceable reports(fines) of conciliation, by report(fine) of nonpayment of an unpaid check made enforceable by the bailiff. The law Macron adds to this family of writ of execution the agreements approved by a bailiff for the small claims(debts).The procedure of establishment of these writs of execution takes place without any jurisdictional control. From then on, it is about to know if the conditions of establishment and implementation of the enforceable private legal acts are satisfactory in the look, on one hand the criteria of definition and effects of the writ of execution and on the other hand the requirement of the respect for the fundamental rights so procedural as substantial? If not, there is a legal and/or case law remedy in this insufficiency? Is this one where necessary, satisfactory?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO ANTONIO GOMES GOUVEIA DE SOUSA.pdf: 1213423 bytes, checksum: d856806123642481ade80ed738ff7747 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-20 / This research aims to describe, analyze the guarantee of the fundamental right to health by the Brazilian judiciary before the failure of the neoliberal state to accomplish that. From this, the following specific objectives were: 1º) to discuss the different views of the Judiciary and the State to guarantee the fundamental right and the specific health, 2º) realize the right to health in the context of neoliberal policies in the Brazilian State and 3º) understand the contributions of Conferences for health promotion, and 4º) to verify the performance of the judiciary with the constitutional foundation of the effectuation health law. The problem of this work sticks in the inability of the neoliberal state to perform public policies to meet social demands in healthcare, resulting in violation of the fundamental right to health as set forth in our Privacy Charter 1988 principle. Due to this failure, as has been given the role of the judiciary in this process to ensure this right? The rationale for the development of this research agenda is the understanding that the fundamental right to health under Article 6 and 196 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1988, has immediate effect and must necessarily be guaranteed. This time, the neoliberal policy should not prevail in our country, because Lex confront directly the Master. The method used for the development of this work is phenomenological, qualitative approach. Research techniques in this study were guided solely on literature searches, analysis of documentary texts and judged the Supreme, Superior Court, Court of the State of Goiás Federal Court, other courts and among national and international courts. We conclude that given the failure of the neoliberal state to promote and ensure the right to health of its citizens, cogent and legally becomes the action of the Judiciary in the sphere of the executive and / or legislature to ensure the applicability of the fundamental right health. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a garantia do direito fundamental à saúde por parte do Poder Judiciário brasileiro diante da omissão do Estado neoliberal em concretizá-lo. A partir deste, foram definidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1º) discutir as diferentes visões do Poder Judiciário e do Estado na garantia do direito fundamental e a especificidade à saúde; 2º) perceber o direito à saúde no contexto da política neoliberal no Estado brasileiro; 3º) compreender as contribuições das Conferências para promoção da saúde; e 4º) verificar a atuação do Poder Judiciário na efetivação constitucional do direito fundamental à saúde. O problema deste trabalho se atém na inabilidade do Estado neoliberal de desempenhar políticas públicas capazes de atender às reivindicações sociais na área da saúde, o que resulta em violação do princípio fundamental à saúde, previsto em nossa Carta Política de 1988. Em decorrência dessa incapacidade, como se tem dado a atuação do Poder Judiciário nesse processo na garantia desse direito? A justificativa para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa se pauta no entendimento de que o direito fundamental à saúde, previsto no artigo 6º e 196 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, possui eficácia imediata, devendo necessariamente ser garantido. Dessa feita, a política neoliberal não deve prevalecer em nosso país, visto que afronta diretamente a Lex Master. O método utilizado para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho foi o fenomenológico, com abordagem qualitativa, e as técnicas de pesquisa do presente trabalho foram pautadas unicamente em pesquisas bibliográficas, análises de textos documentais e julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal, Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Goiás, dentre outros tribunais e cortes nacionais e internacionais. Conclui-se assim que, diante da omissão do Estado neoliberal em promover e assegurar o direito à saúde de seus cidadãos, cogente e legal se torna a atuação do Poder Judiciário na esfera dos Poderes Executivo e/ou Legislativo a fim de garantir a aplicabilidade do direito fundamental à saúde.

This thesis is arguing that Sweden needs to change the legislation for how the constitution can be changed, to maintain democracy and strengthen the constitutionalism in the country. The argument is based on the fact that the Swedish constitution is easy to change, and the time frame for a change is short if there is a political majority in the parliament. Constitutionalism is often connected with the rule of law, division of powers and constitutional courts, but is in this thesis mainly used as an idea of a restriction of the political majority to prevent misuse of the political power, but also as a tool to maintain democracy. The tension between democracy and constitutionalism is also discussed throughout the thesis to conclude if constitutionalism could be used without interfering with sovereignty of the people. A comparative study is done with Hungary, and the political development in the country is used as an example of the effect of a strong political majority without any boundaries. The countries similarities and differences are presented in relation to democracy and different types of legislation regarding constitutional change. A discussion is held on how constitutionalism can be used as a tool to maintain individual rights and democracy, but also if there are any negative consequences with a strong constitutionalism. The thesis is focusing on the regulation of constitutional change, since it is discussed that the way of changing the constitution is the truly important one to maintain a democratic country. But other aspects of constitutionalism are discussed as well. At the end of the thesis there is a suggestion to change the legislation for constitutional change in Sweden. All the suggestions are supposed to extend the time frame before changes can be made and make it more difficult to change the constitution with a strong political majority.

The Presidential institution is described in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (1992) as a reflection of the choise made between two types of governing systems: parliamentary democracy and presidential democracy. In the Fundamental Law of Germany (1949) the Federal President is described as a polician in a parliamentary republic. Although two different forms of goverment in both states disclose the differences of presidential institution, the similarities are also obvious. Presidential authority, established by legal acts, and its implementation into a political reality gives basis for discussions in the siciety and attempts to decide upon the role of the President of the Republic of Lithuania and the Federal President of Germany. Both formal and real roles are discussed in judicial and scientific literature. This double character of formal and real authority of both Lithuanian and German presidents forms inadequate understanding of the President as a state institution. Also there exists a problem of a judicial position of both presidents as well as aproblem of strengthening it and making it more effective. In Lithuania there are only few authors dealing with the topic of Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany and its judicial position. There is no doubt that its historic experience and the development of constitutionalism is important to many states of Eastern Europe. For this reason so much attention in judicial and scientific literature is paid... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deborah Pierri.pdf: 2665817 bytes, checksum: 2ba5802b2f7cc0db9414cb4ec4390dcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-30 / The analysis refers to the fundamental right of consumer protection. The legal universe (codes, systems, rules) and the instruments of modernization of the Law (general clauses, indeterminate concepts, fundamental principles and laws). The relationship between Law and Economics. The functionalism of the private law institutes. The constitutional principles as tools of the applicability of the fundamental laws and of the acceptance of property. The business property and its social function. The social function of the company in consumer relations and the influence of such constitutional perspective in the company-consumer relationships / O estudo volta-se ao direito fundamental de proteção aos consumidores. O universo jurídico (códigos, sistemas, normas) e os instrumentos de atualização do Direito (cláusulas gerais, conceitos indeterminados, princípios e direitos fundamentais). O relacionamento entre o Direito e a Economia. A funcionalização dos institutos de direito privado. Os princípios constitucionais como ferramentas de efetivação dos direitos fundamentais e instrumentos de conformação da propriedade. A propriedade empresarial e sua função social. A função social da empresa nas relações de consumo e a influência dessa perspectiva constitucional no relacionamento das empresas e dos consumidores

Les atteintes à l'environnement ont toujours été prises en compte sous le prisme des préjudices anthropocentriques, c'est-à-dire ceux qui affectent l'homme et ses biens. De nos jours sous l'impulsion d'une éthique écologique, défendue par les tenants de la conception écocentrique qui prônent la responsabilité de l'Homme envers les biens environnementaux, une grande partie de la doctrine considère les atteintes à l'environnement comme un préjudice écologique pur. Cette notion de préjudice écologique pur peut se définir comme la conséquence dommageable d'une atteinte au patrimoine commun environnemental, d'un certain seuil de gravité et découlant d'un fait imputable à l'homme. La spécificité des caractères du préjudice écologique pur fait que sa reconnaissance et sa réparation sont difficilement appréhendées par le droit civil de la responsabilité environnementale. La réparation du préjudice écologique pur est prise en compte, au niveau européen, par la directive du 21 avril 2004, qui a crée un mécanisme novateur de responsabilité environnementale, transposée en France par la loi du 1er août 2008 qui instaure une police administrative de la prévention et de la réparation des dommages à l'environnement. Cependant, le juge judiciaire sensible aux atteintes écologiques, tente toujours de réparer le préjudice écologique pur sur le fondement du droit commun de la responsabilité civile, dont les règles sont inadaptées à la spécificité de ce préjudice. La prise en compte de l'environnement comme patrimoine commun de l'humanité, l'apport du droit subjectif et fondamental à l'environnement, l'adaptation du régime de la responsabilité civile par la mise en place d'une action environnementale de groupe et l'instauration des dommages-intérêts punitifs, permettent de surpasser les exigences d'un préjudice personnel, certain et direct et de mieux réparer le préjudice écologique pur, par le droit commun de la responsabilité civile. / Environmental damage has always been taken into account from the perspective of anthropocentric damage, that is, damage that affects humans and goods. Today, driven by the ecological ethics defended by the advocates for an ecocentric design for Man's responsibility to environmental goods, most of the doctrine considers environmental damage as purely ecological damage. This concept of purely ecological damage can be defined as the wrongful consequence of damage to a common environmental heritage, a certain threshold of severity and deriving from an act attributable to man. The specificity of the nature of purely ecological damage means that its recognition and compensation are understood with difficulty in environmental responsibility law. Compensation for purely ecological damage is taken into account, at the European level, by the directive of 21 April 2004, which set up an innovative mechanism for environmental responsibility, transposed into France by the law of 01 August 2008, creating an administrative policy for the prevention of, and compensation for, damage to the environment. However, a judge sensitive to ecological damage always tries to compensate for the purely ecological damage on the common law principle of civil responsibility, the rules of which are ill-adapted to the specificity of this type of damage. Taking the environment into account as humanity's common heritage, the input of subjective and fundamental law on the environment, adapting the civil responsibility regime through implementation of a group environmental action and establishing punitive damage compensation all make it possible to go beyond the requirements of certain, direct and personal damages, and to better repair purely ecological damage through common law in civil responsibility.