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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
381

Influencia del ambiente sobre la microbiota comensal del intestino de la rata: Implicaciones en la inflamación y en mecanismos sensoriales

Terán Ventura, Demetria Evangelina 21 December 2009 (has links)
Evidencias recientes sugieren que la microbiota comensal del intestino constituye un factor dinámico que se relaciona activamente con el hospedador, mediante sistemas específicos de reconocimiento bacteriano, y participa en la regulación de funciones sensoriales, motoras y secretoras gastrointestinales. En particular, la microbiota comensal del intestino se ha implicado en los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal demostrar como variaciones en las condiciones ambientales llevan a cambios adaptativos espontáneos de la microbiota comensal del intestino de la rata, y como estos cambios afectan a los mecanismos intestinales de reconocimiento de la microbiota y modulan las respuestas inflamatorias y la expresión de sistemas endógenos sensoriales (en particular del sistema canabinoide).En primer lugar se ha caracterízado de la microbiota cecal comensal en ratas criadas en condiciones de barrera (SPF) y en ratas criadas en condiciones convencionales y los cambios espontáneos que se producen en el proceso de adaptación de uno a otro ambiente (ratas criadas en barrera adaptadas a condiciones convencionales). Para ello, se emplearon técnicas de hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH) para los principales grupos bacterianos descritos en la microbiot intestinal y análisis de polimorfismos de fragmentos terminales de restricción (t-RFLP). Con la intención de correlacionar la microbiota con los sistemas de reconocimiento bacteriano se determinó también la expresión de los receptores de tipo Toll (Toll like receptors) 2 (TLR-2) y 4 (TLR-4); para ello se emplearon técnicas de RT-PCR. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las ratas criadas en barrera tienen mayor cantidad de Bacteroides spp y Clostridium spp y menor cantidad de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos que las ratas criadas en condiciones convencionales. Las ratas adaptadas a un ambiente convencional tienen las mismas poblaciones bacterianas pero en cantidades intermedias. Según el análisis de t-RFLP, la biodiversidad de las poblaciones bacterianas fue similar los tres grupos de animales. En particular, se observo una alta homogeneidad en el tiempo de las poblaciones bacterianas en el grupo barrera. La expresión de TLR-2 fue similar en los tres grupos, mientras que el TLR-4 mostró una clara tendencia a la sobre-expresión en condiciones de barrera y una reducción progresiva en la adaptación a condiciones convencionales. En general, los niveles de expresión no se correlacionaron con ninguno de los grupos bacterianos cuantificados.A continuación, se ha empleado un modelo de enteritis (íleitis) aguda inducida por indometacina para valorar variaciones de la microbiota comensal asociadas a la inflamación así como diferencias en la susceptibilidad a la inflamación entre ratas criadas en condiciones extremas de higiene (SPF) adaptadas a un ambiente convencional y ratas criadas en condiciones convencionales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran, que durante la inflamación aguda la microbiota comensal, tanto del ileon como del ciego, varía cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Además, se afectan los sistemas intestinales de reconocimiento bacteriano, con una sobre-expresión de los receptores TLR-2 y TLR-4 durante la inflamación. Con respecto a la respuesta inflamatoria propiamente dicha, las ratas criadas en condiciones convencionales mostraron, en general, una mayor susceptibilidad a la inflamación aguda que los animales SPF adaptados, tal y como mostró la evaluación clínica, histológica y bioquímica de la inflamación. Finalmente, se ha evaluado como la microbiota comensal del intestino puede afectar otros mecanismos sensoriales intestinales; en particular, mecanismos dependientes de receptores canabinoides. Para ello, se ha determinado la expresión intestinal de receptores canabinoides, CB1 y CB2, en ratas mantenidas en condiciones de barrera (SPF), ratas mantenidas en condiciones convencionales y animales criados en barrera y adaptados a condiciones convencionales. En general, los dos receptores se expresaron en tejido cecal, aunque los niveles de CB2 fueron mayores a los de CB1. Además, independientemente del receptor considerado, la expresión se reduce en el paso de un ambiente de barrera a un ambiente convencional. Estas variaciones en la expresión se correlacionaron positivamente con los cambios espontáneos en las poblaciones de Bacteroides spp y Clostridium spp y negativamente con la población de Bifidobacterium spp.En su conjunto, estos resultados muestran que la microbiota intestinal es un sistema dinámico, que varía y se adapta espontáneamente a las condiciones ambientales en las cuales se mantienen los animales de experimentación. Estos cambios implican variaciones en la homeostasis intestinal que afecta a la expresión de receptores de reconocimiento bacteriano (TLR-2 y TLR-4) o de receptores canabinoides, así como a la susceptibilidad a la inflamación, al menos en su fase aguda. Estas observaciones indican que la microbiota intestinal es un factor de variabilidad que puede afectar a los resultados experimentales y debe tenerse en cuenta en la interpretación de resultados experimentales, particularmente en el área de gastrointestinal. / Recent data suggest that gut commensal microbiota is a dynamic factor with an active relationship with the host, through the interaction with specific bacterial recognition systems, and directly involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal sensory, motor and secretory responses. In particular, gut commensal microbiota has been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This work aims to demonstrate how environmental variations lead to spontaneous adaptive changes of gut commensal microbiota in rats, and how these changes affect the expression of bacterial recognition systems and modulate gut inflammation and the expression of endogenous sensory systems (in particular the cannabinoid system).First, we determined changes in cecal commensal microbiota and expression of Toll Like Receptors (TLR), (TLR-2) and (TLR-4) in rats bred under microbiologically-controlled conditions (barrier), under standard conditions (conventional) and in barrier animals adapted to standard conditions (barrier/conventional). In these groups, cecal microbiota was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microbial profiles were assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP). As to correlate microbiota and bacterial recognition systems within the gut, cecal expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 was also determined by RT-PCR. Total number of cecal bacteria was similar in the three groups. However, the barrier group showed a higher number of strict anaerobic bacteria, namely Bacteroides spp and Clostridium spp, while Bifidobacterium spp and Lactobacillus spp were scarce. Re-housing the barrier-bred rats into conventional conditions led to a microbiota with intermediate characteristics between the barrier and the conventional groups. Richness of the cecal microbial ecosystem was similar in the three groups. Although a relative time-dependent variation was observed in microbiota composition, the barrier group showed high consistency over time. Expression levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 were relatively low, without clear correlation with the microbiota. Only TLR-4 showed a tendency to be over-expressed in the barrier group.Thereafter, a model of indomethacin-induced acute enteritis (ileitis) in rats was used to assess inflammation-induced changes in gut commensal microbiota as well as differences in the susceptibility to inflammation between rats bred under high hygienic conditions (SPF) adapted to conventional conditions and rats bred and maintained under conventional conditions. Results obtained show specific, inflammation-induced, qualitative and quantitative changes of ileal and cecal comensal microbiota. Moreover, gut bacterial recognition systems are also affected by acute inflammation, with an over-expression of both TLR-2 and TLR-4. As it relates to inflammation per se, rats breds under conventional conditions showed, in general, higher susceptibility to inflammation than SPF animals adapted to the conventional environment; as demonstrated using clinical histological and biochemical parameters.Finally, we assessed how gut comensal microbiota affects other intestinal sensory mechanisms, in particular cannabinoid receptor-dependent mechanisms. For this, we determined the cecal expression of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) in the same groups of rats described above: 1) maintained under barrier conditions (SPF); 2) maintained under conventional conditions; and 3) bred under barrier conditions but adapted to a conventional environment. In general, both receptors were expressed in cecal tissues, although levels of expression of CB2 were higher than those of CB1. Moreover, independently of the receptor subtype considered expression levels diminished with the change from barrier to conventional conditions. These variations correlated positively with spontaneous changes in the counts of Bacteroides spp and Clostridium spp and negatively with the counts of Bifidobacterium spp.As a whole, these results show that gut commensal microbiota is a dynamic system, which varies and adapts spontaneously to the environmental conditions of maintenance of laboratory animals. These changes involve variations in gut homeostasis and affect the expression of bacterial recognition receptors, namely TLR-2 and TLR-4, and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and the susceptibility to acute intestinal inflammation. These observations suggest that gut commensal microbiota is a variable factor that can affect the experimental output and that, therefore, must be considered in the interpretation of studies, particularly in the field of gastrointestinal.
382

Caracterización de la transmisión inhibitoria neuromuscular en el intestino delgado y el colon

Gallego Pérez, Diana 12 March 2008 (has links)
Es fundamental, de cara a poder tratar las enfermedades que afectan al aparato digestivo, conocer, entre otras cosas, los neurotransmisores que están implicados en la relajación de la musculatura lisa intestinal. Actualmente, está bastante aceptado que los principales neurotransmisores inhibitorios implicados en esta relajación en la mayorías de mamíferos son el óxido nítrico y el ATP o un nucleótido relacionado. Sin embargo, el papel de ambos en el tubo digestivo humano y la implicación de cada uno de ellos es todavía desconocido. Además, la mayoría de los estudios previos se han realizado con fármacos poco selectivos lo que imposibilita el conocimiento y la caracterización de los receptores implicados en la relajación de origen purinérgico.Por tanto los objetivos de esta tesis doctoral han sido:El estudio de la neurotransmisión inhibitoria no adrenérgica no colinérgica (NANC), no nitrérgica en el colon humano. Caracterización de los receptores implicados en la relajación purinérgica del colon humano. Estudiar el mismo mecanismo en otras áreas del tracto gastrointestinal y otras especies. Caracterización de la neurotransmisión purinérgica en el intestino delgado de cerdo. Estudiar la co-transmisión funcional entre NO y ATP en el colon humano y establecer la función de cada uno de estos neurotransmisores. El estudio de otros posibles neurotransmisores inhibitorios como el sulfhídrico (H2S) y su vía de acción en el colon humano y de otras especies.Para llevar a cabo estos objetivos se han utilizando, principalmente, las técnicas de baño de órganos y de microelectrodos, que permiten la caracterización in Vitro de las vías inhibitorias, incluyendo la identificación de los neurotransmisores, los receptores y las vías intracelulares implicadas en la interacción neuromuscular. Además se han utilizado de forma complementaria otras técnicas como la inmunohistoquímica. Además y a modo de colaboración externa hemos incluido el estudio de los receptores purinérgicos en neuronas del plexo mientérico de cobayo (técnica de medida de calcio con Fluo-4) y hemos caracterizado el efecto del sulfhídrico en segmentos intestinales donde se preserva el circuito nervioso responsable de la peristalsis.Los resultados obtenidos mediante estas técnicas han demostrado que: El receptor purinérgico responsable de la relajación intestinal (colon humano e intestino delgado de cerdo) es el P2Y1. Este receptor media el componente rápido del potencial de unión neuromuscular y de la relajación mecánica correspondiente a este fenómeno eléctrico. La relajación a nivel del colon humano responde, probablemente, a un mecanismo de co-transmisión entre ATP (a través de receptores P2Y1) y óxido nítrico. El ATP es responsable de la relajación fásica, mientras que el NO sería responsable de la relajación tónica. El sulfhídrico causa relajación de la musculatura lisa intestinal a través de canales de potasio de baja conductancia sensibles a apamina y canales de potasio sensibles a ATP. El conocimiento de los receptores y los mecanismos implicados en la relajación intestinal puede contribuir en un futuro a diseñar estrategias terapéuticas en alteraciones motoras ocasionadas por patologías en el tracto gastrointestinal humano.
383

Función de CCK y de los lípidos en la regulación de la motilidad gastrointestinal en el pollo

Martínez Perea, Vicente 04 May 1993 (has links)
No description available.
384

Crucial transcription factors in endoderm and embryonic gut development are expressed in gut-like structures from mouse ES cells

Matsuura, Rie, Kogo, Hiroshi, Ogaeri, Takunori, Miwa, Takashi, Kuwahara, Masaki, Kanai, Yoshiakira, Nakagawa, Takumi, Kuroiwa, Atsushi, Fujimoto, Toyoshi, Torihashi, Shigeko, 鳥橋, 茂子 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.
385

Evaluating metal bioaccessibility of soils and foods using the SHIME

Laird, Brian Douglas 30 November 2010 (has links)
Ingestion exposure estimates typically use a default bioavailability of 100%, thereby assuming that the entirety of an ingested dose is absorbed into systemic circulation. However, the actual bioavailability of ingested contaminants is oftentimes lower than 100%. The research described herein investigates the use of the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) for the calculation of <i>in vitro</i> bioaccessibility (IVBA), a conservative predictor of bioavailability, of mercury (Hg) from traditional northern foods and arsenic (As) from soils. The primary objective of the research described herein is to address data-gaps which have hindered attempts to incorporate IVBA into risk assessment on more than a case-by-case basis. The hypotheses of this thesis are that (1) the bioaccessibility of contaminants is dependent upon concentration due to kinetic limitations on dissolution, (2) gastrointestinal (GI) microbes in the ileum and colon alter contaminant bioaccessibility and/or speciation, (3) the GI microbial effect on bioaccessibility is toxicologically relevant, and (4) metal bioaccessibility is predictable according to dissolution kinetics.<p> Mercury bioaccessibility from country food samples was independent of total Hg concentration (F=0.5726, P=0.578) whereas As bioaccessibility was inversely related to total As concentration for Nova Scotia mine tailings, synthesized ferrihydrite with adsorbed AsV, and synthesized amorphous scorodite (P=2 x 10-10). Isotherm analysis indicated that, at high soil As concentrations, saturation of simulated GI fluids limited As bioaccessibility under gastric conditions whereas kinetic limitations constrained As bioaccessibility under intestinal conditions. Additionally, we demonstrated that GI microbes may affect Hg bioaccessibility, either increasing or decreasing bioaccessibility depending upon the type of food. For example, the bioaccessibility of HgT decreased in the presence of GI microbial activity for caribou kidney, caribou tongue, seal blood, seal brain, seal liver, and walrus flesh. In contrast, HgT bioaccessibility from Arctic char and seal intestine increased in the presence of GI microbial activity. Similarly, colon microbial activity increased (Fishers Protected LSD, P<0.05) As bioaccessibility from synthesized amorphous scorodite (56 110%), Nova Scotia mine tailings (140 300%), an agricultural soil (53%) and an ironstone soil (350%) containing elevated arsenic concentrations. However, under small intestinal conditions, this microbial effect was transient and demonstrated a small effect size. The toxicological relevance of microbial effects upon As bioaccessibility was assessed using a juvenile swine model with co-administration of oral antibiotics (neomycin and metronidazole). This study research indicated that microbial effects on As bioaccessibility are not reflected in the juvenile swine model. For example, the microbial communities present in the pigs proximal colon clustered according to antibiotic treatment (e.g. microbial communities of antibiotic treated pigs differed from non-treated pigs). Despite this, the urinary arsenic excretion (and hence arsenic bioavailability) of antibiotic-treated juvenile swine orally exposed to soil-borne arsenic was equivalent (Holm-Sidak, P=0.930) to the urinary arsenic excretion of juvenile swine not treated with antibiotics. Therefore, in vitro GI models may not need to include a microbially active intestinal stage when measuring As IVBA.<p> Metal bioaccessibility from soils appears predictable according to fundamental chemical properties of the metal-of-concern. Specifically, metal bioaccessibility of 7 of the 13 metals (V, Ni, Zn, Cu, U, Cd, & Ba but not Tl, Pb, As, Se, Cr, and Hg) regulated according to Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Soil Quality Guidelines (CCME SQG) were strongly dependent (R2 = 0.7) on water exchange rate constants of metal cations (kH20) indicating that desorption kinetics may serve as the foundation of a predictive model of metal bioaccessibility.
386

Resident macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppress muscle tension and initiate inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal muscle layer

Torihashi, Shigeko, Ozaki, Hiroshi, Hori, Masatoshi, Kita, Muneto, Ohota, Sachiyo, Karaki, Hideaki, 鳥橋, 茂子 02 1900 (has links)
No description available.
387

A revised model for radiation dosimetry in the human gastrointestinal tract

Bhuiyan, Md. Nasir Uddin 30 September 2004 (has links)
A new model for an adult human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been developed for use in internal dose estimations to the wall of the GIT and to the other organs and tissues of the body from radionuclides deposited in the lumenal contents of the five sections of the GIT. These sections were the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, upper large intestine, and the lower large intestine. The wall of each section was separated from its lumenal contents. Each wall was divided into many small regions so that the histologic and radiosensitive variations of the tissues across the wall could be distinguished. The characteristic parameters were determined based on the newest information available in the literature. Each of these sections except the stomach was subdivided into multiple subsections to include the spatiotemporal variations in the shape and characteristic parameters. This new GIT was integrated into an anthropomorphic phantom representing both an adult male and a larger-than-average adult female. The current phantom contains 14 different types of tissue. This phantom was coupled with the MCNP 4C Monte Carlo simulation package. The initial design and coding of the phantom and the Monte Carlo treatment employed in this study were validated using the results obtained by Cristy and Eckerman (1987). The code was used for calculating specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) in various organs and radiosensitive tissues from uniformly distributed sources of fifteen monoenergetic photons and electrons, 10 keV - 4 MeV, in the lumenal contents of the five sections of the GIT. The present studies showed that the average photon SAFs to the walls were significantly different from that to the radiosensitive cells (stem cells) for the energies below 50 keV. Above 50 keV, the photon SAFs were found to be almost constant across the walls. The electron SAF at the depth of the stem cells was a small fraction of the SAF routinely estimated at the contents-mucus interface. Electron studies showed that the “self-dose” for the energies below 300 keV and the “cross-dose” below 2 MeV were only from bremsstrahlung and fluorescent radiations at the depth of the stem cells and were not important.
388

A-type potassium currents in gastrointestinal smooth muscle /

Amberg, Gregory C. January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
389

Specific nutrients for posthatch poultry and postweaning pigs

Yi, Ganfeng, January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-184). Also available on the Internet.
390

The nutritional ecology of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) under differing environmental conditions

Buchanan, Jeffrey Scott, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2000. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Dec. 11, 2005). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-40).

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