No description available.

The aim of this study is to analyse mutual enactments of critical literacies and social visualisation tools as information resources. The central concept of critical literacies as used here extends and redefines prior critical literacy definitions to denote the pluralistic situated enactments of meaning through which study participants identify, question and transform bias, restrictions and power related aspects of access, control and use in relation to the tools. The study is based on two critical ethnography inspired case studies involving observations, interviews, and contextual inquiry and located in professional settings. Case 1 is centred on how a geographic information system (MapInfo) is used for analysing and preventing traffic accidents. Case 2 is centred on how a dynamic time series animating chart (Trendalyzer) is used for analysing and spreading knowledge about the world’s development. The results demonstrate co-existing critical literacies described in terms of three main directionalities as reactive, proactive, and adaptive, of which the adaptive varieties seem thus far largely overlooked. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that dominant cognitivist and positivist narratives of visualisations should be replaced with more nuanced alternatives that emphasise the potentials of visualisation tools as evocative and non-blackboxed information resources; i.e., as encouraging new questions and allowing alternative analyses, rather than constructing them as enunciative tools providing true answers. As theoretical contributions, the dissertation argues for a conceptualisation of visualisation tools as representational artefacts and a species of documents actuating information organisation related problems of representation. It also presents a new theoretical construct for the analysis and understanding of the mutual shaping of critical literacies and information resources that includes both cultural practices and actor interests through a combination of sociocultural theories on tools and sociotechnical theories on inscriptions. / <p>Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and</p><p>Information Science at the University of Borås to be publicly defended on Friday</p><p>14 December 2012 at 13.00 in lecture room C203, the University of Borås,</p><p>Allégatan 1, Borås.</p>

Rapid Bioassessment Protocols integrate a suite of community, population, and functional metrics, determined from the collection of benthic macroinvertebrates or fish, into a single assessment. This study was conducted in Dallas County Texas, an area located in the blackland prairie eco-region that is semi-arid and densely populated. The objectives of this research were to identify reference streams and propose a set of metrics that are best able to discriminate between differences in community structure due to natural variability from those caused by changes in water quality due to watershed impacts. Using geographic information systems, a total of nine watersheds, each representing a different mix of land uses, were chosen for evaluation. A total of 30 metrics commonly used in RBP protocols were calculated. Efficacy of these metrics to distinguish change was determined using several statistical techniques. Ten metrics were used to classify study area watersheds according to stream quality. Many trends, such as taxa presence along habitat quality gradients, were observed. These gradients coincided with expected responses of stream communities to landscape and habitat variables.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Eva Prichoa.pdf: 3497532 bytes, checksum: 20bce1ab550371bbeacb23eeb6b5bcf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Landscapes have structural and functional uniqueness, especially when are inserted in spaces whose dynamics are substantially different uses. To analyze a landscape, it is necessary understanding that it is the result of multiple relationship between society and nature, in which both are considered a set of elements that interact with each other. Currently, there are many methods for analysis and characterization of landscapes, however, at a massive rate, the techniques of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and RS (Remote Sensing) have impacts on the production and availability of cartographic products, minimizing costs and optimizing validation field. One technique associated with SR and GIS data is the Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Principal Components, in this project used for dimensionality reduction and Clustering for the analysis of homogeneity / heterogeneity of the landscape. In this context, the research was conducted using qualitative classification, directed the characterization and recognition of physical standards as well as the occupation of two landscape units belonging to Pitangui River Basin, which includes the cities of Castro , Carambeí and Ponta Grossa, located in east-central state of Paraná. The study involved images of Landsat 5 TM satellite, which provide overall vision, particular units and values of reflectance targets contained therein. Data regarding the spectral bands and relief were integrated and spatially related to GIS, extracting variables of topography and hydrography in order to conduct a visual reconnaissance and topographic prior units. Prior to Multivariate Analysis (Principal Component and Cluster Analysis) images, spectral and representatives of relief were targeted by Object-Oriented Analysis which generated regions described by their spectral properties, space and texture through new image as containing minimum element regions and even a relational database containing all descriptors spectral, spatial and textural. After Object-Oriented Analysis, it was performed the Principal Component Analysis which listed the descriptors coming from the relational database of Object-Oriented Analysis. The res outcomes were highest correlations decreasing dimensionality, 39 to 17 descriptors or variables, and concurrently applying the technique of Cluster Analysis, in order to find characteristics of homogeneity / heterogeneity present in the units. In cluster analysis of the first and second landscape units were always generated three distinct subgroups of initial variables, both with the Landsat image (5R4G3B) as with the Landsat image (5R4G3B) associated with the relief (DTM). It was observed that the combination of spectral data with altimetry (DTM) data possible groupings emphasizing the physical characteristics and use and occupancy of the units, note where the distribution of the variables consistently, aggregating the regions of higher reflectance spectral band red and middle infrared. The near infrared reflected more occupations anthropogenic aim in urban area in southwest in the second unit. However the middle-infrared reflected the land use units from agriculture and exposed soil the both units. The near infrared band reflected the vegetation present in the units, especially in this case the first unit of study. The insertion of relief variable (DMT) increased groups that caused greaters merging in the regions, highlighting portions in both units, such as flat areas at high altitudes and valleys where the rivers run Pitangui and Jotuba. / Cada paisagem apresenta sua singularidade estrutural e funcional, principalmente quando está inserida em espaços cujas dinâmicas de usos apresentam diferenças significativas. Para analisar uma paisagem, faz-se necessário compreender que ela é resultante da relação múltipla entre sociedade e natureza, nas quais ambas são consideradas um conjunto de elementos que interagem entre si. Atualmente, muitos são os métodos para análise e caracterização das paisagens; porém, de maneira maciça, as técnicas de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica) e SR (Sensoriamento Remoto) apresentam impactos na produção e disponibilização de produtos cartográficos, minimizando custos e otimizando a validação a campo. Outra técnica utilizada associada a dados de SR e SIG é a análise estatística multivariada de Componentes Principais, aqui utilizada para a redução de dimensionalidade e a de agrupamento para a análise da homogeneidade/heterogeneidade da paisagem. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida utilizando classificação qualitativa, ou seja, visual, voltada a caracterização e ao reconhecimento de padrões físicos, bem como de ocupação de duas unidades de paisagem pertencentes à Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pitangui, a qual abrange os municípios de Castro, Carambeí e Ponta Grossa, localizados a centro-leste do Estado do Paraná. O estudo envolveu a utilização de imagem de satélite Landsat 5 TM, a qual forneceu visão global, particular das unidades e os valores de refletância dos alvos nelas contidos. Os dados referentes as bandas espectrais e do relevo foram integrados, relacionados e espacializados em ambiente SIG, extraindo variáveis de relevo e de hidrografia a fim de se realizar um reconhecimento visual e topográfico prévio das unidades. Anteriormente a Análise Multivariada (Componentes Principais e Análise de Agrupamento) as imagens, espectrais e representantes do relevo, foram segmentadas por meio da Análise Orientada a Objetos a qual gerou regiões descritas por suas propriedades espectrais, espaciais e de textura, mediante nova imagem contendo como elemento mínimo as regiões e ainda um banco de dados relacional contendo todos os descritores espectrais, espaciais e de textura. Após a Análise Orientada a Objetos utilizou-se a Análise por Componentes Principais a qual elencou os descritores advindos do banco de dados relacional da Análise Orientada a Objetos, com os maiores coeficientes de correlação diminuindo a dimensionalidade, de 39 para 17 descritores ou variáveis, e concomitantemente aplicando-se a técnica de Análise de Agrupamento, com o intuito de encontrar características de homogeneidade/heterogeneidade presentes nas unidades. Na análise de agrupamento da primeira e segunda unidades de paisagem sempre foram gerados três subgrupos iniciais distintos de variáveis, tanto com a imagem Landsat (5R4G3B) quanto com a imagem Landsat (5R4G3B) associada ao relevo (MDT). Constatouse que, a associação de dados espectrais com dados altimétricos (MDT) possibilitaram agrupamentos salientando as características físicas e de uso e ocupação das unidades, onde nota-se a distribuição das variáveis de forma coerente agregando as regiões de maior refletância dos canais espectrais vermelho, infravermelho médio e infravermelho próximo. O canal do vermelho refletiu mais ocupações antrópicas, sobretudo percebidas na porção urbana à sudeste da segunda unidade. Já o infravermelho médio refletiu os usos pela agricultura e solos expostos de ambas as unidades. A banda do infravermelho próximo refletiu a vegetação presente nas unidades, destacando-se, neste caso a primeira unidade de estudo. A inserção da variável do relevo (MDT) aumentou os agrupamentos ocasionando maior fusão nas regiões, salientando porções de destaque nas unidades, como os aplainamentos em altitudes elevadas, bem como vales onde percorrem os rios Pitangui e Jotuba.

As unidades de conservação são consideradas instrumentos eficazes na conservação in situ da biodiversidade. No Brasil, as unidades de conservação enfrentam sérios problemas para a sua implementação, com destaque a falta de recursos financeiros e humanos, e a inexistência de planos de manejo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho apresenta uma breve análise sobre a situação do sistema nacional de unidades de conservação do Brasil. Também é apresentada uma proposta de plano de manejo alternativo para a Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, unidade de conservação federal de uso sustentável. Essa proposta é baseada na construção de uma base cartográfica digital, e no emprego de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG. São definidas no trabalho, as zonas de manejo e os programas e ações de manejo para a Floresta Nacional de Ipanema. Por fim, recomenda-se o uso de base cartográfica digital baseada em sistemas de informações geográficas, como ferramenta indispensável no gerenciamento de unidades de conservação. / The conservation units are considered efficient instruments in the in situ conservation of biodiversity. In Brazil, the conservation units face serious problems for its implementation, with prominence the lack of financial and human resources, and the inexistence of management plans. In this direction, the work presents one brief analysis on the situation of the national system of conservation units of Brazil. Also it is presented a proposal immediate of alternative management plan for the Ipanema National Forest, federal unit of conservation of sustainable use. This proposal is based on the construction of a digital cartographic base, and on the use of Geographic Information Systems - GIS. They are defined in the work, the zones of management and the programs and action of management for the Ipanema National Forest. Finally, the use of based cartographic base digital in geographic information systems sends regards, as indispensable tool in the management of conservation units.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O propósito desta Tese foi detectar e caracterizar áreas sob alto risco para leishmaniose visceral (LV) e descrever os padrões de ocorrência e difusão da doença, entre os anos de 1993 a 1996 e 2001 a 2006, em Teresina, Piauí, por meio de métodos estatísticos para análise de dados espaciais, sistemas de informações geográficas e imagens de sensoriamento remoto. Os resultados deste estudo são apresentados na forma de três manuscritos. O primeiro usou análise de dados espaciais para identificar as áreas com maior risco de LV na área urbana de Teresina entre 2001 e 2006. Os resultados utilizando razão de kernels demonstraram que as regiões periféricas da cidade foram mais fortemente afetadas ao longo do período analisado. A análise com indicadores locais de autocorrelação espacial mostrou que, no início do período de estudo, os agregados de alta incidência de LV localizavam-se principalmente na região sul e nordeste da cidade, mas nos anos seguintes os eles apareceram também na região norte da cidade, sugerindo que o padrão de ocorrência de LV não é estático e a doença pode se espalhar ocasionalmente para outras áreas do município. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e predizer territórios de alto risco para ocorrência da LV em Teresina, com base em indicadores socioeconômicos e dados ambientais, obtidos por sensoriamento remoto. Os resultados da classificação orientada a objeto apontam a expansão da área urbana para a periferia da cidade, onde antes havia maior cobertura de vegetação. O modelo desenvolvido foi capaz de discriminar 15 conjuntos de setores censitário (SC) com diferentes probabilidades de conterem SC com alto risco de ocorrência de LV. O subconjunto com maior probabilidade de conter SC com alto risco de LV (92%) englobou SC com percentual de chefes de família alfabetizados menor que a mediana (&#8804;64,2%), com maior área coberta por vegetação densa, com percentual de até 3 moradores por domicílio acima do terceiro quartil (>31,6%). O modelo apresentou, respectivamente, na amostra de treinamento e validação, sensibilidade de 79% e 54%, especificidade de 74% e 71%, acurácia global de 75% e 67% e área sob a curva ROC de 83% e 66%. O terceiro manuscrito teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade da estratégia de classificação orientada a objeto na busca de possíveis indicadores de cobertura do solo relacionados com a ocorrência da LV em meio urbano. Os índices de acurácia foram altos em ambas as imagens (>90%). Na correlação da incidência da LV com os indicadores ambientais verificou-se correlações positivas com os indicadores Vegetação densa, Vegetação rasteira e Solo exposto e negativa com os indicadores Água, Urbana densa e Urbana verde, todos estatisticamente significantes. Os resultados desta tese revelam que a ocorrência da LV na periferia de Teresina está intensamente relacionada às condições socioeconômicas inadequadas e transformações ambientais decorrentes do processo de expansão urbana, favorecendo a ocorrência do vetor (Lutzomyia longipalpis) nestas regiões. / The objective of this Thesis was to detect and characterize areas under high risk of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and to describe patterns of occurrence and diffusion of the disease, between the years of 1993 1996 and 2001 the 2006, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, using statistical methods for spatial data analysis, geographic information systems and remote sensing. The results of this study are presented in three manuscripts. The first used spatial analysis to identify areas at greatest risk of VL in the urban area of Teresina, Brazil from 2001 to 2006. The results from kernel ratios showed that peripheral census tracts were the most heavily affected. Local spatial analysis showed that in the beginning of the study period local clusters of high incidence of VL were mostly located in the South and Northeast parts of the city, but in the following years those clusters appeared also in the North region of the city, suggesting that the pattern of VL occurrence is not static and disease may occasionally spread out to other areas of the municipality. The second study aimed to characterize and predict areas at high risk for occurrence of VL in Teresina, based on socioeconomic and environmental indicators obtained by remote sensing. The results of object-oriented classification indicate the expansion of the urban area to the periphery of the city, where larger areas covered by vegetation were usually seen. The model developed was able to discriminate 15 subsets of census tracts (SC) with different probabilities of containing SC with high risk of VL occurrence. The subset with higher probability of containing SC with high risk of VL (92%) encompassed SC with percentage of literate heads-of-households less than the median (&#8804;64.2%), with greater area covered by dense vegetation, with percentage of up to 3 people per household above the third quartile (>31.6%). The model presented, respectively, in the validation and training samples, sensitivity of 79% and 54%, specificity of 75% and 71% global accuracy of 75% and 67% and area under the ROC curve of 83% and 66%. The third manuscript aimed to evaluate the applicability of object-oriented classification in searching for possible indicators of "land cover" related to the occurrence of VL on the urban environment. Accuracy indices were high for both images (>90%). In the correlation analysis, the incidence of VL was found to be positively correlated with dense vegetation, vegetation and exposed soil and negatively correlated with water, dense urban and green urban indicators, all statistically significant. The results of this thesis reveal that the occurrence of VL on the periphery of Teresina is intensely related to inadequate socioeconomic conditions and environmental modifications arising from the process of urban expansion, both favoring the occurrence of the vector (Lutzomyia longipalpis) in these regions.

Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά τις περιβαλλοντικές και γεωλογικές παραμέτρους στη θέση κατασκευής του νέου λιμένα της πόλης του Αιγίου. Για την μελέτη αυτή, σημαντικό ρόλο έπαιξε η χρήση των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (GIS) και ειδικότερα του προγράμματος ArcGIS έκδοση 9, με το οποίο αναλύθηκαν και εκτιμήθηκαν οι διάφορες παράμετροι που επιλέχθησαν, αυξάνοντας έτσι την αποτελεσματικότητα των μεθοδολογιών και συγκροτώντας ταυτόχρονα μία πολύτιμη τράπεζα δεδομένων για τη θαλάσσια περιοχή κατασκευής του λιμένα. Παρουσιάζονται δηλαδή τα αποτελέσματα μιας θαλάσσιας γεωφυσικής έρευνας που έλαβε χώρα στην παράκτια ζώνη του Αιγίου. Ο σκοπός της είναι διττός καθώς επιχειρείται να δοθούν λύσεις και απαντήσεις σε δύο σημαντικά ερωτήματα: α) στον εντοπισμό των επικινδυνοτήτων της περιοχής και β) στην ποσοτική ανάλυση των γεωφυσικών μεθόδων. Το μέγεθος της εργασίας εκτείνεται σε τέσσερα κεφάλαια στα οποία περιγράφονται αναλυτικά η όλη διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα και συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν για τον πυθμένα του λιμένα, από τις μετρήσεις και αναλύσεις που έγιναν μέσω των τομογραφιών. Πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι αφετηρία για τις οποιεσδήποτε μελέτες έγιναν, αποτέλεσαν οι αρχικοί χάρτες του προγράμματος Autocad καθώς και οι τομογραφίες που είχαν ληφθεί από τον τομογράφο υποδομής πυθμένα 3.5KHz. Έτσι στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μία περιγραφή των γεωφυσικών μεθόδων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την κατασκευή θαλάσσιων τεχνικών έργων. Επίσης γίνεται αναφορά στις γεωλογικές και ανθρωπογενείς επικινδυνότητες από τις οποίες επηρεάζεται ο πυθμένας και οι οποίες μπορεί να προκαλέσουν βλάβες στα τεχνικά έργα μέσω των φορτίων που εξασκούν σε αυτά. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό αναφέρονται και τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιούνται για την εφαρμογή των μεθόδων αυτών, όπως είναι οι τομογράφοι, οι ηχοβολιστές πλευρικής σάρωσης και τα κατευθυνόμενα βαθυσκάφη. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο της διπλωματικής εργασίας αναφέρεται στη θέση που βρίσκεται η περιοχή που μελετάται και στα γεωλογικά φαινόμενα που χαρακτηρίζουν αυτή. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αφορά στις μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις που εφαρμόστηκαν για α) την αποτύπωση της βυθομετρίας και της μορφολογίας του πυθμένα, β) τον προσδιορισμό της υποδομής και του πάχους των σύγχρονων επιφανειακών ιζημάτων, γ) τον υπολογισμό της κλίσης των υποεπιφανειακών στρωμάτων και δ) τον εντοπισμό πιθανών γεωλογικών επικινδυνοτήτων, όπως ρηγμάτων, κατολισθητικών φαινόμενων και αέριων υδρογονανθράκων στου πόρους των ιζημάτων. Επίσης αναφέρεται το μεθοδολογικό σχήμα ανάλυσης και επεξεργασίας των αναλογικών καταγραφών με βάση την ποσοτικοποίηση των αναλογικών καταγραφών του τομογράφου υποδομής πυθμένα και την εφαρμογή της πολυδιάστατης στατιστικής ανάλυση όπως της Παραγοντικής Ανάλυσης (Factor Anlysis) και της ανάλυσης Επιφανειών Τάσης (Trend Surface Analysis). Τέλος, το τέταρτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας αυτής, αφορά τα αποτελέσματα και τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τις παραπάνω αναλύσεις. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις επιφανειακές κατανομές της βυθομετρίας τόσο του πυθμένα και των υποεπιφανειακών οριζόντων όσο και των άλλων παραμέτρων που μετρήθηκαν, αλλά και τα αποτελέσματα της παραγοντικής ανάλυσης, επιχειρείται η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για την κατανόηση των όσων αναφέρθηκαν και μετρήθηκαν στην εργασία αυτή. / The present master thesis examines the environmental and geologic parameters of the new harbour site in the city of Aegio. In this research the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) played a major role and more specifically the software ArcGIS version 9, which was used to analyze and evaluate the various parameters, increasing thus the methodology effectiveness and at the same time creating a valuable data bank concerning the sea area of the harbour site. In the research below are presented the results of a marine geophysical survey that took place in the coastal region of Aegio. The object of this survey is double, as it attempts to provide answers and solutions to two substantial questions: a) the localization of the areas risks and b) the quantitative analysis of the geophysical techniques. The research is extended in four chapters, in which it is detailed the whole process followed as well as the results and the conclusions arising from the seafloor of the harbour, from the measurements and the analysis done through the tomographies. We should point out that the starting point of our research were the original maps of the Autocad as well as the tomographies taken from the subbottom profiler 3.5 KHz In the first chapter, we describe the geophysical techniques used for the construction of the sea technical works. It is also mentioned the geologic and anthropogenic risk which affects the seafloor and could damage the works due to the pressure put on them. There are also mentioned the instruments used for the implementation of these techniques, such as the subbottom profilers, side scan sonars and the bathyscaphes. The second chapter is dedicated to the location of the region and its typical geologic phenomena. The third chapter is about the methods we implemented for: a) the plotting of the seafloor bathymetry and morphology, b) the definition of the substructure and the thickness of the contemporary superficial sediments, c) the estimation of the gradient of the sub-superficial beds and d) the detection of possible geological risks, such as faultings, landslides and hydrocarbon gases in the sediments pores. It is also mentioned the methodological plan used for the analysis and the processing of the analogue recordings on the basis of the quantification of the subbottom profilers analogue recordings and the application of the multidimensional statistical analysis, such as the Factor Analysis and the Trend Surface Analysis . Finally in the fourth chapter of this master thesis are included the results and the conclusions that arose from the aforementioned analysis. Taking into account the superficial distribution of the bathymetry of the seafloor and of the sub-superficial horizons as well as of the other parameters counted, but also the results of the factor analysis, we attempted to arrive at a conclusion in order to make more intelligible what has been mentioned in this master thesis.

No description available.

An integrating approach, including knowledge about whole systems of processes, is essential in order to reach both development and environmental protection goals. In this thesis Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are suggested as a tool to realise such integrated models. The main hypothesis in this work is that several natural technical and social systems that share a time-space can be compared and analysed in a GIS. My first objective was to analyze how GIS can support research, planning, and, more specifically, bring a broad scattering of competence together in an interdisciplinary process. In this process GIS was ivestigated as a tool to achieve models that give us a better overview of a problem, a better understanding for the processes involved, aid in foreseeing conflicts between interests, find ecological limits and assist in choosing countermeasures and monitor the result of different programs. The second objective concerns the requirement that models should be comparable and possible to include in other models and that they can be communicated to planners, politicians and the public. For this reason the possibilities to communicate the result and model components of multidimensional and multi-temporal data are investigated. Four examples on the possibilities and problems when using GIS in interdisciplinary studies are presented. In the examples, water plays a central role as a component in questions about development, management and environmental impact. The first articles focus on non-point source pollutants as a problem under growing attention when the big industrial and municipal point sources are brought under control. To manage non-point source pollutants, detailed knowledge about local conditions is required to facilitate precise advices on land use. To estimate the flow of metals and N(itrogen) in an area it is important to identify the soil moisture. Soil moisture changes over time but also significantly in the landscape according to several factors. Here a method is presented that calculate soil moisture over large areas. Man as a hydrologie factor has to be assessed to also understand the relative importance of anthropogen processes. To offer a supplement to direct measurements and add anthropogen factors, a GIS model is presented that takes soil-type, topography, vegetation, land-use, agricultural drainage and relative position in the watershed into account. A method to analyse and visualise development over time and space in the same model is presented in the last empirical study. The development of agricultural drainage can be discussed as a product of several forces here analyzed together and visualized with help of colour coded "Hyper pixels" and maps. Finally a discussion concerning the physiological and psychological possibilities to communicate multidimensional phenomena with the help of pictures and maps is held. The main conclusions in this theses are that GIS offer the possibilities to develop distributed models, e.g., models that calculate effects from a vide range of factors in larger areas and with a much higher spatial resolution than has been possible earlier. GIS also offer a possibility to integrate and communicate information from different disciplines to scientists, decision makers and the public. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (MSc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the main objectives of the South African Wine of Origin Scheme (SAWOS) is to guarantee the quality of wine products emerging from South Africa’s viticultural production areas by preventing the abuse of names of products originating from outstanding viticultural areas. The study of terroirs contributes to knowledge that assists in delimiting potential viticultural areas in South Africa. Terroirs are areas with homogeneous groups of natural factors that, with the aid of effective management, have the potential to produce a unique product over a recognizable period. Natural terroir units (NTU) reflect the integration of relatively homogenous environmental factors, which include topography, climate, soil and geology. This study investigates the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods in the identification of NTU in the Robertson wine district. Existing topographical, soil, geological and climatic GIS data layers were collected at various scales. In addition to this spatial data, orthorectified and radiometrically corrected SPOT 5 and ASTER satellite imagery were used to classify the land use/cover using an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. Eight land use/cover classes were distinguished by a sequential ruleset and an overall accuracy of 81.2% was achieved. The land use/cover layer was combined with the slope aspect and soil landscape to provide a three-component NTU description. One hundred and seventy NTU were identified, of which fifty five units exist for agriculture. These NTU can be used for site selection of agricultural produce and effective planning and management of land use. Climate was not included in the delimitation of NTU because the coarse resolution of climatic data could not be used to distinguish between different NTU. Therefore, all NTU identified in this research has similar climatic conditions. The major drawback of GIS-assisted terroir studies is the difficulty of representing a number of NTU on one GIS map. Therefore, it is recommended to associate the NTU map with a table of the classes instead. Furthermore, the accuracy, scale and resolution of available GIS data in South Africa influence the delimitation of NTU. Although remote sensing was found to provide efficient methods for land cover mapping, the use of multiseasonal satellite images would classify vineyards more efficiently because such an approach accounts for the different growth cycles of grapevines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die hoof doelwitte van die Suid-Afrikaanse Wyn van Oorsprongskema (SAWOS) is om die kwaliteit van wynbouprodukte afkomstig van Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdbougebiede te verseker. Die studie van terroirs is geïdentifiseer as ‘n metode om moontlike wingerdbougebiede in Suid-Afrika af te baken. Terroirs is gebiede met relatief homogene natuurlike faktore wat oor ‘n erkenbare tydperk en met behulp van effektiewe bestuur die vermoë het om ‘n unieke produk te lewer. Dié natuurlike faktore word, “natuurlike terroir eenhede” (NTE) genoem en sluit topografie, klimaat, grond en geologie in. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die gebruik van geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS) en afstandswaarnemingstegnieke om NTE in die Robertson-wyndistrik te identifiseer. Bestaande ruimtelike topografiese-, grond-, geologiese- en klimaatdata is op ‘n verskeidenheid skale versamel. Bykomend tot hierdie ruimtelike data, is ortogekorrigeerde en radiometries-gekalibreerde SPOT 5 en ASTER satellietbeelde gebruik om landgebruik/ -bedekking te klassifiseer. Objekgerigte beeldanalise (OGBA) is toegepas tydens hierdie klassifikasie en agt landgebruik/ -bedekkingsklasse is onderskei deur gebruik te maak van ‘n stapsgewyse reëlstel. OGBA het ‘n algehele akkuraatheid van 81.2% gelewer. Die landgebruik/ -bedekkingsdata is gekombineer met hellingaspek en die grondlandskap om ‘n drieledige NTE-beskrywing te lewer. Een honderd en sewentig NTE is geïdentifiseer waarvan daar vyf-en-vyftig eenhede vir landbou bestaan. Hierdie NTE kan aangewend word vir die selektering van geskikte terreine vir landbou-gewasse en effektiewe grondgebruikbeplanning en -bestuur. As gevolg van die bestaande klimaatdata se growwe resolusie, was dit ongeskik om te onderskei tussen verskillende NTE. Dus heers daar soortgelyke klimaatstoestande vir elke NTE wat in hierdie navorsing geïdentifiseer is. Die grootste stremmende faktor wat GIS-verwante terroir navorsing beïnvloed, is die uitdaging om ‘n groot getal NTE op een kaart voor te stel. Daarom is dit beter om die NTE kaart met ‘n tabel te assosieer. Verder beïnvloed die akkuraatheid, skaal en resolusie van beskikbare digitale geografiese data in Suid-Afrika die afbakening van NTE. Alhoewel bevind is dat afstandwaarneming ‘n effektiewe metode is om landbedekking te karteer, sal die gebruik van meerseisoenale satellietbeelde wingerde meer doelmatig karteer omdat dit verskeie siklusse in die groei van wingerde in ag neem. SLEUTELWOORDE EN FRASES terroir, natuurlike terroir eenhede (NTE), geografiese inligtingstelsels, afstandwaarneming, wingerdkunde