Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 453973.pdf: 2336011 bytes, checksum: e45d181e32c66485902e3a8c18713209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-22 / Due to the growing concerns with the environmental problems caused by the use of heavy fuel oil, is increasingly the incentive to clean fuels, mainly in the field of transport. In this study, emissions of a truck of garbage collection in route in the city of Porto Alegre fuelled with CNG and biogas were monitored. A truck from the ELCD? database moved by diesel was used for comparison of this fuel. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used to assess the environmental impacts of CNG and biogas in phase of use in this vehicle. For the majority analyzed situations for the CNG, the global warming potential was approximately 10 kg CO2-Eq. /km rotated, the acidification potential and terrestrial eutrophication were 0.5 and 0.04 m? /km rotated, respectively. The database truck moved by diesel had less potential for global warming and acidification and greater potential for eutrophication terrestrial, when compared to CNG; and better performance in all categories front to biogas. The study enabled to identify the main responsible for impacts, and observe the emissions profile in different traffic conditions. / Devido ?s crescentes preocupa??es com os problemas ambientais causados pelo uso de combust?veis pesados, ? cada vez maior o incentivo aos combust?veis limpos, principalmente no setor de transportes. Nesse trabalho, foram monitoradas as emiss?es de um caminh?o de coleta de lixo em rota na cidade de Porto Alegre abastecido com GNV e biog?s. Um caminh?o da base de dados ELCD? movido a diesel foi utilizado para compara??o desse combust?vel. A metodologia da Avalia??o de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) foi utilizada para avaliar os impactos ambientais do GNV e do biog?s na fase de uso nesse ve?culo. Para a maior parte das situa??es analisadas para o GNV, o potencial de aquecimento global foi de aproximadamente 10 kg CO2-Eq./km rodado, os potenciais de acidifica??o e eutrofiza??o terrestre foram de 0,5 e 0,04 m?/km rodado, respectivamente. O caminh?o da base de dados movido a diesel teve menor potencial de aquecimento global e acidifica??o e maior potencial de eutrofiza??o terrestre, quando comparado ao GNV; e melhor desempenho em todas as categorias frente ao biog?s. O estudo possibilitou identificar os principais respons?veis pelos impactos, e observar o perfil das emiss?es em diferentes condi??es de tr?fego.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-02-19T14:21:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese RONALDO SILVESTRE DA COSTA Final Entrega PGETEMA.pdf: 3370134 bytes, checksum: 383fa921245f353cae4a408bd4641901 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-02-23T17:34:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese RONALDO SILVESTRE DA COSTA Final Entrega PGETEMA.pdf: 3370134 bytes, checksum: 383fa921245f353cae4a408bd4641901 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T17:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese RONALDO SILVESTRE DA COSTA Final Entrega PGETEMA.pdf: 3370134 bytes, checksum: 383fa921245f353cae4a408bd4641901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) / The transport sector represents a significant responsibility in the pollution emissions. Also, the consumption of fossil fuels is related with the rising of global average temperature due to the greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels and natural gas are investigated as alternative fuels to mitigate the environmental impacts. However, due to the several source emissions within a product life-cycle, the environmental performance of an environmental friendly product must be verified. This work aims to quantify greenhouse gas emissions during household waste collection by heavy vehicles (trucks) fueled with different fuels. It was proposed the development and implementation of a methodology to compare both pollutant gas emissions and noise for the use of CNG (compressed natural gas) and diesel-B5, aiming to mitigate environmental impacts in captive fleet that travels daily in the Porto Alegre city, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The trucks were monitored using a portable gas analyzer equipment (O2, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, HC), and the fuel consumptions and autonomy were obtained from the company that provides the service. With the data collected on established routes, it was applied the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to carry out the study comparing the environmental performance of the use of CNG and Diesel-B5. The results showed that higher global warming impact (according IPCC method) was observed to CNG, independently of the time horizon considered (20 100 or 500 years). When comparing the contribution of the process stages (from production to use of fuels), CNG presented higher impacts in the collection and venting steps, while diesel -- B5 presented in the collection step. / O setor de transportes apresenta significativos problemas ambientais relacionados ?s emiss?es de poluentes, agravados em regi?es urbanas. A queima e a explora??o de combust?veis f?sseis s?o constantemente relacionadas ao aumento da temperatura m?dia global. O uso de combust?veis, como os de origem vegetal e g?s natural, tem sido uma alternativa frequente na mitiga??o de gases de efeito estufa. No entanto, devido ?s v?rias fontes de poluentes presentes no ciclo de vida do produto, o desempenho ambiental de produtos considerados amig?veis ao meio ambiente deve ser verificado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar as emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa emitidos durante a coleta de res?duos domiciliares por ve?culos pesados (caminh?es) abastecidos com diferentes combust?veis: g?s natural e diesel-B5. Prop?e-se o desenvolvimento e a implementa??o de uma metodologia para a compara??o das emiss?es de poluentes para o uso de GNV (g?s natural veicular) e Diesel-B5, objetivando a mitiga??o de impactos ambientais em frota cativa que trafega diariamente na cidade de Porto Alegre ? RS. Os caminh?es foram monitorados com um equipamento analisador port?til de gases (O2, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, HC), e os consumos e a autonomia dos combust?veis foram obtidos junto ? empresa prestadora do servi?o. Com os dados levantados nas rotas estabelecidas, foi aplicada a metodologia de Avalia??o do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para realizar o estudo de compara??o do desempenho ambiental entre o uso de GNV e Diesel-B5, considerando todas as etapas desde a produ??o at? o consumo final dos combust?veis. Os resultados mostraram que o maior potencial para aquecimento global (segundo o m?todo IPCC) ocorre para o GNV, considerando per?odos de 20 anos, 100 anos e 500 anos. Quando comparadas as contribui??es das diferentes etapas do processo, desde a produ??o at? o uso do combust?vel, observou-se que o GNV apresenta os maiores impactos nas etapas de transporte e coleta de res?duos, enquanto o Diesel-B5 apresenta impacto significativo apenas na etapa de coleta de res?duos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CelitonS.pdf: 1872654 bytes, checksum: 0e3a2fa3a25b2b0d3f6314fb9f1b6ab9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-13 / The vehicles are the main mobile sources of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) released into the atmosphere. In the last years the increment of the fleet of vehicles in the municipal district of Natal-RN it is contributing to the increase of the emissions of those pollutants. The study consisted of a statistical analysis of the emissions of CO and HC of a composed sample for 384 vehicles with mechanization Gasoline/CNG or Alcohol/Gasoline/CNG of the municipal district of Natal-RN. The tests were accomplished in vehicles submitted to Vehicular Safety's Inspection, in the facilities of INSPETRANS, Organism of Vehicular Inspection. An partial gases analyzer allowed to measure, for each vehicle, the levels of CO and HC in two conditions of rotation of the motor (900 and 2500 rpm). The statistical analysis accomplished through the STATISTICA software revealed a sensitive reduction in the efficiency of the converters catalytic after 6 years of use with emission average it is of 0,78% of CO and 156 (ppm) of HC, Which represents approximately 4 (four) times the amount of CO and the double of HC in comparison with the newest vehicles. The result of a Student s t-test, suggests strongly that the average of the emissions of HC (152 ppm), at 900 rpm, is 40% larger than at 2500 rpm, for the motor without load. This result reveals that the efficiency of the catalytic conversion is limited kinetically in low engine speeds. The Study also ends that when comparing the emissions of CO and HC considering the influence of the fuels, it was verified that although the emissions of CO starting from CNG are 62% smaller than arising from the gasoline, there are not significant differences among the emissions of HC originating from of CNG and of the gasoline. In synthesis, the results place the current criteria of vehicular inspection, for exhaust gases, in doubt, leading the creation of emission limits of pollutant more rigorous, because the efficiency of the converters catalytic is sensibly reduced starting from 6 years of use. It is also raised the possibility of modifications in the test conditions adopted by the current norms, specifically in the speed engine, have seen that in the condition without load the largest emission indexes were registered in slow march. That fact that allows to suggest the dismissal of the tests in high speed engine, reducing the time of inspection in half and generating economy of fuel / Os ve?culos automotores s?o as principais fontes m?veis de Mon?xido de Carbono (CO) e Hidrocarbonetos n?o queimados (HC) lan?ados na atmosfera. Nos ?ltimos anos o acr?scimo da frota de ve?culos no munic?pio de Natal-RN vem contribuindo para o aumento das emiss?es desses gases poluentes. O estudo consistiu de uma an?lise estat?stica das emiss?es de CO e HC de uma amostra composta por 384 ve?culos com motoriza??o a Gasolina/GNV ou ?lcool/Gasolina/GNV do munic?pio de Natal-RN. Os testes foram realizados em ve?culos submetidos ? Inspe??o de Seguran?a Veicular, nas instala??es do INSPETRANS, Organismo de Inspe??o Veicular. Um analisador de gases parcial permitiu medir, para cada ve?culo, os n?veis de CO e HC em duas condi??es de rota??o do motor (900 e 2500 rpm). A an?lise estat?stica realizada por meio do software STATISTICA revelou uma sens?vel redu??o na efici?ncia dos conversores catal?ticos ap?s 6 anos de uso com a emiss?o m?dia de 0,78 % de CO e 156 (ppm) de HC, o que representa aproximadamente 4 (quatro) vezes a quantidade de CO e o dobro de HC em compara??o com os ve?culos mais novos. O resultado de um Teste-T de Student sugere fortemente que a m?dia das emiss?es de HC (152 ppm), a 900 rpm, ? 40% maior que a 2500 rpm, para o motor sem carga. Esse resultado revela que a efici?ncia da convers?o catal?tica ? limitada cineticamente em baixas rota??es. O Estudo conclui tamb?m que ao comparar as emiss?es de CO e HC, considerando a influ?ncia dos combust?veis, verificou-se que embora as emiss?es de CO a partir do GNV sejam 62% menores do que a partir da gasolina, n?o h? diferen?as significativa entre as emiss?es de HC oriundas do GNV e da gasolina. Em s?ntese, os resultados colocam os atuais crit?rios de inspe??o veicular, para gases da exaust?o, em d?vida, conduzindo a cria??o de limites de emiss?o de poluentes mais rigorosos, visto que a efici?ncia dos conversores catal?ticos ? sensivelmente reduzida a partir de 6 anos de uso. Suscita-se tamb?m a possibilidade de modifica??es nas condi??es de teste adotadas pelas normas atuais, especificamente na rota??o do motor, haja vista que na condi??o sem carga os maiores ?ndices de emiss?o foram registrados em marcha lenta. De ante disso, sugere-se a dispensa dos testes em altas rota??es, reduzindo ? metade o tempo de inspe??o e gerando economia de combust?vel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JohnENV.pdf: 2614116 bytes, checksum: 0c3230c680d60ac346167f3aa79669e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The investigation of viability to use containers for Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) storage, with different geometries of commercial standards, come from necessity to join the ambient, financial and technological benefits offered by the gas combustion, to the convenience of not modify the original proposal of the automobile. The use of these current cylindrical models for storage in the converted vehicles is justified by the excellent behavior that this geometry presents about the imposed tensions for the high pressure that the related reservoirs are submitted. However, recent research directed toward application of adsorbent materials in the natural gas reservoirs had proven a substantial redusction of pressure and, consequently, a relief of the tensions in the reservoirs. However, this study considers alternative geometries for NGV reservoirs, searching the minimization of dimensions and weight, remaining capacity to resist the tensions imposed by the new pressure situation. The proposed reservoirs parameters are calculated through a mathematical study of the internal pressure according to Brazilian standards (NBR) for pressure vessels. Finally simulations of the new geometries behavior are carried through using a commercially avaible Finite Element Method (FEM) software package ALGOR? to verify of the reservoirs efficincy under the gas pressure load / A investiga??o da viabilidade de se utilizar recipientes para armazenamento de g?s natural veicular (GNV), com geometrias diferentes dos padr?es comerciais, parte da necessidade de se aliar os benef?cios ambientais, financeiros e tecnol?gicos oferecidos pela combust?o do g?s, ? conveni?ncia de n?o se alterar a proposta original do autom?vel. O uso dos atuais modelos cil?ndricos para estocagem nos ve?culos convertidos justifica-se pelo excelente comportamento que essa geometria apresenta diante das tens?es provocadas pela alta press?o a que os referidos reservat?rios est?o submetidos. Entretanto, recentes pesquisas, voltadas para aplica??o de materiais adsorventes nos reservat?rios de g?s natural, comprovaram uma substancial redu??o de press?o e, consequentemente, um al?vio das tens?es nos reservat?rios. Diante desse contexto, este estudo prop?e geometrias alternativas para os reservat?rios de GNV buscando a minimiza??o das dimens?es e do peso, mantendo-se, por?m, a capacidade de resistir ?s tens?es impostas pela nova situa??o de press?o. Todos os par?metros geom?tricos dos reservat?rios propostos s?o calculados realizando o estudo matem?tico das tens?es internas de trabalho tomando como base ? norma brasileira (NBR). Por ?ltimo s?o realizadas simula??es do comportamento das novas geometrias fazendo uso do software comercial ALGOR? o qual se baseia no M?todo dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), para realizar a comprova??o da efici?ncia dos reservat?rios sob a press?o imposta pelo g?s