Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wagner Alves Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015. / O aumento da demanda energética e depreciação das reservas de combustíveis fósseis implicam na adoção de metodologias que estimulem a utilização de fontes alternativas na produção de combustíveis. A biomassa possui considerável importância neste cenário, sendo uma promissora fonte de energia renovável quando convertida a combustíveis e produtos químicos de importância industrial. Reações de desidratação e hidrogenação ocorrem em meio ácido, podendo ser catalisadas por sólidos ácidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade de catalisadores mono- e bimetálicos, contendo Sn e Ru suportados em carvão, assim como o impacto do aumento da acidez do meio utilizando sólidos sulfonados como co-catalisadores. As condições foram otimizadas para a reação com um catalisador comercial 5 % de Ru em carvão. Neste trabalho foram testados nióbia (CBMM ¿ HY-340), argila pilarizada (Fluka) e carvão (Darco) sulfonado na conversão do ácido levulínico. Com o intuíto de otimizar a reação de hidrogenação avaliou-se o uso de carvão variando-se a relação metálica Sn/Ru. Os sólidos foram tratados com ácido sulfúrico fumegante concentrado, os carvões contendo metal sofreram impregnação sucessiva e impregnação simultânea. A presença de grupos sulfônicos e o aumento da acidez dos sólidos demonstram a adequação do processo de sulfonação. O melhor catalisador para reação de hidrogenação do ácido levulínico foi o carvão Darco contendo Sn-Ru 1:0,5, associado ao co-catalisador carvão sulfonado, apresentando conversão de 75% após duas horas de reação e 98% de seletividade para GVL, à 100 °C e pressão de 30 bar de hidrogênio. / Increasing energy demand and depreciation of the fossil fuels reserves implicate in the adoption of methodologies that stimulate the use of alternative sources in the production of fuels. Biomass has considerable importance in this scenario, being a promising source of renewable energy when converted to fuels and chemical products of industrial importance. Dehydration and hydrogenation reactions take place in acid medium, and may be catalyzed by acid solids. The objective of this work was to evaluate the activity of monometallic and bimetallic catalysts, containing Sn and Ru supported on carbon, as well as the impact of the increase of the acidity in the reaction system using sulfonated solids as co-catalysts. Reaction conditions were optimized with a commercial catalyst, 5% of Ru supported on carbon. In this work niobia (CBMM. HY -340), pillared clay (Fluka) and sulfonated carbon (Darco) were tested in the conversion of the levulinic acid. With the aim of optimizing the hydrogenation reaction the use of carbon was evaluated by varying the Sn/Ru metallic relationship. The solids were treated with concentrated fuming sulfuric acid, while the carbon containing both Sn and Ru was submitted to successive and simultaneous impregnation processes. The presence of sulfonic acid groups and the increase of the acidity of the solids demonstrate the viability of the sulfonation process. The best catalyst for reaction of levulinic acid hydrogenation was Darco carbon containing Sn-Ru 1:0,5, associated to the sulfonated carbon as co-catalyst, presenting conversion of 75% after 2 h reaction time and 98% of selectivity for GVL, under 100 °C and hydrogen pressure of 30 bar.

Des catalyseurs Ru supporté sur TiO2 actifs et sélectifs pour l’hydrogénation de l’acide lévulinique en γ-valérolactone en présence d’acide formique comme source interne d’hydrogène ont été développés. L’élaboration d’un nouveau support, TiO2 modifié par Ca2+, permet d’améliorer la production de γ-valérolactone, grâce à la fois à une décomposition de l’acide formique plus sélective en hydrogène et à une hydrogénation de l’acide lévulinique plus efficace. Ces performances améliorées sont associées à l’existence d’interactions Ru/support plus fortes avec une adsorption du CO plus faible, et à une basicité accrue du support. Elles ont été exaltées par la mise en œuvre d’une synthèse photo-assistée sous lumière solaire comme alternative soutenable à l’imprégnation par voie humide, permettant d’obtenir des particules sub-nanométriques de distribution de taille étroite. Il a été montré qu’un profile de type volcano centré sur 1.5 nm relie l’activité catalytique à la taille des particules. / Active and selective Ru catalysts based on TiO2 supports have been developed for the combined hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone with internal hydrogen supply via in-situ formic acid decomposition. A controlled modification of the TiO2 support by Ca2+ improved the catalytic performance in the one-pot hydrogenation, as a result of enhanced performances in both the formic acid dehydrogenation and the levulinic acid hydrogenation. The improved performances were associated to stronger Ru/support interactions with weaker CO adsorption, as well as to an increased support basicity. The performances were further exalted thanks to a one-step solar light photon-assisted synthesis method used as sustainable alternative to classical wet impregnation. It enabled the uniform dispersion of sub-nanometric metallic Ru particles with narrow distribution and fine size monitoring, and a volcano-type profile centered at 1.5 nm was demonstrated between the nanoparticle size and the activity.