The energy released during a seismic crisis in volcanic areas is strictly related to the physical processes in the volcanic structure. In particular Long Period seismicity, that seems to be related to the oscillation of a fluid-filled crack (Chouet , 1996, Chouet, 2003, McNutt, 2005), can precedes or accompanies an eruption. The present doctoral thesis is focused on the study of the LP seismicity recorded in the Campi Flegrei volcano (Campania, Italy) during the October 2006 crisis. Campi Flegrei Caldera is an active caldera; the combination of an active magmatic system and a dense populated area make the Campi Flegrei a critical volcano. The source dynamic of LP seismicity is thought to be very different from the other kind of seismicity ( Tectonic or Volcano Tectonic): it’s characterized by a time sustained source and a low content in frequency. This features implies that the duration–magnitude, that is commonly used for VT events and sometimes for LPs as well, is unadapted for LP magnitude evaluation. The main goal of this doctoral work was to develop a method for the determination of the magnitude for the LP seismicity; it’s based on the comparison of the energy of VT event and LP event, linking the energy to the VT moment magnitude. So the magnitude of the LP event would be the moment magnitude of a VT event with the same energy of the LP. We applied this method to the LP data-set recorded at Campi Flegrei caldera in 2006, to an LP data-set of Colima volcano recorded in 2005 – 2006 and for an event recorded at Etna volcano. Experimenting this method to lots of waveforms recorded at different volcanoes we tested its easy applicability and consequently its usefulness in the routinely and in the quasi-real time work of a volcanological observatory.

The Vrancea region, at the south-eastern bend of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, represents one of the most puzzling seismically active zones of Europe. Beside some shallow seismicity spread across the whole Romanian territory, Vrancea is the place of an intense seismicity with the presence of a cluster of intermediate-depth foci placed in a narrow nearly vertical volume. Although large-scale mantle seismic tomographic studies have revealed the presence of a narrow, almost vertical, high-velocity body in the upper mantle, the nature and the geodynamic of this deep intra-continental seismicity is still questioned. High-resolution seismic tomography could help to reveal more details in the subcrustal structure of Vrancea. Recent developments in computational seismology as well as the availability of parallel computing now allow to potentially retrieve more information out of seismic waveforms and to reach such high-resolution models. This study was aimed to evaluate the application of a full waveform inversion tomography at regional scale for the Vrancea lithosphere using data from the 1999 six months temporary local network CALIXTO. Starting from a detailed 3D Vp, Vs and density model, built on classical travel-time tomography together with gravity data, I evaluated the improvements obtained with the full waveform inversion approach. The latter proved to be highly problem dependent and highly computational expensive. The model retrieved after the first two iterations does not show large variations with respect to the initial model but remains in agreement with previous tomographic models. It presents a well-defined downgoing slab shape high velocity anomaly, composed of a N-S horizontal anomaly in the depths between 40 and 70km linked to a nearly vertical NE-SW anomaly from 70 to 180km.

This thesis is a collection of works focused on the topic of Earthquake Early Warning, with a special attention to large magnitude events. The topic is addressed from different points of view and the structure of the thesis reflects the variety of the aspects which have been analyzed. The first part is dedicated to the giant, 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The main features of the rupture process are first discussed. The earthquake is then used as a case study to test the feasibility Early Warning methodologies for very large events. Limitations of the standard approaches for large events arise in this chapter. The difficulties are related to the real-time magnitude estimate from the first few seconds of recorded signal. An evolutionary strategy for the real-time magnitude estimate is proposed and applied to the single Tohoku-Oki earthquake. In the second part of the thesis a larger number of earthquakes is analyzed, including small, moderate and large events. Starting from the measurement of two Early Warning parameters, the behavior of small and large earthquakes in the initial portion of recorded signals is investigated. The aim is to understand whether small and large earthquakes can be distinguished from the initial stage of their rupture process. A physical model and a plausible interpretation to justify the observations are proposed. The third part of the thesis is focused on practical, real-time approaches for the rapid identification of the potentially damaged zone during a seismic event. Two different approaches for the rapid prediction of the damage area are proposed and tested. The first one is a threshold-based method which uses traditional seismic data. Then an innovative approach using continuous, GPS data is explored. Both strategies improve the prediction of large scale effects of strong earthquakes.

The present study has been carried out with the following objectives: i) To investigate the attributes of source parameters of local and regional earthquakes; ii) To estimate, as accurately as possible, M0, fc, Δσ and their standard errors to infer their relationship with source size; iii) To quantify high-frequency earthquake ground motion and to study the source scaling. This work is based on observational data of micro, small and moderate -earthquakes for three selected seismic sequences, namely Parkfield (CA, USA), Maule (Chile) and Ferrara (Italy). For the Parkfield seismic sequence (CA), a data set of 757 (42 clusters) repeating micro-earthquakes (0 ≤ MW ≤ 2), collected using borehole High Resolution Seismic Network (HRSN), have been analyzed and interpreted. We used the coda methodology to compute spectral ratios to obtain accurate values of fc , Δσ, and M0 for three target clusters (San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Hawaii) of our data. We also performed a general regression on peak ground velocities to obtain reliable seismic spectra of all earthquakes. For the Maule seismic sequence, a data set of 172 aftershocks of the 2010 MW 8.8 earthquake (3.7 ≤ MW ≤ 6.2), recorded by more than 100 temporary broadband stations, have been analyzed and interpreted to quantify high-frequency earthquake ground motion in this subduction zone. We completely calibrated the excitation and attenuation of the ground motion in Central Chile. For the Ferrara sequence, we calculated moment tensor solutions for 20 events from MW 5.63 (the largest main event occurred on May 20 2012), down to MW 3.2 by a 1-D velocity model for the crust beneath the Pianura Padana, using all the geophysical and geological information available for the area. The PADANIA model allowed a numerical study on the characteristics of the ground motion in the thick sediments of the flood plain.

The aim of this Thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the active Alto Tiberina normal fault (ATF). Integrating geological, geodetic and seismological data, we perform 2D and 3D quasi-static and dynamic mechanical models to simulate the interseismic phase and rupture dynamic of the ATF. Effects of ATF locking depth, synthetic and antithetic fault activity, lithology and realistic fault geometries are taken in account. The 2D and 3D quasi-static model results suggest that the deformation pattern inferred by GPS data is consistent with a very compliant ATF zone (from 5 to 15 km) and Gubbio fault activity. The presence of the ATF compliant zone is a first order condition to redistribute the stress in the Umbria-Marche region; the stress bipartition between hanging wall (high values) and footwall (low values) inferred by the ATF zone activity could explain the microseismicity rates that are higher in the hanging wall respect to the footwall. The interseismic stress build-up is mainly located along the Gubbio fault zone and near ATF patches with higher dip (30°<dip<37°) that we hypothesize can fail seismically even if a typical Byerlee friction (0.6-0-75) is assumed. Finally, the results of 3D rupture dynamic models demonstrate that the magnitude expected, after that an event is simulated on the ATF, can decrease if we consider the fault plane roughness.

We have used kinematic models in two Italian regions to reproduce surface interseismic velocities obtained from InSAR and GPS measurements. We have considered a Block modeling, BM, approach to evaluate which fault system is actively accommodating the occurring deformation in both considered areas. We have performed a study for the Umbria-Marche Apennines, obtaining that the tectonic extension observed by GPS measurements is explained by the active contribution of at least two fault systems, one of which is the Alto Tiberina fault, ATF. We have estimated also the interseismic coupling distribution for the ATF using a 3D surface and the result shows an interesting correlation between the microseismicity and the uncoupled fault portions. The second area analyzed concerns the Gargano promontory for which we have used jointly the available InSAR and GPS velocities. Firstly we have attached the two datasets to the same terrestrial reference frame and then using a simple dislocation approach, we have estimated the best fault parameters reproducing the available data, providing a solution corresponding to the Mattinata fault. Subsequently we have considered within a BM analysis both GPS and InSAR datasets in order to evaluate if the Mattinata fault may accommodate the deformation occurring in the central Adriatic due to the relative motion between the North-Adriatic and South-Adriatic plates. We obtain that the deformation occurring in that region should be accommodated by more that one fault system, that is however difficult to detect since the poor coverage of geodetic measurement offshore of the Gargano promontory. Finally we have performed also the estimate of the interseismic coupling distribution for the Mattinata fault, obtaining a shallow coupling pattern. Both of coupling distributions found using the BM approach have been tested by means of resolution checkerboard tests and they demonstrate that the coupling patterns depend on the geodetic data positions.

The southern Apennines of Italy have been experienced several destructive earthquakes both in historic and recent times. The present day seismicity, characterized by small-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes, was used like a probe to obatin a deeper knowledge of the fault structures where the largest earthquakes occurred in the past. With the aim to infer a three dimensional seismic image both the problem of data quality and the selection of a reliable and robust tomographic inversion strategy have been faced. The data quality has been obtained to develop optimized procedures for the measurements of P- and S-wave arrival times, through the use of polarization filtering and to the application of a refined re-picking technique based on cross-correlation of waveforms. A technique of iterative tomographic inversion, linearized, damped combined with a strategy of multiscale inversion type has been adopted. The retrieved P-wave velocity model indicates the presence of a strong velocity variation along a direction orthogonal to the Apenninic chain. This variation defines two domains which are characterized by a relatively low and high velocity values. From the comparison between the inferred P-wave velocity model with a portion of a structural section available in literature, the high velocity body was correlated with the Apulia carbonatic platforms whereas the low velocity bodies was associated to the basinal deposits. The deduced Vp/Vs ratio shows that the ratio is lower than 1.8 in the shallower part of the model, while for depths ranging between 5 km and 12 km the ratio increases up to 2.1 in correspondence to the area of higher seismicity. This confirms that areas characterized by higher values are more prone to generate earthquakes as a response to the presence of fluids and higher pore-pressures.

Orientador: Marcus Cesar Avezum Alves de Castro / Coorientador: Sandra Imaculada Maintinguer / Banca: Maria B. A. Varesche / Banca: Mchel Brienzo / Resumo: A degradação anaeróbia é um processo biológico que a partir de uma fonte de carbono gera biogás. Dessa forma, este estudo visou compreender a influência do campo elétrico (ação de cargas elétricas) na degradação anaeróbia da glicose e na geração de biogás em reatores em batelada. Experimentos iniciais foram realizados para determinar as condições ideais de operação (concentração da fonte de carbono e tipo de inóculo). Foram utilizados 4 concentrações de glicose (0,67; 1,00; 2,00 e 10,00g/l) e 3 concentrações de acetato de sódio (0,50; 1,00 e 2,00g/l) para 4 inóculos provenientes de reatores de fluxo ascendente ( 2 de abatedouro de aves, 1 de estação de tratamento de esgoto e uma mistura dos outros 3 lodos). Foram elaborados experimentos com dois meios de cultivo diferentes a fim de identificar o meio nutricional ideal para a geração de metano, meio PYG (genérico para crescimento microbiano) e meio Del Nery (específico para metanogênicas). A próxima etapa foi operar reatores anaeróbios em batelada sob influência do campo elétrico, com utilização de placas paralelas e fonte elétrica com regulagem de tensão, nas condições determinadas pelos experimentos iniciais. As voltagens testadas foram: natural (sem interferência); aterrado (0,0V); 1,5V; 2,0V; 2,5V e 3,0V. As gerações mais elevadas de metano foram observadas para um dos inóculos provenientes do tratamento de águas residuárias de avicultura; a concentração de 2,00 g/l de glicose e o meio PYG. Em todos os reatores com voltagem induzida (de 1,5V a 3,0V) houve eletrólise da água. O reator de 1,5V foi o que obteve os melhores resultados na geração de biogás, apresentando aumento de 200% na geração de metano em comparação com o reator natural, e na remoção da DQO (demanda química de oxigênio), que foi de 93,96% da concentração inicial dos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The anaerobic degradation process turns a carbon source into biogas. Thus, this study aims to understand the influence of the electric field (action of electric charges) on the anaerobic degradation of glucose and on the generation of biogas in batch reactors. Initial experiments were performed to determine the ideal operating conditions (carbon source concentration and inoculum type). Four concentrations of glucose (0.67, 1.00, 2.00 and 10.00 g/l) and 3 concentrations of sodium acetate (0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 g/l) were used for 4 inoculum from upflow reactors (2 from poultry slaughterhouse, 1 from sewage treatment plant and a mixture of the other 3 sludge). Experiments were carried out with two different culture media in order to identify the ideal nutritional medium for the generation of methane, PYG medium (generic for microbial growth) and Del Nery medium (specific for methanogenic). The next step was to operate anaerobic reactors in batch under the influence of the electric field, using parallel plates and an electric source with voltage regulation, under the conditions determined by the initial experiments. The tested voltages were: natural (no interference); grounded (0,0V); 1.5V; 2.0V; 2.5V and 3.0V. Higher generations of methane were observed using one of the inoculum sourced from poultry wastewater; the concentration of 2.00 g/l glucose and the PYG medium. In all reactors with induced voltage (from 1.5V to 3.0V) there was electrolysis of the water. The 1.5V reactor ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Resumo: Na presente tese foi realizado um estudo multiescala de dados magnéticos, gravimétricos e de sensores remotos da Bacia do Amazonas e das subáreas Tapajós, Xingu e Monte Alegre. Este estudo resultou em proposições de arcabouços geofísico-estruturais, os quais refletem estruturas do embasamento exposto que traspassam a bacia. Foi gerado, inicialmente, um mapa magnético residual a partir da integração de dados de oito levantamentos aerogeofísicos sobre o embasamento exposto e de onze levantamentos sobre a bacia, além de um mapa gravimétrico Bouguer, com base em um único banco de dados. Com o objetivo de facilitar a visualização e a interpretação qualitativa das estruturas geológicas, refletidas nos mapas de campos potenciais, foram aplicados diversos métodos de realce propostos na literatura, além de uma nova técnica desenvolvida durante a pesquisa. O desempenho dos métodos foi avaliado, para diferentes inclinações magnéticas, através de modelos sintéticos 3D obtidos a partir de um programa para geração de anomalias gravimétricas e magnéticas de corpos prismáticos com dimensões, densidades e magnetizações arbitrárias, também elaborado no transcorrer da pesquisa. A integração das informações obtidas através dos diferentes métodos de realce, testados nos modelos sintéticos, possibilitou avançar no conhecimento das estruturas interpretadas a partir dos dados de campos potenciais. Esta interpretação permitiu a delimitação de um arcabouço geofísico integrado para as áreas de estudo, o qual foi corroborado pelas principais feições de superfície, descritas na literatura. Foram realizadas também interpretações semi-quantitativas através do espectro de potência radial e da deconvolução de Euler. A análise dos resultados obtidos a partir dos métodos descritos acima permitiu verificar que o quadro tectônico do embasamento é caracterizado por tendências NW, enquanto o da Bacia do Amazonas revela direções NE. Os lineamentos NE são vinculados as direções do depocentro e das linhas de charneira da bacia, sendo marcadamente segmentados por lineamentos NW. Na subárea Tapajós, verificou-se que as tendências NW, presentes no embasamento e por vezes adentrando a bacia, são mais antigas do que as feições NE e EW. Na subárea Xingu, também se notou a presença de estruturas NW do embasamento que adentram a bacia. Na subárea Monte Alegre, o posicionamento do domo homônimo é controlado pela interseção de tendências NW, NE e NS, interpretadas como zonas de fraqueza do embasamento. Todas as áreas de estudo revelam estimativas de profundidade das estruturas compatíveis com dados da literatura. Interpretações sobre a reativação destas estruturas durante o Fanerozóico permitiram avaliar suas implicações na compartimentação e na evolução tectônica da Bacia do Amazonas.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Francisco José Fonseca Ferreira / Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Roberto Gusmão de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 13/05/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 89-94;96-101 / Área de concentração: Geologia exploratória / Resumo: A presente dissertação de mestrado trata dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no Projeto Anagé-Poções, em apoio ao programa Levantamentos Geológicos e Potencial Mineral de Novas Fronteiras, executado pela CPRM - Serviço Geológico do Brasil, da Diretoria de Geologia e Mineração (DGM), bem como no âmbito de integração dos dados geológicos e geofísicos de alta resolução, aqui aperfeiçoados, com objetivo de melhor definir o arcabouço geotectônico da porção sudoeste do Cráton do São Francisco (CSF). O contexto geotectônico da área de estudo engloba a zona de transição entre a porção sudeste do CSF e o ramo norte da faixa móvel brasiliana Araçuaí. Esse segmento do CSF inclui porções arqueanas meridionais dos blocos Gavião e Jequié, aglutinadas e estabilizadas no Paleoproterozóico (2,0Ga). Com base nos novos mapeamentos geológicos e na interpretação dos dados aerogeofísicos (gamaespectrométricos e magnetométricos) delineou-se na área de estudo e no seu entorno o limite existente entre a faixa de deformação brasiliana Araçuaí e as rochas do embasamento do Cráton do São Francisco. A utilização de dados geofísicos de alta resolução e de gravimetria terrestre, já existentes, foram essenciais para o entendimento de diversos aspectos geotectônicos e estruturais, até então considerados controversos. Os mapas litogeofísicos, as composições ternárias gamaespectrométricas e as técnicas de realce de anomalias magnéticas foram importantes na reformulação dos modelos iniciais para produção de novos mapas geológicos da região de estudo, tanto na orientação dos trabalhos de campo como na concepção e no entendimento do arcabouço tectono-estrutural da área de estudo. Essas técnicas contribuíram significativamente para a cartografia e contextualização geológica, tanto no mapeamento das descontinuidades tectônicas, quanto no arranjo espacial e reconhecimento dos compartimentos estruturais, o que permitiu a realização de inferências sobre a evolução geológica dos segmentos estudados. A distribuição espacial das megaestruturas atuantes desde o Arqueano- Paleoproterozóico é considerada de grande relevância como zonas de circulação de fluidos potencialmente geradores de jazidas minerais e sua melhor delimitação contribui para o avanço do conhecimento técnico-científico e da pesquisa mineral na área de estudo. Palavras-chave: cartografia geológica; mapa litogeofísico; Cráton do São Francisco / Abstract: This master's degree dissertation deal with the works developed in the Anagé- Poções Project, in support to the Geological Surveys and Mineral Potential of New Frontiers program, executed by CPRM - Geological Survey of Brazil, Directorship of Geology and Mineral Resources (DGM), as well as in integration ambit of high resolution geological and geophysical data, here improved, with objective of better define the geotectonic framework of the southwest portion of the São Francisco Craton (CSF). The study area geotectonic context includes the transition zone existing between the southeast portion of CSF and the northern branch of Brasiliano Araçuaí mobile belt. This CSF segment includes Archean meridional portions of the Gavião and Jequié blocks, agglutinated and stabilized in Paleoproterozoic (2.0 Ga).Based on new geological mapping and in aerial geophysical (gamaspectrometric and magnetometric) data, was delineated on study area and its surround the existent boundary between the Brasiliano Araçuaí deformation belt and São Francisco Craton basement rocks. The utilization of high resolution geophysical data and ground gravimetry was essential to understand several geotectonic and structural aspects, until then considered controversial. The lithogeophysical maps, gamaspectrometric ternary compositions, and magnetic anomaly enhancing techniques were important to reformulate the initial models to produce new geological maps of the study region, both the fieldwork orientation and utilized sampling and the conception and understanding of the study area tectono-structural framework. These techniques significantly contributed to the cartography and geological contextualization, both in the tectonic discontinuity mapping and space arrangement and establishment (recognition) of structural compartments, which enabled make inferences about the geological evolution of studied segments. The space distribution of megastructures acting since Archean-Paleoproterozoic is considered of great relevance as fluid circulation zones potentially generator of mineral deposits, and its better delimitation contributes for the advance of the technical-scientific knowledge and mineral research in the study area. Keywords: Magnetic and gravimetric anomaly enhancement; lithogeophysical map; São Francisco Craton.