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Geosynthetic tubes have the potential to replace the traditional flood protection device of sandbagging. These tubes are manufactured with many individual designs and configurations. A small number of studies have been conducted on the geosynthetic tubes as water barriers. Within these studies, none have discussed the dynamics of unanchored geosynthetic tubes. A two-dimensional equilibrium and vibration analysis of a freestanding geosynthetic tube is executed. Air and water are the two internal materials investigated. Three foundation variations are considered: rigid, Winkler, and Pasternak. Mathematica 4.2 was employed to solve the nonlinear equilibrium and dynamic equations, incorporating boundary conditions by use of a shooting method. General assumptions are made that involve the geotextile material and supporting surface. The geosynthetic material is assumed to act like an inextensible membrane and bending resistance is neglected. Friction between the tube and rigid supporting surface is neglected. Added features of viscous damping and added mass of the water were applied to the rigid foundation study of the vibrations about the freestanding equilibrium configuration. Results from the equilibrium and dynamic analysis include circumferential tension, contact length, equilibrium and vibration shapes, tube settlement, and natural frequencies. Natural frequencies for the first four mode shapes were computed. Future models may incorporate the frequencies or combinations of the frequencies found here and develop dynamic loading simulations. / Master of Science

O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação experimental da influência do avanço da frente de umedecimento no comportamento de protótipos de muros de um solo fino reforçado com geotêxteis não tecidos. O desempenho dos protótipos foi analisado nas condições de eventos de chuvas de intensidade e duração variáveis, bem como na condição de precipitação intermitente com intensidade próxima e inferior à condutividade hidráulica do solo. Para efeito comparativo, avaliou-se o comportamento de um protótipo na condição de umidade de compactação constante. Durante a infiltração, observou-se a formação de barreira capilar sobre o geotêxtil e a eficiência de drenagem proporcionada pelos reforços, não permitindo o desenvolvimento de pressões da água positivas mesmo sob a condição de carregamento rápido. Após quebra da barreira, os valores de grau de saturação mantiveram-se em torno de 90% e as pressões da água ficaram próximas de zero ou negativas. Com relação ao comportamento dos protótipos, evidências mostraram que a formação de barreiras capilares nas interfaces solo-geotêxteis não influenciou negativamente no desempenho dos protótipos. Diante do umedecimento, as deformações e deslocamentos máximos aumentaram exponencialmente com o grau de saturação do solo. Ainda, estes parâmetros relacionaram-se com a sucção matricial de forma semelhante à tendência estabelecida na curva retenção de água do solo. Tais relações foram estritamente associadas às alterações da rigidez média do solo devido ao avanço da infiltração e as alterações na sucção do solo. Na condição umidade constante, constatou-se que o maciço poderia se manter estável mesmo com a ausência dos reforços devido à elevada rigidez proporcionada pela sucção do solo. De modo geral, os deslocamentos e deformações foram relativamente pequenos sob a ação da variável umedecimento. A associação desta com os incrementos de tensões geraram deformações adicionais, embora estas ainda não possam ser consideradas excessivas. Os resultados de uma estrutura real corroboraram o comportamento verificado em laboratório. De modo geral, os níveis de deformações foram bastante semelhantes e a presença de água não prejudicou o desempenho da estrutura. Curiosamente, geotêxteis não tecidos de baixa resistência e rigidez à tração foram tão eficazes na estabilidade quanto geotêxteis tecidos de maior rigidez e resistência. Portanto, a eficiência de estruturas de solos finos reforçados com geotêxteis não tecidos foi constatada, mostrando estas possíveis de compor estruturas permanentes. / The effect of the wetting front advancement on the performance of nonwoven geotextile reinforced soil walls constructed with poorly draining soils was evaluated by laboratory full scale models. The tested models performances were monitored under rainfall conditions with different intensities and duration, as well as under intermittent precipitation with reduced intensity of precipitation (lower than the soil permeability). For comparison purposes, an evaluation of a full scale model was conducted with constant soil water content (compaction water content). As regards infiltration, capillary barrier formation have been observed on the interface soil-geotextile during infiltration process; besides, the drainage function of reinforcements after the breakthrough of water, in which water pressures development have not been allowed to occur even after rapid loading. After breakthrough of water, the degree of saturation was maintained around 90% and water pressures were negatives and close to zero. Besides, there are evidences that capillary barriers did not affect the model performance. As a result of wetting advancement, reinforcement strains and internal displacements have increased exponentially with the average of degree saturation of soil. Additionally, these parameters have shown to be correlated to the matric suction of soil with the same trend of the water retention curve. These relationships are essentially resulted from the soil stiffness alterations due to the wetting advancement and suction reduction. Under water content of compaction, reinforcement tensile forces were approximately zero, as a result of the relatively high stiffness of the unsaturated soil caused by the matric suction. Generally, displacements and reinforcement strains were small under wetting conditions and increased when stress increments were applied. However, these strains levels obtained cannot be considered excessive. A validation of laboratory results was observed in an instrumented geotextile reinforced soil wall, in addition to the comparison between woven and nonwoven geotextile sections, in which similar performances were found. Strains levels registered in field were consistent to the laboratory and the nonwoven geotextile wall was not affected by the wetting occurrence. Therefore, the efficiency of nonwoven geotextiles reinforced walls under wetting conditions is assured with no positive water pressures and relatively low levels of degree of saturation, being able to constitute permanent reinforced walls.

A obtenção de resultados de fluência em geossintéticos (isócronas e curva de ruptura por fluência) requer longo tempo de observação e rigoroso controle laboratorial. Dessa forma, muitos produtos disponíveis no mercado brasileiro não foram ensaiados quanto a este fenômeno dificultando sobremaneira a elaboração de projetos mais seguros e econômicos. Há, portanto, a necessidade de estudos não só do fenômeno da fluência em si, mas também de métodos de ensaio que facilitem e acelerem a obtenção das curvas de fluência. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da fluência de dois geotêxteis não tecidos, um de polipropileno e outro de poliéster, através de ensaios acelerados, utilizando-se o processo denominado Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM). Os valores obtidos pelo método SIM foram comparados aos valores obtidos nos ensaios convencionais, realizados segundo a norma ISO 13431. Os resultados experimentais indicam que os ensaios acelerados, utilizando o método SIM, foram capazes de simular o fenômeno da fluência com boa precisão e, portanto, podem trazer uma grande economia de tempo, além de facilitar e agilizar a caracterização da fluência de geossintéticos. / Creep tests are time consuming and require rigorous laboratory testing control. Because of that many products commercially available in Brazil were not tested regarding this phenomenon. The absence of creep data is an obstacle to the design soil reinforced structures. It is therefore required continuous research effort not only to elucidate creep phenomenon but also to help in the development of test methods that ease and speed up the obtaining of creep curves. This paper presents a creep study carried out on two non-woven geotextiles (PP and PET) using temperature accelerated creep test, namely the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM). The values obtained using the SIM method were compared to the ones obtained using conventional creep tests following the ISO 13431. The experimental results indicate that the accelerated creep tests, using the SIM method, were capable of simulating the creep phenomenon with good accuracy and, hence, they can bring a great deal of time saving to the characterization of creep in geosynthetics.

A obtenção de resultados de fluência em geossintéticos (isócronas e curva de ruptura por fluência) requer longo tempo de observação e rigoroso controle laboratorial. Dessa forma, muitos produtos disponíveis no mercado brasileiro não foram ensaiados quanto a este fenômeno dificultando sobremaneira a elaboração de projetos mais seguros e econômicos. Há, portanto, a necessidade de estudos não só do fenômeno da fluência em si, mas também de métodos de ensaio que facilitem e acelerem a obtenção das curvas de fluência. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da fluência de dois geotêxteis não tecidos, um de polipropileno e outro de poliéster, através de ensaios acelerados, utilizando-se o processo denominado Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM). Os valores obtidos pelo método SIM foram comparados aos valores obtidos nos ensaios convencionais, realizados segundo a norma ISO 13431. Os resultados experimentais indicam que os ensaios acelerados, utilizando o método SIM, foram capazes de simular o fenômeno da fluência com boa precisão e, portanto, podem trazer uma grande economia de tempo, além de facilitar e agilizar a caracterização da fluência de geossintéticos. / Creep tests are time consuming and require rigorous laboratory testing control. Because of that many products commercially available in Brazil were not tested regarding this phenomenon. The absence of creep data is an obstacle to the design soil reinforced structures. It is therefore required continuous research effort not only to elucidate creep phenomenon but also to help in the development of test methods that ease and speed up the obtaining of creep curves. This paper presents a creep study carried out on two non-woven geotextiles (PP and PET) using temperature accelerated creep test, namely the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM). The values obtained using the SIM method were compared to the ones obtained using conventional creep tests following the ISO 13431. The experimental results indicate that the accelerated creep tests, using the SIM method, were capable of simulating the creep phenomenon with good accuracy and, hence, they can bring a great deal of time saving to the characterization of creep in geosynthetics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jane Karina Silva Mendonca.pdf: 3318033 bytes, checksum: c9b49c1165461842ca1fd7f1454ae286 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This study regards the sustainable development of the types of palms from Protection Environment Area (APA) in Baixada Maranhense, in the handcraft production of geotextile that has been used in the rehabilitation of some degraded areas by erosion and helps to involve the local poor community, as well as those people who work with handcraft and extraction activities of those plants. It has been carried out bibliography and cartography surveys, questionnaires that were filled, in order to assess the extraction and production of mats and tests of the effectiveness of the geotextile, through an experimental station. The species selected: babaçu, buriti, carnauba, and tucum, are appropriate to this new way of use, observing the limits that those plants and their environment demand, to have an activity that has the goal of the social economic environmental sustainability. / O estudo aborda o uso sustentável de espécies de palmeiras da APA da Baixada Maranhense, na produção artesanal de geotêxteis utilizadas na recuperação de áreas degradadas por erosão, propondo o envolvimento de comunidades carentes das áreas degradadas, bem como daquelas que trabalham com atividades artesanais e extrativistas com essas plantas. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e cartográficos, elaboração e aplicação de formulários para avaliação da extração e produção das telas e testes de eficiência das geotêxteis, através de uma estação experimental. As espécies selecionadas: babaçu, buriti, carnaúba e tucum, cujas características são favoráveis a essa nova categoria de uso, desde que respeitados os limites impostos, pela planta e seu ambiente, para que se tenha uma atividade que vise a sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental e econômica.

L’étude présentée a pour objectif de mieux comprendre l’influence de l’hydrodynamique sur le transfert de produits phytosanitaires lors d’écoulement dans les fossés agricoles. Quatre paramètres ont plus particulièrement été étudiés : i) la vitesse de l’écoulement de surface ; ii) la submergence, définie comme le rapport moyen entre la hauteur des formes du lit et la hauteur d’eau ; iii) la forme du lit et iv) le degré de saturation en eau du lit avant la contamination par les produits phytosanitaires. L’influence de ces paramètres a été étudiée en conditions semicontrôlées à travers la mise en oeuvre d’expérimentations en canal expérimental, au fond duquel a été fixé pour chaque expérimentation un substrat type constitué d’un assemblage de fibres de chanvre utilisé pour approcher de manière simplifiée un système naturel relativement complexe et hétérogène (en considération des nombreux substrats rencontrés dans le lit des fossés naturels : herbes, feuilles mortes, végétation en décomposition, paille, sédiments, …). Les fibres de chanvre ont été choisies après une étude préliminaire en laboratoire visant à comparer les possibilités d’adsorption et de désorption des produits phytosanitaires sélectionnés sur diverses fibres couramment utilisées dans l’industrie géotextile (jute, lin, chanvre, polyamide, polypropylène et polyester). Les expérimentations en canal expérimental ont été menées de manière à tester l’influence spécifique des paramètres étudiés. La comparaison des différentes expérimentations indique qu’une augmentation de la vitesse de l’écoulement de surface augmente la quantité de produits phytosanitaires transférés de l’écoulement de surface vers le lit, ainsi que la cinétique de ce transfert. Le constat est le même lorsqu’on augmente la submergence, ou bien lorsqu’on passe d’une géométrie de petites formes en « dunes » à une géométrie de grandes formes en « créneau ». Enfin, le fait que le lit soit saturé en eau en début d’expérimentation réduit fortement le transfert de la lame d’eau vers le lit. On observe également que l’influence de chaque paramètre semble être interdépendante. Devant le coût en temps et en argent de ces expérimentations, un modèle a été sélectionné dans la littérature, codé et utilisé pour conforter et compléter l’interprétation des données expérimentales. / The aim of this work was to better understand the influence of hydrodynamics on the transfer of pesticides in water flows in agricultural ditches. Special attention was given to four parameters: i) the speed of the surface water flow, ii) the submergence, defined as the mean ratio between the height of the bedforms and the water depth, iii) the shape of the bedforms and iv) the water content of the bed substrate before contamination by pesticides. The influence of these various parameters was investigated with an experimental flume, using a standard of substrate made of hemp fibres. Hemp fibres were chosen as a simplified model of natural substrates such as grass, dead leaves, decaying vegetation, straw and sediments, which are rather complex and heterogeneous. Hemp fibres were selected from preliminary laboratory studies which allowed to compare the adsorption and desorption characteristics of various pesticides for different fibres often used in the geotextile industry (jute, linen, hemp, polyamide, polypropylene and polyester). The flume experiments were designed in order to assess the influence of the four parameters mentioned above. The comparison between the different experiments shows that an increase in surface water speed results in an increase in the amount of pesticides transferred from the water to the bed substrate and the transfer kinetics. A similar result is observed when increasing the submergence, or when going from small sinusoidal bedforms to larger rectangular bedforms. In addition, the data show that the transfer of pesticides from surface water to the bed substrate is strongly decreased when the substrate was saturated with water at the beginning of the experiments. Also, it appears that there is a link between the influence of the differents parameters. When considering the long time duration and the cost of the experiments, it was decided to use a model from the literature which was adapted and used to confirm and extend the interpretation of the experimental data.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T14:23:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KÊNIA ARAÚJO DE LIMA SCARIOT - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 3614373 bytes, checksum: debef6a639457f042d11c7f1a33519ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T14:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KÊNIA ARAÚJO DE LIMA SCARIOT - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 3614373 bytes, checksum: debef6a639457f042d11c7f1a33519ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 / Capes / Os movimentos de massa de solo em morros, taludes e encostas têm se intensificado nas últimas décadas. A região Nordeste lidera no Brasil o ranking de maior número de desabrigados afetados por problemas de instabilidade, uma vez que a ruptura de um maciço ocasiona danos materiais e perdas sociais e econômicas. Para mitigar os efeitos da instabilidade dos taludes são aplicadas técnicas de consolidação, melhoramento e reforços no intuito de gerar uma redistribuição global das tensões e deformações. Entre elas pode-se citar as técnicas como estabilização química e contenção com geossintéticos. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar um estudo paramétrico da resistência ao cisalhamento de um solo de baixa capacidade de suporte, no seu estado natural e após o emprego de técnica de estabilização química e da inserção de materiais de reforço (geotêxtil não-tecido e geogrelha). A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas para atingir os fins propostos: caracterização do solo, estabilização química do solo e avaliação do comportamento mecânico do solo. Na primeira etapa foram realizados ensaios de caracterização física, química e mineralógica do solo. Na segunda fase foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples com o propósito de determinar um teor ótimo para a estabilização química do solo. Posteriormente submeteu-se amostras de solo natural, solo estabilizado e solos reforçados a ensaios de compressão triaxial não adensado e não drenado (UU), a fim de analisar os parâmetros geotécnicos de cada modelo e os ganhos de resistência e de rigidez dos solos melhorados em comparação ao solo natural. Em geral, os resultados indicaram que as inserções do geotêxtil não-tecido e da geogrelha contribuem para o aumento da resistência ao cisalhamento. A técnica de estabilização química do solo, comparada as técnicas de reforço com geossintéticos proporcionou melhor comportamento resistente, visto que a inserção do cimento ao solo promoveu resultados superiores de resistência ao cisalhamento do solo pesquisado. Entretanto, a presente pesquisa não considerou as vantagens técnicas, econômicas e ambientais de cada tecnologia, visto que estes aspectos podem inviabilizar as construções com solo melhorado. / Soil mass movements in hills, slopes and slopes have intensified in recent decades. The Northeast Region is the leader in Brazil of the highest number of homeless people affected by instability problems, since the rupture of a massif causes material damages and social and economic losses. To mitigate the effects of slope instability are applied consolidation techniques, improvement and reinforcement in order to generate a global redistribution of stresses and deformations. Among these may be mentioned the techniques as chemical stabilization and containment with geosynthetics. The objective of this research was to perform a parametric study of the shear strength of a soil with low support capacity, in its natural state and after the use of chemical stabilization technique and the insertion of reinforcement materials (non-woven geotextile and geogrid). The research was divided in three stages to reach the proposed ends: soil characterization, soil chemical stabilization and evaluation of soil mechanical behavior. In the first stage, physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of the soil were performed. In the second phase, simple compression tests were carried out with the purpose of determining an optimum content for soil chemical stabilization. Subsequently, samples of natural soil, stabilized soil and reinforced soils were submitted to non-densified and non-drained triaxial (UU) compression tests in order to analyze the geotechnical parameters of each model and the strength and stiffness gains of the improved soils in compared to natural soil. In general, the results indicated that the insertions of the non-woven geotextile and the geogrid contribute to the increase in shear strength. The soil chemical stabilization technique, compared to the geosynthetic reinforcement techniques provided better resistant behavior, since the cement insertion in the soil promoted superior results of shear strength of the studied soil. However, the present research did not consider the technical, economic and environmental advantages of each technology, since these aspects can make feasible the constructions with improved soil.

O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação experimental da influência do avanço da frente de umedecimento no comportamento de protótipos de muros de um solo fino reforçado com geotêxteis não tecidos. O desempenho dos protótipos foi analisado nas condições de eventos de chuvas de intensidade e duração variáveis, bem como na condição de precipitação intermitente com intensidade próxima e inferior à condutividade hidráulica do solo. Para efeito comparativo, avaliou-se o comportamento de um protótipo na condição de umidade de compactação constante. Durante a infiltração, observou-se a formação de barreira capilar sobre o geotêxtil e a eficiência de drenagem proporcionada pelos reforços, não permitindo o desenvolvimento de pressões da água positivas mesmo sob a condição de carregamento rápido. Após quebra da barreira, os valores de grau de saturação mantiveram-se em torno de 90% e as pressões da água ficaram próximas de zero ou negativas. Com relação ao comportamento dos protótipos, evidências mostraram que a formação de barreiras capilares nas interfaces solo-geotêxteis não influenciou negativamente no desempenho dos protótipos. Diante do umedecimento, as deformações e deslocamentos máximos aumentaram exponencialmente com o grau de saturação do solo. Ainda, estes parâmetros relacionaram-se com a sucção matricial de forma semelhante à tendência estabelecida na curva retenção de água do solo. Tais relações foram estritamente associadas às alterações da rigidez média do solo devido ao avanço da infiltração e as alterações na sucção do solo. Na condição umidade constante, constatou-se que o maciço poderia se manter estável mesmo com a ausência dos reforços devido à elevada rigidez proporcionada pela sucção do solo. De modo geral, os deslocamentos e deformações foram relativamente pequenos sob a ação da variável umedecimento. A associação desta com os incrementos de tensões geraram deformações adicionais, embora estas ainda não possam ser consideradas excessivas. Os resultados de uma estrutura real corroboraram o comportamento verificado em laboratório. De modo geral, os níveis de deformações foram bastante semelhantes e a presença de água não prejudicou o desempenho da estrutura. Curiosamente, geotêxteis não tecidos de baixa resistência e rigidez à tração foram tão eficazes na estabilidade quanto geotêxteis tecidos de maior rigidez e resistência. Portanto, a eficiência de estruturas de solos finos reforçados com geotêxteis não tecidos foi constatada, mostrando estas possíveis de compor estruturas permanentes. / The effect of the wetting front advancement on the performance of nonwoven geotextile reinforced soil walls constructed with poorly draining soils was evaluated by laboratory full scale models. The tested models performances were monitored under rainfall conditions with different intensities and duration, as well as under intermittent precipitation with reduced intensity of precipitation (lower than the soil permeability). For comparison purposes, an evaluation of a full scale model was conducted with constant soil water content (compaction water content). As regards infiltration, capillary barrier formation have been observed on the interface soil-geotextile during infiltration process; besides, the drainage function of reinforcements after the breakthrough of water, in which water pressures development have not been allowed to occur even after rapid loading. After breakthrough of water, the degree of saturation was maintained around 90% and water pressures were negatives and close to zero. Besides, there are evidences that capillary barriers did not affect the model performance. As a result of wetting advancement, reinforcement strains and internal displacements have increased exponentially with the average of degree saturation of soil. Additionally, these parameters have shown to be correlated to the matric suction of soil with the same trend of the water retention curve. These relationships are essentially resulted from the soil stiffness alterations due to the wetting advancement and suction reduction. Under water content of compaction, reinforcement tensile forces were approximately zero, as a result of the relatively high stiffness of the unsaturated soil caused by the matric suction. Generally, displacements and reinforcement strains were small under wetting conditions and increased when stress increments were applied. However, these strains levels obtained cannot be considered excessive. A validation of laboratory results was observed in an instrumented geotextile reinforced soil wall, in addition to the comparison between woven and nonwoven geotextile sections, in which similar performances were found. Strains levels registered in field were consistent to the laboratory and the nonwoven geotextile wall was not affected by the wetting occurrence. Therefore, the efficiency of nonwoven geotextiles reinforced walls under wetting conditions is assured with no positive water pressures and relatively low levels of degree of saturation, being able to constitute permanent reinforced walls.

The study presented in this thesis discusses the topic of ASRs through the use of a specific case study constructed at Boscombe, UK. With the main aim to provide an impartial and independent study into the environmental, social and economic impacts of an ASR. The research presented is therefore multidisciplinary in nature, the separate components utilise key techniques from the geophysical, numerical modelling and socio-economic disciplines are combined to present a significant contribution to the knowledge and understanding of ASRs. Whilst previous studies have focused on one of these disciplines, there are no independent detailed studies of a constructed ASR utilising an multidisciplinary approach. The ASR concept and structures are still in their development infancy, the subject has received cursory independent review in the literature. There have been few successful projects, those that have survived structurally in the ocean are not being used primarily for surfing. The Boscombe ASR is an example of high overspend, poor management and construction, loss of geotextile SFC and users deem the project a failure. The consequences of not correctly planning, managing and overseeing the construction has resulted in a poorly viewed project of limited success. All stages of this project could have benefited from thoughtful planning, thereby avoiding this outcome. If lessons are to be learnt from this project then the planning and management are key areas of the process that need addressing. Ensuring that any future ASR projects are securely integrated with the coastal zone management plan will provide sustainability and success. The DPSIR framework approach can be used to highlight and address the causes of problems in the project. This framework enables the various disciplines to be discussed in relation to each other; links can be identified between the environmental, social and economic impacts of the ASR construction. Strict protocols will increase the success of any ASR project. The final crest height of the Boscombe ASR was 0.5 m higher than the final design height, this is a fundamental design flaw that should not be occurring in modern coastal engineering practice. It is suggested that guidelines are written based on this research for the design and construction process of an ASR. The recommendations and guidelines for ASR monitoring are provided by this research. The emphasis for future projects should lie in the final design and in monitoring, baseline field data should be collected to understand the environmental state change and socio-economic impacts. Planning and government proposals should be accompanied by extensive stakeholder engagement ensuring transparency for the project and ownership within the coastal community. The exclusion of stakeholders at key decision points created distrust and misunderstanding towards the Boscombe ASR project. Avoiding unrealistic expectations within the surfing community and wider coastal community was discussed throughout this research, and by others in the literature. This research agrees with these statements, the issue of poor surfability would be improved by a greater area to manipulate the bathymetry. However this would come at a greatly increased cost in geotextile SFCs, which the current construction method is certainly not capable of delivering successfully. It would be recommended in this case that an alternative construction material was used that is resilient to the marine environment and readily adaptable given poor performance. Further testing of materials, both geotextile SFCs and alternatives, are required for the successful advancement of ASR technology.