GPR17, a uracil nucleotide cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, belongs to the GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) family. It has been shown recently that inhibiting this protein in the nervous system in mice can lead to blockage of oligodendrocyte maturation, which supports myelin repair. Interestingly, our laboratory found GPR17 in thrombocytes. However, we do not know whether it has any function in thrombocyte aggregation or the nature of the ligand. In this paper, we studied the role of GPR17 in hemostasis, which is a fundamental defense mechanism in the event of injury. Using zebrafish as a model system, our laboratory has studied specifically thrombocytes, which play a significant role in hemostasis. The major reasons to use zebrafish as a model system are that their thrombocytes are functionally equivalent to human platelets, the adult fish are amenable to knockdown experiments, and they are readily available in the market. This study was performed by using a piggy back knockdown method where we used a chemical hybrid of control morpholino and an antisense oligonucleotide sequence leads to the degradation the mRNA for GPR17. After knockdown GPR17 in thrombocytes, the percent difference of the thrombocytes aggregation between the control and knockdown blood samples was measured by flow cytometry. We used various thrombocyte agonists to study differences in aggregation between the control and knockdown blood samples. The study showed that knockdown of GPR17 resulted in no significant differences in percent thrombocyte aggregation between control and agonist treated samples except for a slight increase in collagen-treated samples. Thus, it appears that GPR17 has no significant role in hemostasis.

The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) is an important brain region for the coordination of μ-opioid-induced pharmacological actions. The present study was designed to determine whether newly isolated μ-opioid peptide endomorphins can activate G proteins through μ-opioid receptors in the PAG by monitoring the binding to membranes of the non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, guanosine-5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS). An autoradiographic [35S]GTPγS binding study showed that both endomorphin-1 and -2 produced similar anatomical distributions of activated G proteins in the mouse midbrain region. In the mouse PAG, endomorphin-1 and -2 at concentrations from 0.001 to 10 μM increased [35S]GTPγS binding in a concentration-dependent manner and reached a maximal stimulation of 74.6 ± 3.8 and 72.3 ± 4.0%, respectively, at 10 μM. In contrast, the synthetic selective μ-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala2,NHPhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) had a much greater efficacy and produced a 112.6 ± 5.1% increase of the maximal stimulation. The receptor specificity of endomorphin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was verified by coincubating membranes with endomorphins in the presence of specific μ-, δ- or κ-opioid receptor antagonists. Coincubation with selective μ-opioid receptor antagonists β- funaltrexamine or D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) blocked both endomorphin-1 and-2-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. In contrast, neither δ- nor κ-opioid receptor antagonist had any effect on the [35S]GTPγS binding stimulated by either endomorphin-1 or -2. These findings indicate that both endomorphin-1 and -2 increase [35S]GTPγS binding by selectively stimulating μ-opioid receptors with intrinsic activity less than that of DAMGO and suggest that these new endogenous ligands might be partial agonists for μ-opioid receptors in the mouse PAG.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) sont des protéines membranaires impliquées dans la communication entre cellules via des messagers circulants (hormones, neurotransmetteurs) ainsi que dans la perception de notre environnement (vision, odorat, goût). Ils sont essentiels à de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques vitales (cardiaques,respiratoires...) et comportementales (relations sociales et affectives) et sont donc une cible thérapeutique de choix pour la découverte de nouveaux médicaments.Au sein de l'équipe Canaux, de l’Institut de Biologie Structurale, un biocapteur original a été créé se basant sur la fusion de ces RCPG avec un canal ionique (Kir6.2) appelé Ion Channel-Coupled Receptor (ICCR). Les changements conformationnels du récepteur induit par son activité (fixation de ligand, activation des protéines G) sonttraduits par le canal ionique en courant électrique aisément détectable par des techniques électrophysiologiques. Cette nouvelle génération de biocapteurs permet d'étudier en temps réel l’activité des RCPG par des techniques électrophysiologiques très sensibles.Le travail de thèse s’est principalement focalisé sur l’étude du récepteur de l’ocytocine (OXTR) impliqué dans l’accouchement, l’allaitement et le lien social. La technologie ICCR a été utilisée pour trois des projets de cette thèse. Le premier avait pour but l’étude des mécanismes moléculaires de la dépendance au cholestérol du récepteur del’ocytocine, et a ainsi permis d’identifier un nouveau mécanisme de régulation allostérique entre le cholestérol et la fixation des ligands. Un second projet a porté sur l’utilisation de ce biocapteur pour identifier de nouveaux types de ligands, plus spécifiques de certaines voies intracellulaires, appelés ligands biaisés. Enfin, un troisième projet a mis en relief l’effet de certains composés environnementaux sur les RCPG et a permis de mettre en avant de nouveaux récepteurs ciblés par ce type de composés.Pour terminer, un projet parallèle s’est porté sur l'étude de la formation de pores par des protéines bactériennes dépendantes des RCPG. Il s’agit des « pore-forming toxins » (PFTs) de la famille des hémolysines gamma, produitespar un des pathogènes humains les plus virulents, Staphylococcus aureus. Certaines de ces toxines sont capables de sefixer sur des RCPG très spécifiques, les récepteurs aux chimiokines, et ont donc un rôle important dans les infections virales et dans certaines pathologies cancéreuses. Les travaux ont notamment permis d’obtenir des informations nouvelles sur le mécanisme d’insertion de ces pores dans la membrane. / G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins involved in communication between cells via circulatingmessengers (hormones, neurotransmitters) as well as in the perception of the environment (vision, smell, taste). Theyare essential for many physiological functions (cardiac, respiratory...) and behavioral (social and emotional responses)and therefore represent interesting therapeutic targets.Within the Channels team, at the Institute of Structural Biology, an original biosensor was created, based onthe fusion of a GPCR to an ion channel (Kir6.2), called an Ion Channel-Coupled Receptor (ICCR). Conformationalchanges of the receptor induced by its activity (ligand binding, activation of G proteins) are directly transmitted to theion channel and allow the generation of an electrical signal easily detectable by electrophysiological techniques. Thesenew biosensors are powerful tools to study GPCR activity in real time.The main focus of the thesis was the study of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), involved in childbirth,breastfeeding and social bonding. ICCR technology has been used for three projects during the thesis. The first aimedat studying the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol dependency of the oxytocin receptor and allowed theidentification of a new allosteric regulation mechanism between cholesterol and the ligand binding. A second projectfocused on the use of this biosensor to identify new types of ligands, selective to certain intracellular pathways, calledbiased ligands. Finally, a third project highlighted the effect of certain compounds, known as endocrine disruptors, onGPCRs. Endocrine disruptors are environmental pollutants which have potentially harmful effects on human health.Finally, a parallel project was dedicated to the study of pore formation by GPCR-dependent bacterial toxins.These proteins are called pore-forming toxins (PFTs), from the gamma hemolysin family and are produced by one ofthe most virulent human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus. Some of these toxins are able to bind very specifically tocertain GPCRs, members of the chemokine receptor family. They therefore play a vital role in numerous viralinfections and in some cancerous pathologies. New information concerning the mechanism of membrane insertion ofthese toxins during pore formation was discovered during this work.

1. Although the ORL1 receptor is clearly located within the spinal cord, the functional signalling mechanism of the ORL1 receptor in the spinal cord has not been clearly documented. The present study was then to investigate the guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) activation mediated through by the ORL1 receptor in the mouse spinal cord, measuring the modulation of guanosine-5'-o-(3-[35S]-thio) triphosphate ([35S]-GTPγS) binding by the putative endogenous ligand nociceptin, also referred as orphanin FQ. We also studied the anatomical distribution of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity and nociceptin-stimulated [35S]-GTPγS autoradiography in the spinal cord. 2. Immunohistochemical staining of mouse spinal cord sections revealed a dense plexus of nociceptin-like immunoreactive fibres in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. In addition, networks of fibres were seen projecting from the lateral border of the dorsal horn to the lateral grey matter and around the central canal. 3. In vitro [35S]-GTPγS autoradiography showed high levels of nociceptin-stimulated [35S]-GTPγS binding in the superficial layers of the mouse dorsal horn and around the central canal, corresponding to the areas where nociceptin-like immunoreactive fibres were concentrated. 4. In [35S]-GTPγS membrane assay, nociceptin increased [35S]-GTPγS binding of mouse spinal cord membranes in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner, affording maximal stimulation of 64.1 ± 2.4%. This effect was markedly inhibited by the specific ORL1 receptor antagonist [Phe1ψ (CH2-NH) Gly2] nociceptin (1-13) NH2. None of the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid and other G-protein-coupled receptor antagonists had a significant effect on basal or nociceptin-stimulated [35S]-GTPγS binding. 5. These findings suggest that nociceptin-containing fibres terminate in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn and the central canal and that nociceptin released in these areas may selectively stimulate the ORL1 receptor to activate G-protein. Furthermore, the unique pattern of G-protein activation in the present study provide additional evidence that nociceptin is distinct from the μ-, δ- or κ-opioid system.

G-protein coupled receptor signaling (GPCR) is essential for regulating a large variety of hormonal, sensory and neuronal processes in eukaryotic cells. Because the regulation of these physiological responses is critical, GPCR signaling pathways are carefully controlled at different levels within the cascade. Phosducin-like protein 1 (PhLP1) can bind the G protein βγ dimer and participate in GPCR signaling. Recent evidence has supported the concept that PhLP1 can serve as a co-chaperone of the eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin complex CCT/TRiC to mediate G βγ assembly. Although a general mechanism of PhLP1-mediated G βγ assembly has been postulated, many of the details about this process are still missing. Structural analysis of key complexes that are important intermediates in the G βγ assembly process can generate snapshots that provide molecular details of the mechanism beyond current understanding. We have isolated two important intermediates in the assembly process, the Gβ1-CCT and PhLP1-Gβ1-CCT complexes assembled in vivo in insect cells, and have determined their structures by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Structural analysis reveals that Gβ1, representing the WD40 repeat proteins which are a major class of CCT substrates, interacts specifically with the apical domain of CCTβ. Gβ1 binding experiments with several chimeric CCT subunits confirm a strong interaction of Gβ1 with CCTβ and map Gβ1 binding to α-Helix 9 and the loop between β-strands 6 and 7. These regions are part of a hydrophobic surface of the CCTβ apical domain facing the chaperonin cavity. Docking the Gβ molecule into the two 3D reconstructions (Gβ1-CCT and PhLP1-Gβ1-CCT) reveals that upon PhLP1 binding to Gβ1-CCT, the quasi-folded Gβ molecule is constricted to a more native state and shifted to an angle that can lead to the release of folded Gβ1 from CCT. Moreover, mutagenesis of the CCTβ subunit suggests that PhLP1 can interact with the tip of the apical domain of CCTβ subunit at residue S260, which is a downstream phosphorylation target site of RSK and S6K kinases from the Ras-MAPK and mTOR pathways. These results reveal a novel mechanism of PhLP1-mediated Gβ folding and its release from CCT. The next important step in testing the PhLP1-mediated Gβγ assembly hypothesis is to investigate the function of PhLP1 in vivo. We have prepared a rod-specific PhLP1 conditional knockout mouse in which the physiological consequences of the loss of PhLP1 functions have been characterized. The loss of PhLP1 has led to profound consequences on the ability of these rods to detect light as a result of a significant reduction in the expression of transducin (Gt) subunits. Expression of other G protein subunits as well as Gβ5-RGS9-1 complexes was also greatly decreased, yet all of this occurs without resulting in rapid degeneration of the photoreceptor cells. These results show for the first time the essential nature of PhLP1 for Gβγ and Gβ5-RGS dimer assembly in vivo, confirming results from cell culture and structural studies.

No description available.

Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the second largest class of GPCRs, yet their functions and ligands remain predominantly unidentified. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the adhesion GPCR latrophilin 3 (ADGRL3) have been associated with an increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in various linkage and association studies. Disrupting the function of ADGRL3 homologs across mammalian and invertebrate model systems leads to changes in various dopaminergic phenotypes such as hyperactivity, sleep impairment, and changes in sensitivity to psychostimulants, suggesting that ADGRL3 contributes to behavior by modulating dopamine signaling. Here, I use behavioral and imaging studies to delineate an important role for Cirl, the Drosophila homolog of ADGRL3, in a recently characterized dopaminergic sleep circuit. Sleep impairment is a common symptom in both SUD and ADHD, and sleep studies are well established in Drosophila. Our work shows that fruit flies that carry a null mutation for Cirl are hyperactive and display a deficit in sleep that is enhanced by adult thermogenetic activation of dopamine neurons. Though Cirl displays high expression within dopamine neurons, conditional knockout of Cirl in dopamine neurons does not recapitulate sleep deficits seen in Cirl null flies, and specific rescue of Cirl in a knockout background does not ameliorate them. Intriguingly, activating dopamine neurons in Cirl null flies throughout development rescued the sleep deficits, indicating that this dopaminergic intervention induces lasting changes that can ameliorate lack of Cirl function. Imaging studies reveal that Cirl shows high expression in the central complex, which is involved in sleep and receives dense dopaminergic input. I demonstrate that Cirl functions within different populations of the central complex downstream of dopaminergic innervation to differentially affect night and daytime sleep through both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mechanisms. This work delineates a novel role for an adhesion GPCR in modulating sleep behavior, and further characterizes ADGRL3 as a potential therapeutic target for disorders characterized by dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission.

No description available.

<p>  </p> <p>The phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes canonically hydrolyzes the inner plasma membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 and DAG are crucial secondary messengers that activate multiple signaling pathways and modulate gene expression to control cellular function and behavior. The PLCe subfamily is essential for normal cardiovascular function, where it is activated through direct interactions with the RhoA and Rap1A small GTPases, linking lipase activity to the stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs. RhoA activates PLCe at the plasma membrane, whereas Rap1A translocates and activates PLCe at the perinuclear membrane, where phosphatidylintol-4-phosphate (PI4P) is hydrolyzed. The domains of PLCe involved in G protein binding, activation, and translocation to different subcellular membranes are largely unknown. In this work, we use cell-based activity assays, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopy to identify the domains of PLCe involved in basal activity, subcellular localization, and regulation by RhoA and Rap1A GTPases. Our preliminary studies demonstrate that the unique N- and C-terminal regulatory domains of PLCe dictate its location within the cell and contribute differently to basal and G protein-dependent activity. These studies will provide needed insights into the regulation and localization of PLCe in cells, which is critical for its roles in cardiovascular function. </p> <p>Lipids on membranes are known to regulate the function of lipases in cells, however their contribution towards this phenomenon is not well understood. It is difficult to explore this mechanism due to the dynamic behavior of lipid bilayers in cells and most importantly the unknown variable of the amount of lipids present locally when lipases are activated. This study utilizes an approach, to use in vitro reconstitution methods to understand the contribution of lipids in activation of PLCb3 which is known to hydrolyze PIP­2 ­in cell to generate IP3 and DAG. We also use single enzyme kinetics using total internal reflection microscopy to understand recruitment of single enzyme to the membrane, its association and disassociation rates at the membrane. </p>

Résumé : L’expression de surface des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (GPCRs) est un processus hautement régulé et très important dans le maintien de l’homéostasie cellulaire. En effet, un déséquilibre dans leur niveau d’expression est souvent relié à différentes pathologies comme le cancer, le diabète, l’obésité, les maladies cardiovasculaires et les maladies neurodégénératives. C’est pourquoi la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires influençant ce phénomène est si importante et nous permettra d’élaborer et/ou d’améliorer les médicaments ciblant la régulation de ce processus. Il est bien connu qu’un des acteurs importants dans le trafic vésiculaire des GPCRs est représenté par la famille des Rab GTPases. Effectivement plusieurs de ces dernières, soit les Rabs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 et 11 pour ne nommer que les plus connues, modulent l’expression de surface des GPCRs. De plus, certaines études soulèvent la possibilité qu’un GPCR soit lui-même capable de réguler son propre trafic intracellulaire, et ce grâce à son interaction avec les Rab GTPases. Toutefois, le mécanisme emprunté par le GPCR pour atteindre cette fin reste à élucider. Dans le présent travail, je démontre que le GPCR, β2AR, module non seulement la maturation de la petite protéine G Rab11a grâce à son interaction avec la Rab GéranylGéranylTransférase (RGGT), mais influence également son activation en modulant son ubiquitination via son association avec la E3-ubiquitine ligase, HACE1. De plus, je révèle que la sous-unité alpha de la RGGT (RGGTA) accroît significativement la maturation et le transport antérograde du récepteur β2AR, ce qui souligne ainsi un nouveau rôle cellulaire pour cette protéine. L’ensemble des résultats générés appuie l’hypothèse qu’un GPCR puisse contrôler son propre routage intracellulaire, et éclaircit les mécanismes utilisés pour réguler l’activé de la Rab GTPase avec laquelle il interagit. // Abstract : Cell surface expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) is a highly regulated and very important phenomenon for keeping cellular homeostasis. In fact, dysregulation of their cell expression is related to many diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These facts illustrate how important understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in cell surface transport of those receptors is, which will help us in designing or improving drugs which actually target this pathway. Rab GTPases are proteins known for being essential regulators of GPCR vesicular trafficking. Indeed, an increasing number of studies report the implication of Rab1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 11 (to cite the most frequently studied) cell surface transport of GPCRs. Moreover, some studies also put forward the possibility that a GPCR might be able to regulate its own cellular trafficking by interacting and controlling activation of Rab GTPases. However, the mechanism involved in this process remains to be clarified. In the present study, I demonstrate that the prototypic GPCR, β2AR, not only modulates prenylation/maturation of the small G protein Rab11a by interacting with Rab GeranylGeranylTransferase (RGGT), but also influences Rab11a activation by modulating its ubiquitination via its association with the E3-ubiquitin ligase, HACE1. Furthermore, I reveal that the α subunit of the RGGT (RGGTA) also promotes the maturation and anterograde transport of the receptor, which highlight a new cellular role for this protein. Altogether, those results support the hypothesis that GPCRs control their own trafficking, and shed light on some of the mechanisms that might be employed by those receptors in activation of Rab GTPases.