The results of the work, described in this thesis, may be summarized as follows:- 1) The gas phase pyrolysis of benzyl iodide, either alone or in the presence of added free iodine, proceeds via the following mechanism BzI ⟷Ke Bz + I I + I ⟷ I 2 Bz + Bz ⟶ k2 Bz-Bz An analysis of the data has been carried out where reactions (a) and (b) are presumed to reach equilibrium and reaction (c) is rate determining. Over a temperature range of 516°K, carried out using both static (516-557°K) and flow (611-702°K) systems with benzyl iodide partial pressures from. 03 mm. to 9.0 mm., the logarithm of 2 k2Ke2 plotted against 1/(T°K) gave a straight line. The slope of this Line on the above mechanism is equal to (2 △h+E)/2.3R (where △ = change in heat content associated with the equilibrium BzI ⟷Bz + I and E = the activation energy of the reaction Bz + Bz ⟶ Bz-Bz) and (2 △H + E) was found to be 84 K cal./mol. On the assumption that E = O, this is equivalent to a benzyl iodide bond strength of 42 K cal./mol. This experimentally derived bond strength must be reduced by 1 K cal./mol. for every 2 K cal./mol. Of energy of activation required by the recombination of tow benzyl radicals. A review of the literature, on free radical recombination energies, suggests that for benzyl radicals it is not likely to exceed 4-5 L cal./mol. And therefore the present investigation leads to a value of 40-42 K cal./mol. for the strength of the carbon-iodine bond in benzyl iodide. 2) It has been shown that, in the presence of excess hydrogen iodide as a radical acceptor, benzyl iodide decomposes according to the following mechanism – (a) BzI ⟶ Bz + I (b) I + I ⟷I2 (d) Bz + HI ⟶ Bz-H + I (e) I + BzI ⟶ Bz + I2 In this scheme, the rate determining process is the dissociation process in (a) since, with sufficient HI present, reaction (d) prevents an equilibrium concentration of benzyl radicals being built up. It has been shown to be possible to obtain conditions where the rate of iodine formation is independent of HI concentrations. Using such conditions, reaction epsilon was shown to be a very significant contributor to the total rate. Moreover, the elimination of the back reaction in (a) produced a large increase in decomposition rate, so much so that the range of temperature used in this section of the work was over 100oC below that for the previous section. The energy of activation of the reaction (e); has been determined as 4.1 K cal./mol. (This value was calculated from results covering the temperature range 505 to 585°K). Using Perlman and Rollefson's(78) data on the dissociation of molecular iodine, this activation energy of 4.1 K cal./mol. is equivalent to a benzyl iodide bond strength of 40.6 K cal./mol. This value is in good agreement with that obtained from the pyrolysis work in the absence of a radical acceptor. The initial dissociation reaction (Bzl ⟶ Bz + I) has been found to be between first and second order at the partial pressures of benzyl iodide used (0.02 mm. - 0.13 mm.) and this is attributed to the normal Hinshelwood-Lindemann effect for unimolecular reactions. An approximate value of 0.35 sec.−1 for the high pressure limiting rate constant at 585°K has been deduced. This corresponds to an Arrhenius factor for the decomposition of 1014.6 sec.−1, if the benzyl iodide bond strength is assumed to be 40.6 K cal./mol. 3) At the very lowest partial pressures used (~0.02 mm.), the initial dissociation reaction approaches second order behaviour and the temperature dependence of assumed second order rate constants leads to an activation energy of 40 K cal./mol. for the decomposition. The corresponding pre-exponential factor is 10 20.4, which is of the order of magnitude to be expected for a reaction of this type. The data, in this low pressure region, are, however, insufficient to establish that the reaction in accurately second order at these pressure. 4) If the bond strength of benzyl iodide is taken as 41 K cal./mol., as determined in this present investigation, a value may be calculated for the heat of formation of the benzyl radical. Using 27.2 K cal./mol. for the heat of benzyl iodide, as suggested by skinner(63), a value of 43 K cal./mol. is obtained for △Hf (benzyl). This is in close agreement with the values of 45.3 K cal./mol. and 44.8 cal./mol., obtained in this department by Alexander(58) and Davidson(59) respectively - their values were derived their determinations of the bond strength of the central carbon-carbon bond in dibenzyl. The present value of 43 L cal./mol. is also in accord with the 44.9 K cal./mol., deduced from Benson and buss(47) determination of the toluene bond strength as 84 K cal./mol. The more commonly quoted toluene bond strength of 77.5 K cal./mol., obtained by Szwarc(48) leads to a △Hf (Benzyl) of only 37.4 K cal./mol. and would, therefore, seem to be too low.

Accessory minerals in granitoids are major repositories of several geochemically-important trace elements and isotopes and in order to quantify the influence that they have over granitoid petrogenesis it is necessary to characterize fully their behaviour. In particular it is necessary to understand accessory mineral/melt partitioning of trace elements and within grain elemental diffusivities, the latter is of relevance when assessing the state of isotopic equilibration between a refractory accessory phase and a contacting melt. In this study the backscattered electron (BSE) imaging technique, coupled with quantitative electron microprobe analysis indicate that granitoid zircons and titanites (mainly taken from Caledonian intrusive complexes) are commonly compositionally zoned. The zoning textures observed in these minerals, namely crystal face-parallel zoning, non-planar compositional zoning (included here are subhedral and anhedral core structures) and compositional sector zoning, indicate that the kinetic factors of crystal growth, i.e. within magma elemental diffusion rates, crystal growth rates, interface kinetics and dissolution kinetics, are largely responsible for the patterns of compositional zoning that have been observed. This fording is in marked contrast to other studies which have assumed that kinetics are not important in crystallizing plutonic granitoid magmas. Accessory mineral growth histories have been studied in a few well constrained samples from the Caledonian-age Strontian Complex of NW Scotland. The zircons from the central intrusion of this composite pluton have abundant inherited cores. The cores contain a variety of zoning structures and have a wide range of composition, which are taken to indicate that the cores had a wide variety of ultimate sources. Titanites from both the outer and inner intrusions have compositional sector zoning and the range of composition shown by the titanites is largely due to this fact. In this pluton magma composition appears to have little influence on titanite chemistry. The REE abundances in both parts to the intrusion are largely controlled by the accessory phases and each of these phases have very different rock-normalised REE distribution patterns. These abundance patterns are dependent on the relative partition coefficients that each phase has for the REE, the accessory mineral assemblage present and the crystallization order of that assemblage. The zircons from the central acid member of the Strontian Complex, which are known to have substantial U-Pb inheritance were extracted and analysed for their Sm-Nd isotopic composition. The results apparently indicate that refractory zircons can also preserve their Sm-Nd isotopic composition, a phenomenon not previously reported. That is diffusion of Sm and Nd (and presumably the other REE) within refractory zircon at elevated temperatures appears to be sufficiently slow that complete isotopic equilibration between a zircon and a contacting melt may not always occur. Such disequilibrium potentially enables granitoid magma provenance to be studied with much greater resolution than hitherto possible.

On a regular semigroup S natural order relations have been defined by Nambooripad and by Lallement. Different characterisations and relationships between the Nambooripad order J, Lallement's order λ and a certain relation k are considered in Chapter I. It is shown that on a regular semigroup S the partial order J is left compatible if and only if S is locally R-unipotent. This condition in the case where S is orthodox is equivalent to saying that E(S) is a left seminormal band. It is also proved that λ is the least compatible partial order contained in J and that k = λ if and only if k is compatible and k if and only if J is compatible. A description of λ and J in the semigroups T(X) and PT(X) is presented. In Chapter II, it is proved that in an orthodox semigroup S the band of idempotents E(S) is left quasinormal if and only if there exists a local isomorphism from S onto an R-unipotent semigroup. It is shown that there exists a least R-unipotent congruence on any orthodox semigroup, generated by a certain left compatible equivalence R. This equivalence is a congruence if and only if E(S) is a right semiregular band. The last Chapter is particularly concerned with the description of R-unipotent congruences on a regular semigroup S by means of their kernels and traces. The lattice RC(S) of all R-unipotent congruences on a regular semigroup S is studied. A congruence≡ on the lattice RC(S) is considered and the greatest and the least element of each ≡-class are described.

This dissertation presents an analysis of the Somers mutiny of 1842 that goes beyond the simple narratives offered by previous studies of the cruise. The mutiny is examined within the context of contemporary American politics and social reform, particularly as they related to naval affairs. These emphases clarify the rationale behind the cruise of the Somers, and shed light upon the nature of her crew. The immediate physical environment of the brig is described in order to reveal the difficulties in its operation, and the destabilising effect that this had on both the functional and social worlds of the vessel. The social environment on board is further defined by examining the daily progress of the cruise with reference to antebellum naval life and practice. When so combined, these factors clarify the officers' perception of the mutiny threat, and go far to explain their actions throughout the crisis. Finally, the dissertation examines the controversy that arose after the Somers returned to the United States. In particular, the military courts convened to investigate the mutiny are subjected to critical analysis since they are fully part of the events that they purported to explain, and because their proceedings remain the primary source material for reconstructing the cruise it is necessary to identify their biases. To conclude, the societal lessons of the Somers mutiny are explored, and an alternative reading of the event is posed.

No description available.

This project is a narrative interview study of fifteen women who have had abortions in England since 2008. It aims to answer the questions: 1. How do women in England make meaning about their abortion experiences? 2. What aspects of their identities and life experiences contribute to this meaning-making? 3. In particular, how does class structure this meaning-making? England is in the midst of a long-term political project of austerity and neoliberal governance which has prompted renewed sociological attention to the issue of social class. In this context, discourse on abortion reflects and reproduces societal beliefs about gender, class and reproduction: who should reproduce; who has a legitimate ‘excuse' not to reproduce; and what judgement should be passed on women who choose to end their pregnancies. Through the work of Beverley Skeggs and Michel Foucault, this study examines how women who have had abortions in this context make meaning about their experiences, and how class and gender are constructed in their narratives. This study contributes to literature on the internalisation of neoliberal modes of self-governance in relation to reproduction. It argues that the process of requesting an abortion extends a demand to women to perform precarity in ways that are more possible for some women than others. Abortion narratives are therefore shaped by access to classed ‘discursive resources,' and the women's relationships to responsibility were also shaped by their class positions. Finally, this study contributes to the rich literature on abortion stigma by applying the Foucauldian concepts of biopolitics and governmentality to abortion narratives, arguing that abortion experiences in contemporary England are shaped by the confluence of abortion stigma, the neoliberal injunction to self-regulate, and the societal construction of womanhood as biologically painful. Using Foucault's concept of ‘technologies of the self,' I conclude that through these women's accounts, the specific regulatory practices that produce middle-class womanhood can be better understood. The study therefore explores how wider processes of neoliberal governance might be insinuated, embodied, and resisted by individual women.

No description available.

Domestic chicks were tested for initial response, approach, and stay-near tendencies during one 5-minute test exposure to a distant audio-visual 1mprinting apparatus. Significant interline differences demonstrated genetic variation. A bidirectional selection program was initiated with time to respond as the selected trait. Approach and stay-near tendencies were measured as associated traits. Results through the F4 generation disclosed that in the fast response line the realized heritability of the selected trait was .32 and the correlated realized heritabilities for time to approach and for time spent near the apparatus were .36 and .32, respect1vely. In the slow response line selection was ineffective, and heritabilities for the three traits were zero. Genetic and phenotypic relationships among the traits were high in the fast response line, but genetic relationships in the slow response line could not be determined because of the zero heritabilities. The asymmetrical response to selection could not be explained by the usual causes, and it is hypothesized that responsiveness is a threshold trait. Comparisons of 290 purebred chicks with 379 crossbred chicks for response, approach, and stay-near tendencies provided evidence of heterosis. This demonstration of non-additive effects implies fitness roles for these traits and supports the idea that they indicate imprinting tendencies. Time of day tested, sex, hatch, mating type, developmental age, and 24-hr body we1ght were considered independent variables influencing the behavior traits. Multiple regressions showed that the initiation of responsiveness is not predictable. However, once a chick responded, its behavior was highly predictable; this supports the hypothesis from the selection experiment that responsiveness is a threshold trait. Sensory modalities involved in satiating the behavior traits were differentiated by comparisons of non-handled chicks with those exposed to visual, tactile, and visual - plus-tacti1e stimuli just prior to testing. Visual stimulation alone increased responses and approaches, whereas tactile stimulation alone had no effect on these behaviors. Tactile-plus-visual stimulation just prior to testing inhibited response and approach tendencies. Eva1uation of the effects of prior socialization and handling indicated that isolation enhanced approach responses, and that prior handling had the opposite effect. An age and/or memory factor was introduced when chicks were handled in the light at times other than just prior to testing. Handling at 5 and 9 hours had no effect on the approach response, whereas handling at 13, 17. or 23 hours post-hatching decreased such responses. Results were explained on a drive satiation hypothesis. / Ph. D.

This dissertation focuses primarily on three areas. It provides detailed examinations of SDQ and MIȘPAT as they are used in the Old Testament. To this end, extra-Biblical material from the Ancient Near East is also examined, thus yielding the background meanings of these concepts. SDQ and MIȘPAT are investigated with a view to demonstrating "relationship" as their overall functional locus, and all occurrences of these concepts in the Old Testament are studied. The occurrences of SDQ and MIȘPAT indicate that whether these concepts have to do with aspects such as "justice in the gate", "Yahweh's ordinances", "salvation", "deliverance" or even secular matters such as "weights and measures" and "trading", the fundamental element that unites all of them is "relationship" and the sustaining of it. The thesis argues that SDQ and MIȘPAT as terms of "relationship", are the basis for the social critique of the Eighth Century Prophets. In this regard, the different subjects of the prophets' social critique are examined. The discussion concludes that corruption in the economic, social and religious aspects of life is directly correlated to the absence of SDQ and MIȘPAT. In the Eighth Century prophets SDQ is seen to be the bond which is integral for the covenant relationship between Yahweh and his people, while MIȘPAT is the element necessary for a right relationship amongst individuals. The absence of both SDQ and MIȘPAT as is the case in the Eighth Century, suggests clearly that the Prophets' critique concerns not only the relationship between individuals, but even more fundamentally, the people's relationship with Yahweh.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo641_1.pdf: 812490 bytes, checksum: 8fef5d69af22d6943dd7e144e61cb6a3 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Universidade Estadual de Alagoas / As alocações de recursos financeiros em aplicações de bolsas de valores passam por análise dos diversos mercados bursáteis. Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou como objetivo principal a análise das inter-relações existentes entre as bolsas de valores do G7 (grupo dos sete países mais economicamente desenvolvidos) e do BRIC (grupo dos quatro principais países emergentes da atualidade). Para concretização desse objetivo, foram utilizados séries temporais dos principais índices dos mercados de bolsas de valores pesquisadas, cujos dados foram coletados pelo período de janeiro de 2003 a setembro de 2008 e métodos econométricos que envolveram as teorias de causalidade de Granger e a previsibilidade entre mercados, decorrida, da utilização do modelo de Vetores Autoregressivos. Os resultados mostram a existência de relações entre os diversos mercados bursáteis. Mostram também que: os índices dos países do G7 ajudam na previsibilidade dos valores dos índices do BRIC; que existe uma abertura de troca entre o mercado chinês e os diversos mercados e que o mercado alemão, representado pela bolsa de valores de Frankfurt, através de seu índice DAX30, influencia significativamente os demais mercados de bolsas de valores